科技与医学

科技与医学镇江医学院（２１２００１）周绿林科技与医学紧密联系,二者相辅相成,互相促进。我们应从战略高度认识科技兴医的重要意义,高度重视科技进步,大力发展科技,振兴医学事业,依靠科技进步,必须要有正确的指导思想和原则。一是对医学应用技术研究、高技术研究...     

阅读训练对儿童早期字词意识发展的作用

该研究探讨了幼儿园中、大班及小学一、二年级儿童在完成字／词意识任务上的年龄差异以及阅读训练对字／词意识发展的影响。实验结果表明：（1）5岁儿童的字词意识尚处于不断的发展之中。6岁及7岁儿童的字意识发展已经达到了成熟水平,但他们的词意识正处于不断的发展之中。（2）初级的阅读训练促进了5岁儿童字意识的发展,但对词意识的发展没有影响。（3）小学语文教学对6岁儿童的口头任务没有影响,但显著地促进了圈词任务成绩的提高。     

青少年法律意识发展的研究

青少年法律意识发展的研究张积家，王惠萍（烟台师范学院）１引言法律意识是公民意识的重要内容。法律意识的发展是青少年公民意识发展的重要方面。自从Ｐｉａｇｅｔ本世纪３０年代和Ｋｏｈｌｂｅｒｇ本世纪６０年代对青少年道德意识（特别是道德观念）的发展进行开创性的...     

助人情境中幼儿知恩图报意识的发展

研究选取北京市某幼儿园3~6岁幼儿共118名作为研究对象。以助人任务为实验情境,设置了慷慨施恩者VS吝啬者（情境一）、施恩者VS好人（情境二）和传承知恩图报意识（情境三）三种情境,研究幼儿在三种不同助人情境下知恩图报意识的发展关键年龄及发展趋势。结果表明,在情境一和情境二中的知恩图报意识的发展关键年龄为5岁;情境三中幼儿知恩图报意识的发展关键年龄推测为6岁以后。各情境下知恩图报意识随年龄增长而提升。     

基于SWOT分析的区域茧丝绸产业化发展战略研究

SWOT分析法,就是企业根据自身的实际情况进行分析,找出本企业的额劣势和优势,还有核心竞争力的所在方向的战略分析法。其中战略因素包括：优势S（strength）、劣势W（weakness）、时机O（opportunity）、威胁T（threat）。这四项因素就构成了SWOT分析法。从分析区域茧丝绸产业建立的基础、发展规律和特点,在探讨茧丝绸产业当下的布局模式和经营模式,提出了茧丝绸产业的在发展时形成的循环系统、更为紧密的茧丝绸产业模式,明确了发展战略的定位和相关决策等。     

内隐序列学习中的渐进意识：来自习得知识的发展与遗忘的证据

内隐学习过程中习得知识的发展变化是内隐学习的一个重要特征。本研究采用序列反应时范式通过操纵学习进程（实验一）和学习与测验间的时间间隔（实验二）来考察内隐序列学习进程中习得知识的发展与遗忘特征,结果发现,（1）内隐序列学习中习得的无意识知识多于意识知识;（2）随着学习的推进,意识知识逐渐增加,而无意识知识则呈减弱趋势,证实了内隐学习的长时功效;（3）习得的无意识知识具有抗遗忘性,而意识知识在间隔8小时之后才开始出现遗忘。     

元语言意识和快速命名对小学生汉字听写的影响

汉字听写是小学生读写能力的重要组成部分,受多种认知技能影响。以858名小学一至六年级学生为对象,考察了元语言意识（语音意识、语素意识、正字法意识）和快速命名对汉字听写的影响,在控制了智力和口语词汇的影响后,结果发现：（1）语音意识和正字法意识在低年级儿童的汉字听写中起着重要作用,对中、高年级没有显著影响;（2）快速命名在中、高年级儿童的汉字听写中起着独特作用,而对低年级没有显著影响;（3）语素意识对整个小学阶段的汉字听写都起着重要作用。研究结果表明,各认知技能在儿童不同的发展阶段对汉字听写的作用有所不同。     

语素意识与听写的双向预测关系:来自追踪研究的证据

听写是个体书面语言发展的重要任务之一，语素意识作为阅读认知技能，与听写关系密切。为探究语素意识和听写的双向预测关系，对小学一、五年级共294名儿童的语素意识（同音语素意识、同形语素意识）和听写进行了为期一年的追踪研究。在控制了智力、年龄、语音意识和自回归效应后，结果发现：（1）一年级儿童的同音语素意识和同形语素意识对听写具有跨时间点的正向预测作用（解释率分别为7%、8%），而五年级儿童的语素意识对听写的跨时间点预测作用不显著；（2）五年级儿童的听写对同音语素意识和同形语素意识具有跨时间点的正向预测作用（解释率分别为5%、6%），而一年级儿童的听写对语素意识跨时间点的预测作用不显著。研究结果表明汉语儿童的语素意识和听写是单向的预测关系，二者关系随年级的变化而变化。     

科技发展的伦理约束和科学家的道德责任

科技发展史特别是现代科技发展的历史表明,科技发展中的“二律背反”不可能单靠科技自身的发展来解决。在这方面,科技决定论（实际上是一种宿命论）被证明是错误和有害的。科技不会自动造福于人类,要使科学造福于人类的目标真正实现,“人类必须把对科学技术的运用置于...     

学龄儿童汉语正字法意识发展的研究

该研究以小学一年级、三年级、五年级儿童及大学生为被试,让他们对左右、上下和半包围三种结构类型的９０个真字、假字和非字进行词汇判断,以探讨儿童正字法意识的发展,结构类型的相应影响,以及年龄对汉字识别中结构类型效应的作用。结果表明;（１）儿童正字法意识的形成是以识字为基础的逐步发展的过程。小学一年级儿童已萌发了正字法意识,但至五年级时才基本达到了成人水平。（２）只有小学一年级被试的真字识别受结构类型影响。汉字识别中是否存在结构类型效应可能与被试识字经验、材料熟悉性等因素有关．（３）年级内部正字法意识的萌发和年级之间正字法意识发展的差异不受结构类型的影响,但萌发之后各年级内部均是对左右结构汉字正字法意识优于上下结构和半包围结构。     

宋明理学“为学”与“修德”并进论对当代科技的启示

科技异化是当代社会所面临的重大问题,消除科技异化,保证科技的健康发展和合理应用成了当务之急。宋明理学强调以居敬诚意的“修德”为认知求真的“为学”的前提和条件,倡导“为学”与“修德”统一并进,这对于今天强化科技活动的伦理价值和提升科技主体的道德责任,进而消除科技异化,具有重要启示。     

Lab Work Goes Social,and Vice Versa: Strategising Public Engagement Processes

Midstream modulation is a form of public engagement with science which benefits from strategic application of science and technology studies (STS) insights accumulated over nearly 20 years. These have been developed from STS researchers’ involvement in practical engagement processes and research with scientists, science funders, policy and other public stakeholders. The strategic aim of this specific method, to develop what is termed second-order reflexivity amongst scientist-technologists, builds upon and advances earlier more general STS work. However this method is focused and structured so as to help generate such reflexivity—over the ‘upstream’ questions which have been identified in other STS research as important public issues for scientific research, development and innovation—amongst practising scientists-technologists in their specialist contexts (public or private, in principle). This is a different focus from virtually all such previous work, and offers novel opportunities for those key broader issues to be opened up. The further development of these promising results depends on some important conditions such as identifying and engaging research funders and other stakeholders like affected publics in similar exercises. Implementing these conditions could connect the productive impacts of midstream modulation with wider public engagement work, including with ‘uninvited’ public engagement with science. It would also generate broader institutional and political changes in the larger networks of institutional actors which constitute contemporary technoscientific innovation and governance processes. All of these various broader dimensions, far beyond the laboratory alone, need to be appropriately open, committed to democratic needs, and reflexive, for the aims of midstream modulation to be achieved, whilst allowing specialists to work as specialists.     

当今医学科技的发展趋势及我国的发展战略

作为生命科学最重要组成部分的医学科学走向科技发展的新时代。在下个世纪,科研重点将向生命科学和生命医学转移。充分认识医学科学技术的地位和作用,及当代医学科技发展的主要趋势和特点,制定我国医学科学的发展战略,加强医学高技术的发展,对我国的医学科技发展将具有十分重要的意义。     

人学的自觉与哲学研究范式的转换——读《马克思主义人学与当代中国》丛书

<正>如何评价改革开放以来中国哲学的发展,特别是马克思主义哲学研究的创新,一直是学术界争论的问题。至今还有人认为,在市场经济的大潮中,中国的哲学研究更加"边缘化",没有取得太多的进展。我个人则一直倾向于认为,改革开放以来,中国的哲学研究取得了很大的进展,并且这一发展     

我国医学科学技术的发展需要诺贝尔奖级研究

21世纪中国医学科学技术的发展,需要以诺贝尔奖级研究为战略目标。其实现需要定性与定量相结合的战略管理基础研究,可能较早取得突破的优先学科领域战略管理规划,世界级医学科学家为首的战略管理主体,系统有力的战略管理措施,优良的战略管理“土壤”。     

Stigma Consciousness in the Classroom: A Comparison of Pakistani Women’s Motivation and Well-being in Science and Non-science Fields of Study

Drawing from the Stereotyped Task Engagement Process (Smith, Educational Psychology Review, 16: 177–206, 2004) we compared undergraduate women in Pakistan majoring in science (51%) and non-science (49%) on their self-reported academic experiences. Results showed women in science fields who were gender atypical reported higher levels of stigma consciousness. This stigma consciousness influenced academic motivation and well-being, particularly as a function of field of study and gender typicality. Specifically, performance-avoidance goal adoption was highest and well being was lowest among atypical women who were high in stigma consciousness studying science especially compared to those in non-science fields who were more gender-typical and less stigma conscious. Implications for enhancing the academic experience for all women in the face of stigma are discussed.     

The Ambivalence of Promising Technology

Issues of responsibility in the world of nanotechnology are becoming explicit with the emergence of a discourse on ‘responsible development’ of nanoscience and nanotechnologies. Much of this discourse centres on the ambivalences of nanotechnology and of promising technology in general. Actors must find means of dealing with these ambivalences. Actors’ actions and responses to ambivalence are shaped by their position and context, along with strategic games they are involved in, together with other actors. A number of interviews were conducted with industrial actors with the aim of uncovering their ethical stances towards responsible development of nanotechnology. The data shows that standard repertoires of justification of nanotechnological development were used. Thus, the industrial actors fell back on their position and associated responsibilities. Such responses reinforce a division of moral labour in which industrial actors and scientists can focus on the progress of science and technology, while other actors, such as NGOs, are expected to take care of broader considerations, such as ethical and social issues.     

血管外科治疗进展与科技发展的关系

血管外科在近几十年日益发展成熟,并逐渐从普外科分离出来成为单独发展的学科。在科技发展日新月异的新世纪,新技术新材料的应用也推动着血管外科诊疗手段的突飞猛进。这就要求从事血管外科的医务工作者在临床工作中要树立科技发展观的意识,及时了解科技前沿的发展动态,用新技术新方法改善治疗效果,最大程度地减少患者的痛苦和提高患者的生活质量,促进人类健康生存和发展。     

Inner and outer empiricism in consciousness research

The very existence of a science of consciousness distinct from cognitive science requires that subjectivity be examined. Studies of subjectivity have occupied the religious traditions from time immemorial. While their language may be currently considered obscure, this paper suggests ways in which current consciousness science can enter into dialogue with these traditions.     

A biphasic relational approach to the evolution of human consciousness

Background/objectiveHuman consciousness is arguably unique, and its features are hard to explain. Continuous and discrete accounts of consciousness are commonly viewed as incompatible, but both have limitations. Continuous accounts cannot readily account for what appears to be unique about human consciousness; discrete accounts have a hard time explaining how human consciousness could have evolved. The present position paper shows how both continuous and discontinuously elements can be combined.MethodA biphasic model is constructed by unifying complex systems theory, the evolution of symbolic reasoning as a relational extension of human cooperation, and evolutionary science. The application of this approach to modern views of consciousness is then explored.ResultsOur analysis suggests that human consciousness may be viewed as a discontinuous event, that emerged from continuous foundations. This biphasic account contains processes that can be targeted clinically. For example, developmentally delayed children with problems in consciousness may be helped by targeting the processes the present account suggests are important at different levels of complexity.ConclusionsThis biphasic relational approach fits with the evolutionary record and with data on human cognitive development. It may be useful in guiding clinical intervention.