儒家伦理与基督教伦理的冲突与交融

儒家思想和基督教思想是在两个不同的地域、不同的文明中诞生的两种不同思想。儒家思想以伦理为核心,强调家国同构、天人合一,具有泛道德主义倾向;基督教思想以超越的神学为基础,从神人关系出发,把“神人合一”作为其最高境界,伦理道德是其重要的组成部分。儒家思想和基督教思     

以行为者为中心的约束与康德式后果主义——以舍利·卡根为例

通过区分“以行为者为中心的约束”与“行为者中立”两种立场来探讨义务论与后果主义之间的优劣，是当代西方道德哲学研究的一个热点问题。以行为者为中心的约束认为道德规范对特定的个体行为者具有一种约束，这种约束要求特定行为者不能做某种行动，即便这种行动能够避免造成更大的侵犯。而行为者中立的立场则否认道德规范指向某个特定的行为者，并对其产生实际的约束作用。不少研究者认为义务论坚持以行为者为中心的约束，进而把康德伦理学划归以行为者为中心的义务论范畴。然而，卡根反对这种解读，他试图证明康德的普遍法则公式在规范层面支持行为者中立的立场，应当从中得出后果主义而非义务论的规范性结论。卡根的论证正确地指出了后果主义原则与普遍法则公式的相容性，却错误地否定了义务论原则与普遍法则公式的相容性。     

另一种普遍主义:范例的力量

本文描述了一种作者称为"3B"立场的普遍主义观点.这种立场能够既解释命题对环境的超越性,又不否认环境的多元性和对命题的建构性.作者没有采纳把形式和内容分开以便协调普遍主义和多元主义的作法,而是用"范例的力量"轴枢其间,得到一种以重新解释了的"共通感"概念为核心的实质性的普遍主义.它与其他普遍主义的区别在于,它承认后现代对基础主义的质疑;对现代哲学中无法落实的普遍主义原则,它的解决方案是诉诸人类对自我生命力的确证和提升的普遍的直觉,而不在乎他们是否拥有不同的文化环境和历史.     

论先秦儒家的王道观念——兼论所谓“东亚价值”

近年来,“东亚价值”引起了人们的广泛讨论。所谓“东亚价值”,其核心被认为是(政治)权威主义的价值观,是与儒家思想的长期熏陶分不开的。本文通过对孔子和孟子的相关思想和实践,尤其是孟子政治思想核心的王道观念进行一些梳理,来认识儒家是怎样看待政治权威主义的。一一般认为,政治权威主义是介于王权(皇权)专制主义与现代民主之间的一种政治模式,这种政治模式既不像传统专制主义那样对于社会臣民采取专断的权力统治,也不像民主政治那样强调民众的政治参与和个人自由的价值。权威主义政治强调的是服从、秩序与纪律。权威主义的价值观把国家…     

彼得·伯格关于宗教社会学研究范式的最新探索

2014年彼得·伯格同时在德国和美国出版《现代化的多种祭坛：多元主义时代的宗教研究新范式刍议》,该书可以视为伯格关于宗教社会学研究范式的最新探索,当然也可以说是晚年定论。伯格试图在“世俗化”和“去世俗化”之间达成某种平衡,为宗教在现代社会的存在提供理论阐释。他认为,现代性必然会导致多元主义的出现且使之成为现代社会的普遍发展趋势。现代性意味着人类生存境况“从命运到选择”的巨大转变,多元主义是促成这场转变的重要因素。多元主义极大地削弱人们赖以生存的原有世界的确定性,引发普遍的焦虑,基要主义和相对主义是缓解焦虑的两种可能模式。然而,现代社会的大多数人既非基要主义者也非相对主义者,对于相对性,他们处于拒、迎之间的中间立场,更多的是以实用的态度应对和处理多元主义的生活难题。伯格将其探索始终置于全球化背景下来思考宗教多元主义,并关注了多元主义在个体信仰和宗教组织等方面的影响。     

论儒家思想中的"人"与"自然"之关系:兼论其21世纪之启示

本文探讨儒家思想传统中“人”与“自然”之关系。本文先从比较文化史视野,析论中国思维方式之特质在于“联系性思维方式”。本文指出,儒家思想传统以“联系性思维方式”为基础,强调“人”与“自然”之间是一种相即相融并互相渗透的关系。“自然”是“人”的创生者,“人”也是“自然”的参与者。儒家思想家主张“人”与“自然”之间具有连续性与一体性之关系。这两种关系之所以可能,其基础正在于人与宇宙万物都以生生不已的仁德为其本性。“仁”既内在于每个人的心性之中,又超越于每个个体之上,成为宇宙万物之共同质素。而儒家思想中“人”与“自然”之连续性与一体观的建立与发展,正是以人“心”之自觉为其基础。     

转换与支配:吉登斯权力思想的诠释

权力是吉登斯思想体系中一个极其重要的范畴。权力概念不仅是吉登斯借以沟通主体与客体关系的基本纽带 ,还是他研究社会历史的基本视角。在分析主体主义与客体主义对立权力观的基础上 ,吉登斯以一种二重的方式阐述了他的权力观。一方面 ,他将权力视为行动者个体所具有的“转换能力” ,认为它是行动者自主性的表现 ,是人类行动的普遍特征和人之为人的基础。另一方面 ,他又将权力视为行动者行为互动过程中存在的支配能力 ,认为它是行动者依赖性表现 ,是资源不对称分配带来的结果。资源是沟通权力两个方面的媒介。“控制辩证法”是权力两个方面的有机统一 ,是社会关系的本质特征。吉登斯将社会历史形态划分为部落社会、阶级分化社会和阶级社会三种类型 ,每种类型都反映了权力两个方面之间的辩证统一。     

知觉内容、规范及其本体论解释

从一种广义的自然主义框架出发,关于内容的基本哲学问题是:在一个本无内容的自然界中内容是如何可能的?具言之,内容源于何处,其地位之特殊性何在,内容与非内容的自然存在之间有何关系?本文通过对柏济新著《客观性之起源》中的相关观点,及其与当代不同种类的诠释主义立场之间的潜在争论的述评,试图对上述问题给出某种合理解答.这一解答涉及一种受自然进化约束的、与可诠释性条件相伴随的规范性.这是一种与自然主义相容的非还原主义立场.     

无需他人尊重的自尊是否可欲——对柯林·博德自尊观的一种批评性反思

与正义相关的规范性理论往往视自尊为理论焦点，罗尔斯、玛格利特、霍耐特和查尔斯·泰勒等人的理论均反映了这一特点。柯林·博德从斯多葛主义出发反驳了这一基本立场，其论证核心为“依赖性论题”,即自尊依赖于他人的尊重性态度。借用尼采对“升华的愤恨”的反思，通过区分两种不同形式的痛苦能够反驳博德的论证，并证明博德对自尊自足性的强调将使其拯救自尊的努力产生伤害自尊的后果。为了更好地保障自尊，博德应该接受而不是否认“依赖性论题”。     

德性与理性：伦理学为什么可能？——斯多亚主义立场辨思

斯多亚主义是希腊化和罗马时期的重要哲学派别。它对西方思想的贡献在于从自然主义立场修正了“希腊三杰”的理性主义,使理性与自然法、世界主义相联系,将道德建立在普遍法则的基础上,强调了道德的精神力量,并塑造了一系列“理想人格”,这些都对伦理学之可能,提供了理论和实践资源。     

Seeing and hearing and space and space and time

A previous experiment had shown spatial location to be judged in terms of the framework provided by the modality in which stimuli were presented. In the present study, digits were either auditorally or visually presented, and in either form the three digits appeared successivly to the left, in the center, and to the right of the S. The digit which occurred temporally in the middle of the sequence was never central from the spatial viewpoint. The S was asked to indicate which digit was the middle one. Ss were blind, deaf, or normal. The deaf and two control groups saw visual displays, and the blind and their controls heard auditory displays. The former groups predominantly chose the spatially middle digit and the latter groups the temporally middle. It was concluded that modality of presentation was the trigger which switched in the coding dimension of time or space.     

Bob and Carol and Tess and Ali

Conflicting religious experiences in different traditions do not necessarily defeat the rationality of conflicting beliefs sustained by those experiences in those traditions. The circularity that protects religious beliefs from such mutual defeat is not vicious. Moreover, the lack of ‘epistemological humility’ exhibited by such believers poses no threat to world peace. In fact, a campaign for compulsory humility would itself constitute a much greater threat.     

Law and Gospel,and Youth and Family Ministry

Abstract : If “faith comes through hearing” the word of God comprised in law and gospel, how do the imperatives that characterize ‘Youth and Family Ministry’ make such hearing possible? Here, literature delineating ‘Youth and Family Ministry’ is analyzed in light of its biblical foundations. The primary lens implemented in this analysis is the law/gospel hermeneutic advocated by Martin Luther and other reformers.     

Extremes of self-esteem and narcissism and the experience and expression of anger and aggression

This study examined the level of self-esteem and narcissism as personality variables involved in the disposition to experience and express anger. Three hundred thirty-eight subjects were sampled across two higher education centres and one student teaching programme in the United Kingdom. It was reasoned that individuals with both high self-esteem and narcissism would report especially high tendencies to experience and express anger and aggression and that those with high self-esteem and low narcissism would report the lowest. These predictions were influenced by theories that emphasise the role of threats to high self-esteem in the production of aggression and violence. Results indicate that groups defined by their extreme scores on self-esteem and narcissism scales produced levels of anger expression in the predicted direction. The importance of considering extreme levels of self-esteem and narcissism (in conjunction with other factors) in an analysis of anger is discussed with reference to currently influential theories in the field. Aggr. Behav. 24:421–438, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Perversion and infancy and adolescence

Abstract

Studying the works of Freud and Lacan, the authors carried out research on perversion in childhood. Their work covered the perverse polymorphism of infantile sexuality and the perception of the anatomic difference between the sexes that leads the child to create sexual theories and fantasies. The phallic mother and the fetish are viewed as imaginary solutions directly related to the Oedipus and castration complexes. In perversion, a particular position is taken in relation to the Oedipus complex: a serious flaw occurs in the symbolization of the law, and the mechanisms of denial and disavowal take form. Sexuality requires a second “logical time,” separated from infancy by the latency period, in order to confirm (in action) that a fixed position of jouissance (enjoyment) has actually been established. This can only happen in a period after adolescent enhancement. The distinction between perverse traces and a perverse structure is made, taking into account the fact that, in the case of child analysis, the analyst should free the child from the family fantasy and help him/her to build his/her own fantasy.

Campos Santoro V. et al. Perversion und Kindheit und Adoleszenz.

Im Studium der Arbeiten von Freud und Lacan haben die Autoren Forschung über Perversion in der Kindheit gemacht. Die Studien behandeln den perversen Polymorphismus der infantilen Sexualität und die Wahrnehmung des anatomischen Unterschiedes zwischen den Geschlechtern, welche das Kind dazu führt, Sexual-Theorien und Phatasien zu schaffen.

Die phallische Mutter und der Fetisch werden als imaginäre Lösungen angesehen, die sich direkt auf den Ödipus- und Kastrations-Komplex beziehen. Bei der Perversion wird eine besondere Position in Bezug auf den Ödipus angenommen; ein ernsthafter Mangel tritt bei der Symbolisierung des Rechts auf; die Mechanismen der Verneinung und der Verleugnung bilden sich. Sexualität erfordert eine zweite “logische Zeit”, von der Kindheit durch die Latenz Periode getrennt, um (in der Handlung) zu bestätigen, daß eine fixierte Position der jouissance (Vergnügung) sich tatsächlich etabliert hat. Das kann sich nur in einer Periode nach der adoleszenten Verstärkung ereignen.

Es wird die Unterscheidung zwischen perversen Spuren und einer perversen Struktur gemacht, in Rechnung stellend, daß im Fall der Kinder-Analyse der Analytiker das Kind von der Familien-Phantasie befreien sollte und ihm/ihr helfen sollte, seine/ihre Phantasie auszubilden.

Campos Santoro V. Perversión e infancia y adolescencia.

Estudiando los trabajos de Freud y Lacan, los autores han investigado la perversión en la niñez. Los estudios cubren la sexualidad infantil perversa polimorfa y la percepción de la diferencia anatómica entre los sexos, que llevan al niño a crear teorías sexuales y fantasías.

La madre fálica y el fetiche son vistos como soluciones imaginarias relacionadas directamente con el complejo de Edipo y de castración. La perversión, toma una posición particular en relación al Edipo; un fallo importante tiene lugar en la simbolización de la ley; los mecanismos de negación y repudio toman forma. La sexualidad requiere un segundo “tiempo lógico” separado de la infancia por el periodo de latencia, para confirmar (en acto) que una posición fija de jouissance (goce) se ha establecido. Esto solo puede ocurrir en un periodo posterior a la intensificación adolescente.

La distinción entre las huellas perversas y la estructura perversa se ha hecho, teniendo en cuenta que, en el caso del análisis de niños, el analista debe librar al niño de la fantasía familiar y ayudar a el/ella a construir su propia fantasía.     

Dance and psychotherapy--possibilities and limits

From a starting point of therapeutic and prophylactic components identifiable in the dance, the authors regard the dance as deserving of greater attention than was hitherto the case in programs of physiotherapy, psychotherapy, and sociotherapy. From the existing essays at a therapy basing on body and motion, they infer basic common points, and to promote discussion, they state their attitudes in respect of the potential and rank of the dance in the concept of complex multimodal psychotherapy.     

Spirituality and Religiosity and Its Role in Health and Diseases

Religiosity is a factor involved in the management of health and diseases/patient longevity. This review article uses comprehensive, evidence-based studies to evaluate the nature of religiosity that can be used in clinical studies, thus avoiding contradictory reports which arise from misinterpretation of religiosity. We conclude that religiosity is multidimensional in nature and ultimately associated with inherent protection against diseases and overall better quality of life. However, a number of untouched aspects of religiosity need to be investigated further before we can introduce religiosity in its fully functional form to the realm of health care.     

Yin and Yang,and the Hot and the Cold

Yin and Yang are important concepts in ancient Chinese philosophy.Western scholars have become more familiar with these two concepts recently,but for a long time almost no one considered comparing them with their own tradition such as the ancient Greek philosophy,and especially with the ideas of the Hot and the Cold in Presocratic philosophy.In this paper,I make an attempt to do exactly that,and especially make a detailed comparison between the thoughts of two ancient thinkers:Laozi and Anaximander.I discuss the thought of Yin and Yang in Laozi-who was the earliest philosopher making use of the concepts Yin and Yang-to express his cosmological thought in ancient Chinese philosophy.Comparatively,I discuss the ideas of the Hot and the Cold in Anaximander,the earlier among Presocratic philosophers referring to the Hot and the Cold as fundamental concepts used to establish his cosmological system.Through this comparison,I indicate that the similarity between ancient Chinese and Western traditions is far more significant than what people are used to imagining.