从投射性认同角度谈原生家庭对个体亲密关系的影响

投射性认同是客体关系学派中的一个核心主题,也是当代精神分析流传最广泛的理论概念之一。文章回顾了客体关系理论中的投射性认同的概念,采用案例分析的形式从投射性认同的角度来探讨原生家庭对个体亲密关系的影响,为人们觉察并改善亲密关系中存在的问题提供了一个可以借鉴的思路。     

精神分析语境中的移情

“移情”是精神分析学、移情美学、移情心理学、移情伦理学和移情现象学的一个核心概念,但它是一个典型的“同名异义词”。精神分析学的“移情”特指弗洛伊德提出的“übertragung”概念,而后四种理论的“移情”指的是“Einfühlung”,本质上是“共情”或“同感”。在精神分析学内部,移情与投射、反移情、共情等概念紧密相关,而不同流派对这些概念的理解不仅不同甚至完全对立。在精神分析学外部,移情美学、移情心理学和移情伦理学虽然与精神分析学共享了投射或“移置”意义上的“移情”概念,但二者的用法存在本质差异。胡塞尔的现象学反对在投射或移置的意义上理解移情,把移情看作自我以第一人称方式对他人精神生活的深入感受、对异己主体及其体验行为的经验。现象学的移情概念既有助于澄清“移情”(übertragung)与“同感”(Einfühlung)的混用所造成的误解,也有助于理解二者间的关联和作用机制。     

罗夏墨迹测验在西方的发展历史与研究现状

历史上罗夏墨迹测验（RIM）一直被视为投射测验而用精神分析的理论解释它,使其偏离了客观化的发展方向。综合罗夏系统则又回归到了实证的研究道路。综合系统仍视之为一个不完全结构化的、间接的测量方法,因此在人格研究中有独特的作用。关于RIM虽然仍有争议,但其科学研究价值已基本得到公认,目前要做的工作是发展它和完善它     

判断与决策中的投射偏差

投射偏差是指个体常常会高估未来偏好与当前偏好的一致性, 从而把当前偏好投射到未来的心理倾向性。本文从情感–认知加工、时间修正和心理模拟等视角对投射偏差的心理机制进行了解释, 并概括出投射偏差的内源性(含内脏感觉、情绪状态和需要)和外源性(含事件相关信息、天气状况和选择情境)影响因素, 还总结归纳出投射偏差的三种应对策略, 最后指出了投射偏差在未来研究的方向。     

儿童时间隐喻表征能力的发展研究

有研究表明,时间概念是隐喻性表征的,即时间概念是由别的语义域概念投射映现于时间而形成的,如“时间是金钱”。“时间是流淌的小溪”,前者将金钱投射于时间从而赋予时间的有价性,后者将小溪映现于时间,使时间具有了动体的属性。时间概念的所有属性都是这样隐喻性地建构的。因为不使用隐喻就难以表述时间。有研究发现,人们主要是使用11个范畴概念(空间、有价物、状态、易逝物、效应、改变者、检验者、动体、媒介、人、主宰一被主宰)来喻指时间的．     

无意识:局部或者整体?——精神分析的认识论

在当代精神分析思想的研究中,认识论具有非常重要的地位,它试图研究精神分析在发展过程中和哲学、自然科学、社会科学等主干学科之间的复杂关联。基于认识论的一个基础对立"局部-整体",本文试图澄清从弗洛伊德到拉康这一范式性转换中无意识概念在内涵和外延方面发生的变化,以及这一变化给精神分析自身实践和相关学科所带来的若干影响。     

术语的演进——精神分析理论的发展

当代精神分析的术语学已经发生一场变化,以往经典术语的地位正逐渐被新术语所取代。最典型的例子是认同、付诸行动、压抑、分裂等概念的重要性被认可、扮演、解离等相似概念所盖过。术语是理论的工具,这种术语的演进体现的是精神分析学科理论的发展趋势,其理论重点由个体心理转向关系心理。     

幼儿的自我投射能力对情景预见的影响:来自典型发展儿童和孤独症谱系障碍儿童的证据

情景预见是个体将自我投射到未来某个特定时间和地点预先体验可能发生的未来事件的一种能力。为了考察幼儿的自我投射能力在情景预见中的可能作用,本研究通过两个实验比较了从自己的视角和从他人视角完成情景预见任务时幼儿的表现。实验1选取236名3~5.5岁典型发展（Typically Developing,TD）幼儿,采用被试间设计发现,总体而言,幼儿为他人做预见优于为自己做预见。实验2采用被试内设计,在TD儿童身上验证了实验1的结果,同时发现,孤独症谱系障碍（Autism Spectrum Disorder,ASD）儿童为自己做预见与为他人做预见没有差异。综上,幼儿不成熟的自我投射能力会干扰其自我卷入的情景预见,而自我投射能力受损的ASD儿童则没有表现出这种影响。     

人格评估中的投射技术

该文简要介绍了投射技术的定义和历史, 并从基本假设、刺激材料、施测与解释过程、所获信息及其信度和效度五个方面分析了投射技术的特点。最后, 作者对其现状和未来发展做了一定分析     

"半投射"和"客观性":动机测验的两种新形式

介绍两种动机测验及其形式:1)多元动机测验(MMG)及其半投射测验形式和网格技术,它综合了投射测验和问卷的优点;2)客观性成就动机测验(OAMT)及其通过被试完成操作性任务测评成就动机的客观性测验形式。     

The Meaningfulness of Helping Others: Loren Eiseley's “The Star Thrower”

Freud and Klein describe projective processes—projection, projective identification, and the repetition compulsion—that cause interpersonal distortions not only in the psychotherapy relationship but in adult intimate relationships as well. Winnicott's theory of the use of an object describes a way of relating that is free of the distortions of projection, opening up the possibility of differentiation between intimate partners. Two case examples illustrate how addressing projective processes assisted one patient in extricating herself from a psychologically abusive relationship and helped a couple in treatment to move from object relating to object use. It is argued that the use of these psychoanalytic theories has an important role within a modern relational social work practice.     

Konzepte der Identifizierung

The authors investigate primary, hysterical, narcissistic identification, and introjection as conceptualised by Freud, Melanie Klein’s projective identification, and Anna Freud’s identification with the aggressor and altruistic surrender. It is pointed out that hysterical identification, narcissistic identification, and introjection are unconscious processes leading into a state of primary identification, and that they can be distinguished on a clinical level as regards the emotional meaning the object has for the subject. In hysterical identification the aspects of an object with which one identifies and all its other aspects retain their emotional meaning, in narcissistic identification these other aspects also keep their emotional meaning, but in this case the aspects with which one identifies lose their emotional meaning, and in introjection all aspects of an object lose their emotional meaning. Furthermore, it is shown that hysterical or narcissistic identifications are the mechanisms underlying the identification with the aggressor, and that—along with projections—hysterical re-identification also plays a decisive role in projective identification and altruistic surrender, whereby in these latter processes the object identifies himself unconsciously with the contents projected onto him in a hysterical or narcissistic manner.     

Projective identification: A theoretical investigation of the concept starting from ’Notes on some schizoid mechanisms’1

This paper submits passages from four papers‐‘Notes on some schizoid mechanisms’ (Klein); ‘On identification’ (Klein); ‘Analysis of a schizophrenic state with depersonalization’ (Rosenfeld); and ‘Remarks on the relation of male homosexuality to paranoia, paranoid anxiety and narcissism’ (Rosenfeld)‐to a critical reading, enabling the theoretical premises which have produced the current, differing views on projective identification to be traced. These views revolve both around the role assigned to identification in the process and around the meaning of the expression‘to identify oneself with’ which in ‘On identification’ goes from ‘to feel similar to, or identical to the other’ to ‘to take another person as a model’. This legitimizes the inclusion of very different phenomena into the concept of projective identification. The author describes some uses of the term ‘projective identification’ and proposes the hypothesis that the process constitutes a way for managing otherness and the separateness of the object (be it external or internal, real or imaginary) that can compromise its reality to a greater or lesser degree. Covering a large set of phenomena, the author poses the question of whether it is useful to retain the term ‘projective identification’. She proposes an answer in the last part of the paper.     

Projective identification fifty years on: A personal view

Since its introduction by Melanie Klein in 1946 the concept of projective identification has inspired, baffled, rankled, but always mesmerized its adherents and opponents alike. I offer in this paper a brief outline of the concept's development over the past fifty years by way of some thoughts on a personal journey of discovery surrounding its meaning and clinical usefulness to my work as a child therapist. I would like to suggest that definitions in current use seem to be derived more from adult work than from work with children, which has sometimes skewed the debate surrounding the concept in a particular direction. In both its conceptual guises, namely, as an unconscious 'phantasy' and as an interpersonal feature of the transference, projective identification is a logical extension of certain aspects of Klein's work with small children. In child work too the developmental status of the concept comes more into focus.     

Projection and projective identification: developmental and clinical aspects

Projective identification and projection are defined, described, and contrasted. Projective identification is seen as an early or primitive defensive operation, and projection as later or more advanced and derivative in nature. The developmental origins and adaptive functions of projective identification are examined with an emphasis on the cognitive preconditions for the operation of this defense. The varying functions of both defensive operations are described within the context of psychotic, borderline, and neurotic personality organization. Case material is presented to illustrate the diagnostic approach to and the clinical functions of projective identification, particularly its importance in contributing to complementary identification in the countertransference. Also illustrated is the technical management of severe transference regression under the impact of projective identification. Finally, alternative approaches to the diagnosis and interpretation of projective identification are discussed.     

Identity theft1

Abstract

Psychoanalysis has almost disappeared from the curricula of most American universities, which I illustrate by the case of the department of psychology at my own university, Harvard. Courses on psychoanalysis are very rare there and it is mostly seen as a part of history of psychology and not as a set of ideas that can be useful nowadays. Personality models developed by Freud or Melanie Klein, as well as many more contemporary psychoanalysts, are, however, still very relevant for the humanities. This is particularly the case for Shakespeare studies and I am trying to show that despite the fact that psychoanalysis can enrich this field, less and less students show interest in it or are willing to admit that they themselves may have unconscious reactions. I focus on the usefullness of the concept of projective identification and propose the thesis that is another name for the activities of theater, and indeed for theater itself.     

Projective identification in Othello and Verdi's Otello

In this paper I explore how projective identification is depicted in Shakespeare's Othello (1603–4 [2006]) and in Verdi's Otello (1887). Both the play and the opera can be seen as studies in projection – in the evacuation into others of feelings that the subject finds unbearable, such as envious and jealous exclusion or unbearable sexual excitement. The essential issue is the same in both the play and the opera, which is that the very sight of love between Othello and Desdemona, or of contentment in anyone's mind, drives Iago mad with envy and jealousy, which he has to expel and project into others, particularly into Othello, who is susceptible to this attack because of his own narcissistic vulnerability. I take two episodes, which appear in both the play and the opera, to explore in detail how projective identification is represented both verbally and musically. I suggest that music, and words used musically, are particularly suited to conveying complex inter‐ and intra‐personal processes such as projective identification.     

Interpersonal conflict in group therapy: An object relations perspective

The aim of this paper is to demonstrate how object relations theory can be used to understand and regulate interpersonal conflict in group psychotherapy. Such concepts as projective identification, intersubjectivity and the analytic third are used to describe how conflict emerges in group psychotherapy and how it can be worked through. Case material is also provided to illustrate concepts and techniques in promoting a group's transition from a paranoid/schizoid to a depressive position. Positive aspects of the concept of projective identification are discussed including its use as a form of communication, a method of reducing anxiety and reintegrating previously dangerous and threatening aspects of the self.The paper was funded by Evan F. Lilly Memorial Trust Grant PV 13,067.     

A Review of “Trauma and Human Existence: Autobiographical,Psychoanalytic and Philosophical Reflections”

Abstract

The author sets out to locate Bion's model of the mind within the developmental history of psychoanalysis, from Freud to Klein to Bion, using biographical material and clinical case examples, to illustrate Bion's concepts of container/contained, his understanding and use of projective identification, his extension of the use of the countertransference, and his differentiation between the psychotic and non-psychotic aspects of the mind. Links, and attacks against linking are discussed, as well as Bion's thoughts about learning versus knowing, being versus becoming and his emphasis on the essential importance of the development of the capacity to think.     

The borderline self and the jealous object

The purpose of this paper is to show that just as a therapist working with a borderline patient is often induced with many intense and difficult emotions, similarly, a borderline patient is induced with very intense emotions by his object, which are often experienced as foreign and ego alien to the self. As a result, these induced emotions remain repressed or dissociated from the self, but they continue to play a major role in the borderline's lifestyle. It will be demonstrated that the jealous object, and not the self, is the main factor that interferes with the borderline's growth and progress in treatment. Although a borderline patient may employ primitive defenses such as projective identification and splitting as his primary mode of coping with the bad introject as has been stated by Klein, Kernberg and other writers, I would like to suggest that a borderline patient also employs what I would call dual splittingand dual projective identificationin order to maintain a symbiotic relationship between the selfand its jealous object.