伦理文明观：“非常伦理”的“最后觉悟”

当今世界,“文明的冲突”根本上是文明观的冲突。百年未有之大变局、新冠疫情和重大自然灾害、高新技术的发展和人口老龄化,宣示人类世界从诸文化实体的关系、人类与宇宙自然的关系以及人类与自身的关系全景式地进入“非常时代”,遭遇“非常风险”,期待“非常伦理”。“非常伦理”有“非常伦理智慧”“非常伦理形态”“非常伦理觉悟”三个层次。人类社会发展史和个体生命发育史表明,伦理是人类文明的原色和理想,但在现代性文明中已然迷失。面对“非常时代”关乎“种族的绵亘”的“非常”挑战,亟待推进“非常伦理觉悟”,进行文明观的伦理革命,其要义是使人类和人类文明学会“为伦理思考所支配”,实现伦理文明观的回归与重建。伦理文明观是文明内部诸要素关系的价值生态的文明观,也是人与自然关系、国家与国家关系以及诸文化实体关系的“人类命运共同体”的文明观。伦理文明观的“非常伦理觉悟”,具有“最后觉悟”的文明史意义。     

放弃治疗的伦理选择

放弃治疗在临床上是一个十分复杂的现象 ,只有将其放在“医学———文化”框架中进行全方位考察 ,才能从整体上加以正确把握。就伦理选择而言 ,放弃治疗必然面对诸多伦理冲突 ,临床医师若要化解伦理冲突 ,实现优化选择 ,就必须熟知和遵循基本的伦理准则。     

"全球伦理"与"道德宗教"

1993年9月,6500名来自世界各地的不同宗教信仰的人士和一些非宗教组织的代表,在美国芝加哥举行的“世界宗教议会”上通过了一份《全球伦理宣言》。《宣言》认为,各种宗教之间已经有一种共同之处,它可以成为一种全球伦理的基础;这种“全球伦理”, “指的是对一些有约束性的价值观、一些不可取消的标准和人格态度的一种基本共识”; 《宣言》指出:“没有新的全球伦理,便没有新的全球秩序”。     

家—国伦理公正与“国家”文明形态

中西方文明都建构了以家庭和国家为基本结构的伦理世界,西方“country”文明中伦理世界的命运是“悲怆情愫”,中华“国家”文明的文化条件和伦理精神是“家国情怀”。家国情怀不只是家庭精神,也不只是爱国主义,而是身家国天下一体贯通的伦理情怀。“国家”文明创生的家国公正的伦理智慧有日常智慧和“非常”智慧。日常智慧贯穿于人的生活与生命的全程,并通过各种民族节日呈现;“非常”智慧是调节家庭与国家矛盾冲突的伦理智慧,逻辑与历史地展开为两种传统形态,即以“国”为重心的“精忠报国”,以“家”为重心的“亲亲相隐”。家国伦理公正的课题与中华现代文明的百年进程相伴随,从中国革命到改革开放,呈现“伦理建构—伦理革命—伦理解放”的否定之否定的辩证进程。现代中华文明依然是“国家”文明,但已经具有新形态,也面临新挑战,必须以伦理公正实现“国家”文明的创造性转化与创新性发展,为人类文明新形态的建构做出新的“中华”贡献。     

价值冲突中伦理建构的生态观

２０世纪末,社会发展呈现两大明显趋势：经济全球化;文明一体化。全球化与一体化使世界文化体系中的各种文明空前开放,也使同一文明中的各类因子如经济、社会、文化的发展空前整合。各文化之间的开放和文明内部各因子的整合在文明演进中必然导致的文化现象就是价值冲突。在所有价值冲突中,伦理价值的冲突表现得最为深层也最为激烈。在开放和整合的文明背景下,现代中国伦理的价值冲突主要表现为中西伦理的价值冲突和伦理与经济、社会、文化等文明的诸种价值形式之间的冲突。由于悠久的文化传统,以上两类价值冲突又聚合为古今伦理的激烈…     

建构中华伦理文明新形态的五个着力点

<正>人类文明新形态既是一种已然存在的文明新形态,也是一种处于持续建构之中的文明先进形态。而作为人类文明新形态重要内容和伦理内核的中华伦理文明新形态,它既是中国创造的具有实然性的伦理文明新形态,也是处于动态建构之中、具有应然性的伦理文明先进形态。中华伦理文明新形态的建构涉面极广。它不仅要求当代中华民族具有卓越的实践智慧和能力,而且要求当代中华民族具有心系人类、放眼世界的广阔视野和高远境界;既要在坚持和发展中国式现代化道路中积累精神文明、道德建设和伦理治理的智慧和经验,也要在中国特色伦理学理论创新中构建自己的学科体系、学术体系和话语体系。具体而言有以下几个着力点。一是树立中国特色社会主义伦理文明观。树立中国特色社会主义伦理文明观是建构中华伦理文明新形态的认识前提和观念基础,既是推动传统伦理文明创造性转化创新性发展和促进世界伦理文明发展的需要,也是构建新型国际关系、推进全球治理变革的要求。“伦理文明观”是“对待文明”的伦理理念,即以伦理对待文明。“观”既是“看待”也是“对待”,是观念也是态度,     

马克思生态文明思想的伦理之善

马克思生态文明思想强调人与自然之间不是对立的主仆关系,而是相互依赖、相互依存的辩证统一关系.在伦理层面,主张要承认自然的伦理尊严,摒弃人为自然立法的思想传统,实现人为天地立德,伦理之善的完成必须依赖人与自然和谐统一、和谐共生的命运共同体的构建.进而,化解人与自然的道德冲突与疏离,这不仅需要满怀友爱大爱的生态道德情感,还需要变革人与自然之间物质交换的方式以及与之联系的整个社会制度,实现人与自然的全面和解.这不仅是马克思实现人与自然和谐发展的终极伦理关怀,更是他们为人类构建的生态伦理的至善图景.     

食品安全传播问题初探:伦理与传播的综合视角

食品具有伦理属性,食品安全传播应受安全、健康、文明三个伦理维度的制约.但我国食品安全传播存在诸多问题,如食品广告和节目传播缺乏伦理维度;食品安全新闻报道频现伦理冲突:新闻报道语言与食品安全语言内在规范冲突,污名化报道方式与企业健康发展冲突,虚假监督报道与建构媒体公信力冲突等等,这些问题的存在对人们的饮食生活、媒体公信力建构以及社会发展都带来了诸多负面影响.     

三国佛教友好合作共同展开宗教对话

二十一世纪在全球经济一体化时代,人类从来没有像现在这样空前紧密地联系在一起,人类也从来没有像现在这样必须切实承担起全球责任,遵循全球伦理准则。而在这个过程中,多种宗教间的交流合作与对话是不可或缺的。一位天主教思想家孔汉思(HansKüng)曾经说:“没有各宗教之间的相互了解,国与国之间则很难相互了解;没有各宗教之间的对话与沟通,诸教之间则很难达到和平与友好;而诸教之间若不能和平相处,诸国之间亦不可能和平相处或安全共存。”一个地球,多种宗教,这是一个既定的事实。但多种宗教如何相处?是“文明冲突”,还是“文明对话”?人类…     

大仁小义与情理圆融 ——先秦儒家的情理观

“大仁小义”是儒家在处理情理冲突时的一种伦理原则.通过对儒家这种伦理原则的深入考察,可以揭示出儒家在解决日常情理冲突时所秉持的“圆融”立场.“大义灭亲”不仅不是儒家所推崇的楷模,相反,它还是儒家所怀疑的伪善.     

"Psychotherapy" versus "treatment"

Presents a comment on "Psychological treatments" by D. H. Barlow. Barlow proposed that we distinguish between the terms "treatment" and "psychotherapy." The author believes that not only is the distinction unnecessary, but that its implications could have negative consequences for the field of clinical psychology. It is the proposed distinguishing feature that treatments are "specifically tailored to the pathological process that is causing the impairment and distress" that is most problematic. Clinical psychology does not need a distinction that further exacerbates the split between researchers and practitioners.     

"Enmeshment" and "Fusion"

The paper examines two related concepts utilized by two different schools of family therapy. Any family seen to be "enmeshed" is also seen as "fused," and vice versa. The difference in the level of focus, on the "system containing the individuals" (structural) or the "individual in the system" (fusion), determines the difference in therapeutic approach of these two schools.     

“对的”与“好的”

什么是“对的”,和对它的证立,是道德哲学中具有争议性的核心问题,也是效用主义和道义论间的主要差异之所在。统合效用主义对于“好的就是对的”这个陈述有一套完整周延的说法。而道义论对这个问题的证立不够周延或没有足够的说服力。     

"本体论"与"伦理学"--形而上学的两个向度

形而上学有两个密切相关的内在向度,就是本体论向度与伦理学向度.在哲学史上,哲学家们之所以在"追求形而上学"的同时,又总是"反形而上学",并非是人们的形上本性出了问题,而是因为人们总是将形而上学视为单纯的"一维性",总是用一个向度来取代或遮蔽另一个向度.而所谓的"后形而上学思想",也并不是消解了形而上学,而是指形而上学从"本体论向度"转向了"伦理学向度".     

PREFERRING "HOUSEWIVES" TO "FEMINISTS"

Four studies are described outlining the favorability of attitudes toward women. In Study 1, participants indicated their attitudes toward women and men and their construal of the term "women". The results revealed that women were evaluated more favorably than men, but that male right-wing authoritarians (RWAs) who construed women as referring primarily to feminists were least favorable in their attitudes. In Study 2, participants indicated their attitudes toward both "housewives" and "feminists". The results revealed that feminists were evaluated less favorably than housewives, and that the most negative attitudes toward feminists were expressed by authoritarian men. Study 3 revealed that high-RWA males held more negative symbolic beliefs concerning feminists (i.e., beliefs that feminists failed to promote participants'values) and that these beliefs accounted for variation in attitudes among high RWAs and much of the RWA-attitude relation. Finally, Study 4 revealed that high RWAs perceived greater value dissimilarity between them-selves and feminists. The implications of the findings for future research are discussed.     

"石狮"、"风水"与"吉祥"

谁都知道,在古老的中国,不管是衙门、宫殿、庙宇的门前,还是豪宅、大户人家的门口,人们都能看到摆着一对石狮。据说,这对石狮子在许多中国人的心目中,它不但是一种气派的象征,而且还是一种被人认为是好的“吉祥物”。如今,旧时的衙门没有了,但遗留下来的宫殿、庙宇的门前,其中有些石狮仍有保存。然而,想像不到的是,这号称“吉祥物”的石狮今天却开始“走”进某些党政机关的大门口,它们(石狮)在那里时时都在保护着这些政府要员“平平安安”、“吉祥如意”。这不仅使我联想起一些极端的报道,有些政府官员为升迁,请算命先生定位,用风水术为政府…     

"Us" and "Them":

Abstract: In the Aristotelian tradition, politics is a matter of public deliberation over questions of justice and injustice. The Bush administration's response to the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, has been uniformly hostile to this notion, and it has instead promoted a jingoistic politics of self‐assertion by an America largely identified with the executive branch of its government. This is doubly disturbing, as the executive branch has sought to free itself from international law, multinational commitments, and domestic judicial regulation, even as it has sought to validate itself by demonizing its enemies. This essay draws out the disturbing echoes here of Carl Schmitt's work of the 1920s, in particular of Schmitt's conception of the sovereign as the ungrounded ground of the law and the political as the site of mortal conflict between friend and enemy. The essay argues that Schmitt's position in the twenties, for all of its evident problems, is superior to that of Bush, Wolfowitz, and Ashcroft in at least two senses: Schmitt condemns the idea of waging war for profit and recognizes that such wars will often be disguised as moral crusades waged against the “inhuman”; and he acknowledges that claiming to fight a war for humanity denies one's enemies their humanity, leaving them open to torture and even extermination.     

从"管制"到"平衡"--政府与公众理想关系模式的构建及其制度化

论文从行政民主的角度探讨政府与公众之间的理想关系模式及其制度化构建过程 ,将我国在改革之前的政府与公众模式概括为管制模式。论文指出 ,在制度变迁的过程中 ,这一模式日益受到挑战。而在新的制度环境下 ,我国政府与公众的关系模式应该是平衡模式。这一模式的制度化措施包括培育自主的市民社会 ,赋予公众以独立的活动空间 ;促进行政公开 ,建立一个开放负责的政府 ;推进行政法建设 ,抑制行政恣意     

The "Natural" and the "Formal"

The paper presents an argument against a metaphysical conception of logic according to which logic spells out a specific kind of mathematical structure that is somehow inherently related to our factual reasoning. In contrast, it is argued that it is always an empirical question as to whether a given mathematical structure really does captures a principle of reasoning. (More generally, it is argued that it is not meaningful to replace an empirical investigation of a thing by an investigation of its a priori analyzable structure without paying due attention to the question of whether it really is the structure of the thing in question.) It is proposed to elucidate the situation by distinguishing two essentially different realms with which our reason must deal: the realm of the natural, constituted by the things of our empirical world, and the realm of the formal, constituted by the structures that we use as prisms to view, to make sense of, and to reconstruct the world. It is suggested that this vantage point may throw light on many foundational problems of logic.