浅析隐喻手法在插图创作中的运用

认知语言学认为"人类的思维很大程度上是隐喻性的,人类认识和理解事物是对事物进行概念化、范畴化的过程,隐喻是其重要的工具。"隐喻的实质是要以一种事物来理解和经历另一种事物,在彼类事物的暗示之下感知、体验、想象、理解、谈论此类事物的心理行为,语言行为和文化行为;是从一个具体的概念域向一个抽象的概念域的系统映射。     

"人本"与"民本"

"人本"与"民本"是两个既有联系又有区别的概念.这两个概念可以说都是中国传统的思想,而又是近现代的表述[1].简言之,"人"相对于神和物而言,"人本"是普遍的哲学或文化的概念;"民"相对于国家和执政者而言,"民本"是政治哲学或政治理念的概念.     

具身认知视角下的概念隐喻理论

隐喻是一种常见的语言现象.概念隐喻理论认为,隐喻不仅是一种语言修辞手段,隐喻反映了人类认知的重要特征:人类的抽象概念系统是以感知觉经验和具体概念为基础发展形成的.根据概念隐喻理论,主体可以以感知运动经验对抽象概念进行体验式表征与加工.大量研究证明,抽象概念的加工同对其进行隐喻化描述的身体经验具有关联.这些研究主要涉及空间隐喻、温度隐喻、洁净隐喻、触觉隐喻等.未来的研究应探讨多重隐喻对认知的影响、探索塑造隐喻映射单向作用与相互作用的因素,并关注概念隐喻理论的应用性等问题.     

概念与语词关系小议

概念是事物的理性映象。它需要依附于可以感知的物质的外壳上。在人类社会产生了有声语言以后,作为音与义的结合体的语词的声音,即语音,就是概念所依附的物质外壳。可以感知,可以储存和传递的现实的概念,总是有着语言外壳的;而有着语言外壳的概念,从语言科学的角度看,就是语词。所以,语词是概念的直接现实,概念是以语词的形式存在的。而由于语     

生命科学中的"扮演上帝":合理性与责任性

"扮演上帝"是一个主要用来描述生命科学及生物技术发展并对其进行社会评价的习语.在生存与发展意义上,人类有充分的理由去扮演上帝.随着越来越多的生命秘密被揭示,人类获得了越来越多的似神力量.人类应该扮演上帝,人类能够扮演上帝,人类不得不去扮演上帝,扮演上帝已成为人类的宿命.基于自然界和生命世界的复杂性以及知识的有限性,人们在扮演上帝时要有更多的耐心和责任.     

你的路径都滴下脂油——再思上主的丰富恩典

《诗篇》包含着丰富的神学信息,4世纪的神学家亚他那修说过:"大部分圣经是向我们说话,唯独《诗篇》是代我们说话."语言是神的创造,诗歌是神给予我们探索"美"的礼物;同样地,人类以诗的语言回应神也是对上主的摆上.     

语言的隐喻视角下人类认知框架建构

随着以计算机隐喻为核心的第一代认知科学的弊端日益凸显,强调感知体验为认知构建核心作为主流思想的第二代认知科学在近几年获得了迅速发展。语言作为人类联结自身体验和外界事物的桥梁,在个体认知框架建构中意义重大。而人类语言的隐喻认知能力是构成认知系统的核心要素,也是人类思维活动反映抽象概念的重要方式。文章通过对语言的隐喻认知视角下人类认知框架建构机制的探讨,在指出当前研究中存在的缺陷和不足的基础上为将来研究提供相关思路。     

默想"道成肉身"

神给人类的启示分为普通的启示(间接的启示)和特殊的启示(又称直接的启示)两种。所谓普通的启示也可称为"自然的启示",指神藉着他所创造的宇宙万物,启示人去认识神。大卫的诗曾颂赞说"诸天述说神的荣耀,穹苍传扬他手段。"(诗19:1)使徒保罗在论证有关"神的事情"时指出,神通过他所创造的万物把他自己"显明在人心里"。保罗说:"自从造天     

谈谈维特根斯坦的"哲学语法"

"哲学语法"是维特根斯坦哲学的一个重要概念.但一直以来,这个概念都让人困惑.本文通过对语法任意性、语言自治性、规则、语词用法等概念的分析,澄清"哲学语法"概念的内容,指出它在哪些方面优于"逻辑",哪些方面又有所误导.     

包装容器设计中"线"的形态语言

包装容器设计体现在形态,形态语言是设计造型的基本语言.在包装形态中,线直接体现于形体之上,线依附于形.包装容器设计的过程,就是根据人思维的形成进行形式概念的设计.线是形式概念的表现元素之一,是包装容器的具体体现和表达.文章通过解读线的形态语言,来说明形态对包装容器设计的现实意义.     

易道辩正

易道是易学思想的精髓或内在精神,其最根本的特征是所谓的“一阴一阳之道”。作为易学结构基元的易卦卦象符号,与阴阳观念具有先天性的亲和力,从而使得阴阳观念有了一个可以符号化表征的形式系统。在汉代,阴阳五行与易学成为一个统一的有机整体。两汉的象数理论试图将易道(天道)完全形式化努力的最终结果是“入于礻几祥”,成为一套牵强附会的繁琐哲学。魏晋以后,诸如“时”、“中”一类具有明显的个人独知默会、参悟修证意义的命题,逐渐成为一阴一阳、生生不息的“易道”最为生动的表征。道之真谛,若以易理言之,就是“自强不息”,“与时偕行”。     

方术迷信的"灵验"揭秘

方术作为中华神秘文化的一个重要的组成部分,是一种既不同于宗教又与宗教有联系的企图借助于“鬼神”等神秘力量来消灾免祸、延年益寿、添财加福的可操作性的东西,如八卦术、算命术、风水术、占梦术、测字术、巫术等。 方术尽管是唯心的不可相信的东西,在历代也遭到了一些人的攻击和批判,然而为何屡不绝迹,有时甚至风靡一时、影响很大,即使在今天仍然有其市场呢?其中一个重要的原因在于一些人认为方术“灵验”。 方术“灵验”的原因是什么?到底是哪些因素     

"全球伦理"与"文明的冲突"

自美国9.11恐怖袭击事件后,塞缪尔.亨廷顿关于“文明冲突”的理论引起人们高度兴趣。以宗教为核心的文明之间的冲突真的难以化解吗?汉斯.昆的“全球伦理”观点对此提出挑战。本文将浅析一下“全球伦理”,及其化解“文明冲突”的可能性。     

"Psychotherapy" versus "treatment"

Presents a comment on "Psychological treatments" by D. H. Barlow. Barlow proposed that we distinguish between the terms "treatment" and "psychotherapy." The author believes that not only is the distinction unnecessary, but that its implications could have negative consequences for the field of clinical psychology. It is the proposed distinguishing feature that treatments are "specifically tailored to the pathological process that is causing the impairment and distress" that is most problematic. Clinical psychology does not need a distinction that further exacerbates the split between researchers and practitioners.     

"Enmeshment" and "Fusion"

The paper examines two related concepts utilized by two different schools of family therapy. Any family seen to be "enmeshed" is also seen as "fused," and vice versa. The difference in the level of focus, on the "system containing the individuals" (structural) or the "individual in the system" (fusion), determines the difference in therapeutic approach of these two schools.     

“对的”与“好的”

什么是“对的”,和对它的证立,是道德哲学中具有争议性的核心问题,也是效用主义和道义论间的主要差异之所在。统合效用主义对于“好的就是对的”这个陈述有一套完整周延的说法。而道义论对这个问题的证立不够周延或没有足够的说服力。     

"本体论"与"伦理学"--形而上学的两个向度

形而上学有两个密切相关的内在向度,就是本体论向度与伦理学向度.在哲学史上,哲学家们之所以在"追求形而上学"的同时,又总是"反形而上学",并非是人们的形上本性出了问题,而是因为人们总是将形而上学视为单纯的"一维性",总是用一个向度来取代或遮蔽另一个向度.而所谓的"后形而上学思想",也并不是消解了形而上学,而是指形而上学从"本体论向度"转向了"伦理学向度".     

Comparison of two theories of "ratio" and "difference" judgments

This article examines the hypothesis that judges compare stimuli by ratio and subtractive operations when instructed to judge" "ratios" and "differences." Rule and Curtis hold that magnitude estimations are a power function of subjective values, with an exponent between 1.1 and 2.1. Accordingly, the two-operation model tested assumes magnitude estimations of "ratios" are a comparable power function of subjective ratios. In contrast, Birnbaum and Veit theorize that judges compare two stimuli by subraction for both "ratio" and "difference" instructions and that magnitude estimations of "ratios" are approximately an exponential function of subjective differences. Three tests were used to compare the theory of one operation with the two-operation theory for the data of nine experiments. The results strongly favor the theory that observers use the same operation for both instructions.     

The development of children's understanding of "because" and "so"

Children's (5 years, 8 months to 8 years, 4 months) comprehension of "because" and "so" was assessed on both enactment and sentence completion tasks. The use of a within-subject design permitted performance on each task to be interpreted in terms of performance on the other. The pattern of results provided evidence against a componential model for the acquisition of causal connectives. This model holds that the two meaning components (cause, order) are acquired separately, with the order component being acquired several years later than the causal component. The results also were in accord with predictions derived from a contextual model of children's developing understanding of terms expressing logical relationships. This model posits that the understanding of relational terms is initially context dependent, such that children can understand relational terms when they express familiar relationships, but experience difficulty in forming representations of novel relationships solely on the basis of linguistic input. The lexical components of because and so are understood during the context-dependent stage, and the transition from context-dependent to context-independent understanding does not reflect further lexical development, but rather increasing facility in dealing with decontextualized linguistic input.