精神分析语境中的移情

“移情”是精神分析学、移情美学、移情心理学、移情伦理学和移情现象学的一个核心概念,但它是一个典型的“同名异义词”。精神分析学的“移情”特指弗洛伊德提出的“übertragung”概念,而后四种理论的“移情”指的是“Einfühlung”,本质上是“共情”或“同感”。在精神分析学内部,移情与投射、反移情、共情等概念紧密相关,而不同流派对这些概念的理解不仅不同甚至完全对立。在精神分析学外部,移情美学、移情心理学和移情伦理学虽然与精神分析学共享了投射或“移置”意义上的“移情”概念,但二者的用法存在本质差异。胡塞尔的现象学反对在投射或移置的意义上理解移情,把移情看作自我以第一人称方式对他人精神生活的深入感受、对异己主体及其体验行为的经验。现象学的移情概念既有助于澄清“移情”(übertragung)与“同感”(Einfühlung)的混用所造成的误解,也有助于理解二者间的关联和作用机制。     

儿童移情与道德发展关系研究综述

移情是人际交往中情感的相互作用,是对他人情绪的觉察而导致自己情绪唤起的一种情感体验。培养儿童的移情对儿童的道德发展具有重要作用。本文从移情的概念入手,介绍和探讨儿童移情与道德发展的关系研究状况,并对儿童的移情培养提出建议。     

移情反应的研究 ——基于个体倾向与情境的双重视角

摘 要：本研究基于个体倾向和情境的双重视角,将静态与动态相结合,探讨不同移情能力的个体在真实性不同情境中的移情反应。结果发现： （1）移情能力高、低分组得分存在显著性差异;（2）情境真实性高、低两种情境之间差异不显著;（3）在某些具体的移情反应上,移情能力与情境的交互作用显著;（4）性别差异不显著。属个体倾向范畴的移情能力对移情反应具有显著影响,情境对移情反应的影响与移情能力有关,移情能力高的个体对情境的变化更为敏感。     

1例严重强迫症患者的动力性住院治疗

动力性住院治疗是将精神动力性治疗的原则和策略应用于住院病患的治疗。在与患者的日常互动中,治疗团队成员对患者理解、涵容及保持稳定一致的治疗态度的能力对疗效有着重要的影响。本文通过介绍一例严重强迫症患者的住院经过,展示治疗团队与患者互动的动力性过程,着重探讨治疗团队如何通过检视移情、反移情的素材获得对患者的理解以及此种理解...     

施泰因论移情的本质

施泰因利用现象学还原的方法,通过与其它意识体验行为的对比和对关于移情的各种错误理论和定义的批驳,揭示了移情的本质,即移情是对陌生主体及其体验行为的经验,它是一种自成一类的经验性行为.本文围绕施泰因对移情的本质定义,对“外感知”、“内感知”、“同感”、“同一感”、“原本性”与“非原本性”、“模仿理论”和“类比推理”等一系列与移情相关的概念和理论进行了重构并对其与移情的关系进行了深入细致的分析,比较全面和完整地展示了移情概念的深刻性和复杂性,为进一步讨论与之相关的其它问题奠定了理论基础.     

浓妆淡抹总相宜——西方"移情说"在中国古典文学中的体现和审美差异

移情说理论在中西方的美学及文学发展中都有相当大的影响力。从移情的基本含义来看,中西方都认为是主体和对象之间构成的一种和谐的审美关系。西方的移情说,强调的是在审美欣赏活动中,将审美主体的感情移入客体,作对象化观照,从而使审美欣赏成为一种客观化的自我享受;中国的移情在审美观照下有其独特的内在共感体验。由于东西方思想根源的不同,审美观点、立场的差异,两者在对心与物、情与景的关系上也产生了分歧。     

移情的发生机理、活动主体及其认识论含义

“移情”具有两层含义,即主体对客体的情感投射和主体通过“将心比心”实现对客体的认识理解。朱光潜的“宇宙人情化”、里普斯的美学移情说、皮亚杰的“同化”概念以及柯林武德的移情领悟方法,均从不同侧面说明了移情不仅是一种审美心理,而且还是一种普遍的认识活动。这正是马克思所说的将“自然”加以“人化”的过程。我们的一切认识,包括对自然界、社会和历史的认识,实际上都是一种“移情”认识。神经生理学家和相关学科的学者的实验研究只是停留在“移情”发生的大脑生理机制这个层面上,只有实践唯物主义的认识论才揭示出“移情”发生的真正驱动力是来自于审美—认识主体自身。由此决定,人们的移情认识所反映的认识对象的真实度或失真度,最终取决于作为实践—认识主体的人自身实践活动的广度和深度。     

投射性认同的三次转向：内涵演变与概念比较

投射性认同发端自Freud的投射概念, 后由Klein正式提出, 经过Bion, Resenfeld, Grotstein等人的发展, 已经成为精神分析的核心概念之一。其内涵演变经历了从单向投射到双向互动, 从内心幻想到现实交流, 从母婴关系到咨访关系的三次重要转向。投射性认同较投射而言是一种更成熟复杂的防御机制, 与移情的差异则体现在起因、内容和结果等方面。近年来, 神经精神分析的兴起与镜像神经元的发现为理解投射性认同的发生机制提供了神经生物学的基础。     

国内外关于移情的研究综述

在对移情的概念、构成、测评工具予以介绍的基础上,回顾了国内外关于移情研究的基本状况,并对影响移情的相关因素进行了分析,最后对以后的研究方向和方法进行了展望。     

6～10岁儿童道德移情特点的研究

道德移情是近期日益受重视和研究的一种重要情感形式。本研究以6、8、10岁的176名儿童为样本,参照M.L Hoffiman关于道德移情的理论观点,运用个别交谈法以道德情境故事为材料探究了儿童的道德移情特点。结果表明：我国6－10岁儿童面临道德情境时作出的道德移情反应随年龄的增长而提高;他们对集体的道德移情反应强于对个人的道德移情反应;他们对声誉损害的道德移情反应最强、其次是对人身伤害的、最后是对财物损坏的;他们在相同感、内疚感、气愤感诸不同情感上的移情反应与Hoffman的设想既有相同点,也有不同处。     

Extremes of self-esteem and narcissism and the experience and expression of anger and aggression

This study examined the level of self-esteem and narcissism as personality variables involved in the disposition to experience and express anger. Three hundred thirty-eight subjects were sampled across two higher education centres and one student teaching programme in the United Kingdom. It was reasoned that individuals with both high self-esteem and narcissism would report especially high tendencies to experience and express anger and aggression and that those with high self-esteem and low narcissism would report the lowest. These predictions were influenced by theories that emphasise the role of threats to high self-esteem in the production of aggression and violence. Results indicate that groups defined by their extreme scores on self-esteem and narcissism scales produced levels of anger expression in the predicted direction. The importance of considering extreme levels of self-esteem and narcissism (in conjunction with other factors) in an analysis of anger is discussed with reference to currently influential theories in the field. Aggr. Behav. 24:421–438, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Social and Personal Determinants of Adolescent Use and Abuse of Alcohol and Marijuana

This article summarizes research on social and personal determinants of adolescent use and abuse of alcohol and marijuana to aid practitioners when designing interventions.     

Cognitive and Personality Characteristics of Masculinity and Femininity Predict Wayfinding Competence and Strategies of Men and Women

Bem (1974) reconceptualized masculinity and femininity as independent and orthogonal constructs that both men and women possess to varying degrees. This perspective was used as a starting point to investigate whether the contributions of gender-typed characteristics can help to account for commonly observed gender differences in wayfinding (the ability to identify one’s current location and successfully navigate to an unseen location in the environment) favoring men. We further divided gender-typed characteristics into cognitive and personality characteristics to assess their separate influence on wayfinding and explored whether gender-typed characteristics predicted self-reported use of masculine wayfinding strategies (i.e., orientation strategies) and self-reported wayfinding competence. Participants were 452 college women and men in a southern U.S. public university. They completed the Gender-Stereotypic Characteristics questionnaire (Diekman and Eagly 2000), a social comparison questionnaire (created by the authors), a wayfinding strategy questionnaire (Lawton 1994), and a wayfinding competence questionnaire (Hegarty et al. 2002). For both men and women, higher masculine cognitive characteristics significantly correlated with greater use of orientation wayfinding strategies typical of men. For men, both higher masculine and feminine cognitive characteristics predicted better overall wayfinding competence whereas for women, only higher masculine cognitive characteristics predicted better overall wayfinding competence. For both men and women, higher feminine personality characteristics predicted poorer wayfinding competence. These results demonstrated the importance of considering cognitive and personality characteristics of masculinity and femininity in explaining individual differences in wayfinding.     

Face aftereffects suggest interdependent processing of expression and sex and of expression and race

Bruce and Young (1986) proposed that functionally different aspects of faces (e.g., sex, identity, and expression) are processed independently. Although interdependent processing of identity and expression and of identity and sex have been demonstrated previously, evidence for interdependent processing of sex and expression is equivocal. Using a visual adaptation paradigm, we show that expression aftereffects can be simultaneously induced in different directions along anger–fear continua for male and female faces (Experiment 1) and for East Asian and Black African faces (Experiment 2). These findings for sex- and race-contingent expression aftereffects suggest that processing of expression is interdependent with processing of sex and race and are therefore problematic for models of face perception that have emphasized independent processing of functionally different aspects of faces. By contrast, our findings are consistent with models of face processing that propose that invariant physical aspects of faces and changeable social cues can be processed interdependently.