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1.
Mohr A 《Science and engineering ethics》2011,17(4):667-672
The potential for public engagement to democratise science has come under increasing scrutiny amid concerns that conflicting
motivations have led to confusion about what engagement means to those who mediate science and publics. This raises important
yet relatively unexplored questions regarding how publics are constituted by different forms of engagement used by intermediary
scholars and other actors. It is possible to identify at least two possible ‘rationalities of mediation’ that mobilise different
versions of the public and the roles they are assumed to play, as ‘citizens’ or ‘users’, in discussions around technology.
However, combinations of rationalities are found in practice and these have significant implications for the ‘new’ scientific
democracy. 相似文献
2.
3.
Mikulak A 《Integrative psychological & behavioral science》2011,45(2):201-215
As differentiation within scientific disciplines increases, so does differentiation between the sciences and other ways of knowing. This distancing between ‘scientific’ and ‘non-scientific’ cultures reflects differences
in what are considered valid and reliable approaches to acquiring knowledge and has played a major role in recent science-oriented
controversies. Scientists’ reluctance to actively engage in science communication, coupled with journalists’ reliance on the
norms of balance, conflict, and human interest in covering scientific issues, have combined to exacerbate public mistrust
of science on issues like the measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine. The failure of effective communications between scientists
and non-scientists has hindered the progress of both effective science and effective policy. In order to better bridge the
gap between the ‘scientific’ and ‘non-scientific’ cultures, renewed efforts must be made to encourage substantive public engagement,
with the ultimate goal of facilitating an open, democratic policy-making process. 相似文献
4.
Robert Doubleday 《Nanoethics》2007,1(2):167-176
UK science policy now includes ‘upstream public engagement’ as an element in the responsible development of nanotechnology.
This paper explores different understandings of the term upstream engagement before discussing in more detail a laboratory-based
collaboration between social science and nanoscience aimed at exploring the social dimensions of nanotechnology. The paper
concludes that concern with defining what counts as ‘upstream’ can obscure more critical questions about how to make public,
and therefore accountable, deliberations about the interrelated social and technical aspects of nanoscience. 相似文献
5.
Two-way public engagement with science is an important modern democratic practice that paradoxically coincides with the intensifications of state surveillance and policing of publics and social movements engaging with issues involving science. This raises important questions about the contemporary anatomies of publics, and what count as legitimate expressions of public concern over scientific stakes within the knowledge economy. Implicit in the tension between inclusion and surveillance are concerns over the social meaning and authority of science amongst both scientific practitioners and publics. Bringing science and technology studies (STS) and social movement studies (SMS) into dialogue offers a means to explore the neglected ontological stakes in the framing of scientific imaginaries of publics, and public imaginaries of science. Post-WWII UK science–publics relations have emerged in three significant modalities, with publics imagined: as passive non-entities, circa 1950–1990 (continuing); as incipient threats due to presumed deficits in their grasp of science 1990–2000 (continuing); and, since circa 2000, as politicised threats requiring state control. Each modality is shaped by elite denial of the normative commitments embedded within science as surrogate politics—scientism. In each mode, scientistic elite emphasis on epistemic issues forecloses engagement with broader public meanings expressing legitimate normative and ontological differences. Fusing the more epistemic focus of STS with SMS's emphasis on meaning and democratic process offers a route to deeper democratic forms of public engagement with what is called science, which would also precipitate more accountability in elite discourses around science and technology. 相似文献
6.
The main objective of the Flemish research project ‘Nanotechnologies for tomorrow’s society’ (NanoSoc) is to develop and try
out an interactive process as a suitable methodology for rendering nanoresearchers aware of underlying assumptions that guide
nanotech research and integrating social considerations into the research choices they face. In particular, the NanoSoc process
should sustain scientists’ capacities to address growing uncertainties on the strategic, scientific and public acceptance
level. The article elaborates on these uncertainties and involved dilemmas scientists are facing and proposes a process approach which addresses strategic uncertainty by alternating between ‘visioning’ and ‘technology assessment’; a process design which manages complexity by promoting reflexivity among scientists by exposing them to deliberations in civil society (social
experts, stakeholders, citizens) on plausible futures with nanotechnologies; and as an answer to societal ambivalence, certain
process quality requirements such as an attitude of perplexity or openness towards ‘plurality’ and an attitude of ‘temporary closure’, both in support
of understanding and learning from differences.
相似文献
Lieve GoordenEmail: |
7.
Christoph Kelp 《Erkenntnis》2012,76(1):115-120
This paper addresses the argument from ‘contextualist cases’—such as for instance DeRose’s Bank cases—to attributor contextualism.
It is argued that these cases do not make a decisive case against invariantism and that the debate between contextualists
and invariantists will have to be settled on broader theoretical grounds. 相似文献
8.
Corey J. Maley 《Philosophical Studies》2011,155(1):117-131
Representation is central to contemporary theories regarding the mind/brain. But the nature of representation—both in the
mind/brain and more generally—is a source of ongoing controversy. One way of categorizing representational types is to distinguish
between the analog and the digital: the received view is that analog representations vary smoothly, while digital representations
vary in a step-wise manner. In other words, ‘digital’ is synonymous with ‘discrete’, while ‘analog’ is synonymous with ‘continuous’.
I argue that this characterization is inadequate to account for the ways in which representation is (and should be) used in
cognitive science; in its place, I suggest an alternative taxonomy. I will defend and extend David Lewis’s account of analog
and digital representation, distinguishing analog from continuous representation, as well as digital from discrete representation.
I will argue that the distinctions available in this fourfold account better accord with representational features of interest
in cognitive science than the received analog/digital dichotomy. 相似文献
9.
The ethical implications of the new research paradigm 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Scott P 《Science and engineering ethics》2003,9(1):73-84
Research is now an increasingly heterogeneous activity involving an expanded range of new actors and stake-holders and employing
an eclectic range of epistemologies and methodologies. The emergence of these new research paradigms — and, in particular,
of so-called ‘Mode 2’ knowledge production that is highly contextualised and socially distributed — raises new and challenging
ethical issues and also important questions about the autonomy of science and the social responsibilities of scientists. 相似文献
10.
Peter C. Farley 《Pastoral Psychology》2011,60(4):491-503
The metaphorical journeys of GenY missionaries from the United Kingdom towards commitment to long-term, cross-cultural missionary
work overseas were studied using data collected by interview and questionnaire. Lewis Rambo’s ‘stages of religious change’
model describes many aspects of these journeys. The addition of two new dimensions—recognising events that deflect a person
from a straight-line trajectory (‘deflection’) and events that provide the encouragement to go on (‘support’)—produces a model
that describes these journeys more accurately. The model is further improved by adding new aspects to the ‘quest,’ ‘commitment’
and ‘consequences’ dimensions, and by the identification of differences between men and women. The modified model provides
a comprehensive framework for understanding the journey of GenY-ers toward a missionary career. 相似文献
11.
David Papineau 《Philosophia》2011,39(1):5-19
It is widely agreed among contemporary philosophers of mind that science leaves us with an ‘explanatory gap’—that even after
we know everything that science can tell us about the conscious mind and the brain, their relationship still remains mysterious.
I argue that this agreed view is quite mistaken. The feeling of a ‘explanatory gap’ arises only because we cannot stop ourselves
thinking about the mind–brain relation in a dualist way. 相似文献
12.
Jasanoff S 《Science and engineering ethics》2011,17(4):621-638
Scholars in science and technology studies (STS) have recently been called upon to advise governments on the design of procedures
for public engagement. Any such instrumental function should be carried out consistently with STS’s interpretive and normative
obligations as a social science discipline. This article illustrates how such threefold integration can be achieved by reviewing
current US participatory politics against a 70-year backdrop of tacit constitutional developments in governing science and
technology. Two broad cycles of constitutional adjustment are discerned: the first enlarging the scope of state action as
well as public participation, with liberalized rules of access and sympathetic judicial review; the second cutting back on
the role of the state, fostering the rise of an academic-industrial complex for technology transfer, and privatizing value
debates through increasing delegation to professional ethicists. New rules for public engagement in the United Sates should
take account of these historical developments and seek to counteract some of the anti-democratic tendencies observable in
recent decades. 相似文献
13.
Dànielle DeVoss 《Sexuality & culture》2002,6(3):75-94
The historically significant but superficial divide between public and private spaces and identities has shaped women’s lives,
subjectivities, and sexualities. In this article, I analyze women’s self-sponsored and self-published porn sites. Specifically,
I focus on sites that demonstrate complex articulations of identity and subjectivity—sites that can be read as identity projects
that appropriate cultural expectations of sexuality.
To foreground this analysis, I first explore past work analyzing the public/private dichotomy and suggest that computers and
virtual spaces are used to reinforce the flimsy separation between public and private. Using these discussions as scaffolding,
I then read a selection of women’s porn sites, arguing that these women Web authors are inserting their embodied subjectivities
into public space, and forcing a remapping of the lines of the public and private in ways that rupture public representations
of sexuality.
‘Scarlet collar’ workers are the feminists of the modern age, say psychologists, free from coercion and the dangers of the
traditional, male dominated business. In the past two years they have moved away from traditional activities such as prostitution
and lap dancing to become the majority of cyberporn owners. —Cherry Norton, 2000, online
The woman’s duty, as a member of the commonwealth, is to assist in the ordering, in the comforting, and in the beautiful adornment
of the state. —J. Ruskin,Free and Ennobled, 1983, p. 291 相似文献
14.
A Question of Balance or Blind Faith?: Scientists’ and Science Policymakers’ Representations of the Benefits and Risks of Nanotechnologies 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
In recent years, in the UK and elsewhere, scientists and science policymakers have grappled with the question of how to reap
the benefits of nanotechnologies while minimising the risks. Having recognised the importance of public support for future
innovations, they have placed increasing emphasis on ‘engaging’ ‘the public’ during the early phase of technology development.
Meaningful engagement suggests some common ground between experts and lay publics in relation to the definition of nanotechnologies
and of their benefits and risks. However, views on nanotechnologies are likely to vary according to where actors stand in
the technology production/consumption/assessment cycle. Drawing on data from a recent UK-based study, this article examines
how scientists (‘upstream’ and ‘downstream’) and policymakers portray the benefits and risks of nanotechnologies, particularly
as they relate to two major areas of predicted application, namely medicine/public health and environmental sustainability.
The findings reveal that, in the main, scientists and science policymakers held a positive conception of nanotechnologies
and see imminent applications, although they acknowledged particular risks, including adverse public reaction. While definitions
of ‘benefit’ and ‘risk’ varied, most saw the benefits as outweighing the risks and believed that the risks could be adequately
regulated once they were assessed. The difficulties of assessing risk, however, were acknowledged. The study raises a number
of questions that will need to be addressed if regulations are to be developed that not only protect people’s heath and wellbeing
and the environment but also engender public trust in nanotechnologies.
相似文献
Alison Anderson (Corresponding author)Email: |
15.
Ian Kidd 《Philosophia》2012,40(2):365-377
This paper explores the influence of the fifth-century Christian Neoplatonist Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite (Denys) on the
twentieth-century philosopher of science Paul Feyerabend. I argue that the later Feyerabend took from Denys a metaphysical
claim—the ‘doctrine of ineffability’—intended to support epistemic pluralism. The paper has five parts. Part one introduces
Denys and Feyerabend’s common epistemological concern to deny the possibility of human knowledge of ultimate reality. Part
two examines Denys’ arguments for the ‘ineffability’ of God as presented in On the Divine Names. Part three then explores how Feyerabend imported Denys’ account of divine ineffability into his own metaphysics to provide
a novel argument for epistemic pluralism. Part four explains the significance of an appreciation of Dionyius’ influence for
our understanding of Feyerabend. I conclude that Denys was a significant and neglected influence upon the later Feyerabend. 相似文献
16.
Regula Valérie Burri 《Nanoethics》2007,1(2):143-154
Scientific knowledge has not stabilized in the current, early, phase of research and development of nanotechnologies creating
a challenge to ‘upstream’ public engagement. Nevertheless, the idea that the public should be involved in deliberative discussions
and assessments of emerging technologies at this early stage is widely shared among governmental and nongovernmental stakeholders.
Many forums for public debate including focus groups, and citizen juries, have thus been organized to explore public opinions
on nanotechnologies in a variety of countries over the past few years. In Switzerland the Centre for Technology Assessment
(TA-Swiss) organized such a citizen panel in fall 2006. Drawing from an ethnographic study of this panel called ‘publifocus
on nanotechnologies, health, and environment’ this paper looks at the ways members of a stakeholder group deal with the epistemic
uncertainty in their deliberation of nanotechnologies. By exploring the statements of the participants in the stakeholder
discussion group, this paper reconstructs the narratives that constitute the epistemic foundations of the participants’ evaluations
of nanotechnologies.
相似文献
Regula Valérie BurriEmail: |
17.
Patrick Hutchings 《Sophia》2009,48(4):479-489
‘Good’ is nothing specific but is transcendentally or generally applied over specific, and specified, ‘categories’. These
‘categories’ may be seen—at least for the purposes of this note—as under Platonic Forms. The rule that instances under a category
or form need a Form to be under is valid. It may be tautological: but this is OK for rules. Not being specific, however, ‘good’
neither needs nor can have a specifying Form. So, on these grounds, the Form of the Good is otious. Any rule of the kind,
‘Everything needs a Form, so good needs a Form of the Good’ is mistaken, in that good is not a kind, but a transcendental. To give a Form to the transcendental
‘good’ is a mistake: it is a Rylian category mistake. And the Form of the Good either does no work, or works unprofitably
in any but an aesthetic sense. 相似文献
18.
Henk van den Belt 《Nanoethics》2009,3(3):257-268
The emergent new science of synthetic biology is challenging entrenched distinctions between, amongst others, life and non-life,
the natural and the artificial, the evolved and the designed, and even the material and the informational. Whenever such culturally
sanctioned boundaries are breached, researchers are inevitably accused of playing God or treading in Frankenstein’s footsteps.
Bioethicists, theologians and editors of scientific journals feel obliged to provide an authoritative answer to the ambiguous
question of the ‘meaning’ of life, both as a scientific definition and as an explication with wider existential connotations.
This article analyses the arguments mooted in the emerging societal debates on synthetic biology and the way its practitioners
respond to criticism, mostly by assuming a defiant posture or professing humility. It explores the relationship between the
‘playing God’ theme and the Frankenstein motif and examines the doctrinal status of the ‘playing God’ argument. One particularly
interesting finding is that liberal theologians generally deny the religious character of the ‘playing God’ argument—a response
which fits in with the curious fact that this argument is used mainly by secular organizations. Synthetic biology, it is therefore
maintained, does not offend so much the God of the Bible as a deified Nature. While syntheses of artificial life forms cause
some vague uneasiness that life may lose its special meaning, most concerns turn out to be narrowly anthropocentric. As long
as synthetic biology creates only new microbial life and does not directly affect human life, it will in all likelihood be
considered acceptable. 相似文献
19.
Noel Gough 《Studies in Philosophy and Education》2007,26(3):279-294
This essay juxtaposes concepts created by Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari with worlds imagined by Ursula Le Guin in a performance
of ‘rhizosemiotic play’ that explores some possible ways of generating and sustaining what William Pinar calls ‘complicated
conversation’ within the regime of signs that constitutes an increasingly internationalized curriculum field. Deleuze and
Guattari analyze thinking as flows or movements across space. They argue, for example, that every mode of intellectual inquiry
needs to account for the plane of immanence upon which it operates—the preconceptual field presupposed by the concepts that inquiry creates. Curriculum inquiry currently
operates on numerous nationally distinctive planes of immanence. I argue that the internationalization of curriculum studies
should not presume a singular transnational plane of immanence but, rather, envisage a process performed by curriculum scholars
with the capacities and competencies to change planes—to move between one plane of immanence and another and/or to transform their own planes. My essay is a ‘narrative experiment’
that takes seriously Deleuze’s argument that a work of philosophy should be, in part, a kind of science fiction, and also
takes inspiration from Le Guin’s science fictional stories of ‘changing planes’ to generate productive and disruptive transnational
agendas in curriculum inquiry.
Noel Gough is a Foundation Professor of Outdoor and Environmental Education and Head of the School of Outdoor Education and Environment at La Trobe University, Victoria, Australia. His current research focuses on the diverse implications of globalization, internationalization and multiculturalism for education, and on refining poststructuralist research methodologies in education, with particular reference to curriculum inquiry, environmental education, and science education. He is coeditor (with William Doll) of Curriculum Visions (Peter Lang 2002) and the founding editor of Transnational Curriculum Inquiry, the journal of the International Association for the Advancement of Curriculum Studies. 相似文献
Noel GoughEmail: |
Noel Gough is a Foundation Professor of Outdoor and Environmental Education and Head of the School of Outdoor Education and Environment at La Trobe University, Victoria, Australia. His current research focuses on the diverse implications of globalization, internationalization and multiculturalism for education, and on refining poststructuralist research methodologies in education, with particular reference to curriculum inquiry, environmental education, and science education. He is coeditor (with William Doll) of Curriculum Visions (Peter Lang 2002) and the founding editor of Transnational Curriculum Inquiry, the journal of the International Association for the Advancement of Curriculum Studies. 相似文献
20.
Karsten Weber 《Journal for General Philosophy of Science》2007,38(1):111-126
Summary
Simulation in the Social Sciences. Computer simulation—hereafter just called ‘simulation’— more and more is getting an important tool in scientific research
and development. Simulations provide powerful means for quite different scientific disciplines, for instance for cosmology
as well as for economics, and it seems that they can help to extend the borderline of science. However, from a methodological
point of view, besides their benefits one can identify several theoretical problems which can occur in the process of scientific
research. Some of these problems shall be discussed and consequences of these problems for the use of simulations shall be
outlined. 相似文献