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摩尔在《伦理学原理》中关于"善是非自然性质"这一观点的阐述并不令人信服,遭到了布劳德等人的批评。摩尔在与他人的讨论中,一方面承认自己的不足,另一方面吸收他人的合理见解,思想上产生了不小的变化。尽管摩尔并没有很好地解决自己的问题,但是就其对西方元伦理学的贡献和其"踏实求真"的学术态度而言,他仍然不失为一位伟大的思想家。 相似文献
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事实与价值的关系问题一直是西方哲学争论的核心问题之一。在当代英美元伦理学的讨论中,这一问题往往表现为关于道德分歧以及解决这种分歧的道德论证的性质的争论。这种争论之所以重要, 相似文献
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在康德伦理学中把恶作为一种隐匿的、对立的存在,是不符合康德原意的误读。同时,忽视恶的存在的康德伦理学是不完整的,善与恶共同构成了康德伦理学的完整体系。康德伦理学体系细致分析了恶的来源、形态层次以及作用功能。抑恶的伦理并不能用来概括康德伦理学,但对于有限的理性人而言却是必要的。善的培育和生成是在恶的土壤中,要在感性世界中凭借自身的力量克服根据不在此的恶,需要道德信念的坚定、道德偏好的纠正更需要勇气和力量,才能彰显人的德性光辉。 相似文献
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在当今诸环境伦理学派中,Peter Singer的"动物解放"学说在社会实践层面(如废除动物实验与终止圈饲动物等)有深远影响。但它的价值论基础是不清晰的。通过剖析"动物解放"的进路,本文指出Singer的伦理学是边沁的功利论伦理学的继续。具体地,Peter Singer借鉴了达尔文的演化论与现代生理学认识,证明动物的痛苦感受是普遍成立的事实,并由此强化了"感受性"作为"内在价值"的基础。以此,Singer对于动物实验与圈饲动物等的批判亦具有了坚实基础。但进一步的剖析表明,Singer的价值论基础并不仅仅在于感受性,后者在个体间的平等性也受到了质疑。这使得Singer的理论面临价值多元主义与相对主义的指控。最后,作为"动物解放"之最终目的的"消除痛苦"也将消解功利论的形上基础。 相似文献
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庄子“齐物”新解 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
<正> “齐物”,是庄子哲学的一个基本观念。一般认为,“齐物”就是抹杀事物之间的一切差别。这种解释,并不符合“齐物”概念的原义。一般对“齐物”概念的误解,关键在于混淆了事实判断与价值态度之间的区别。庄子“齐物”概念所表达的,是一种价值的态度,而不是一种有关对象的事实判断。“齐物”,强调的是事物的存在在价值意义上的齐一性,并不否认事物在实存意义上的差异性。《庄子·秋水》说:“以道观之,物无贵贱;以物观之,自贵而相贱;以俗观之,贵贱不在已。”贵与贱,即是一种价值的尺度。庄子哲学的根本精神,是要返归自然,实现人的自由。在庄子看来,人之所以不自由,乃是因为总在其自我意识和行为中表现一种不自然的、人为的东西。这主要表现为 相似文献
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孙志海如果研究过元伦理学,恐怕就不会质疑“行为事实属性”概念。因为元伦理学的根本问题——“应该”、“价值”能否从“是”、“事实”推导出来——显然蕴含着“行为应该如何”与“行为事实如何”概念,蕴含着“行为应该”与“行为事实”概念,蕴含着“行为应该属性”与“行为事实属性”概念。 相似文献
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史蒂文森主张道德分歧是态度分歧,而吉伯德认为道德分歧是计划分歧。他们的理论都与事实不相符,因为两个人之间有对立态度或者计划有差异并不代表两人之间一定有道德分歧。道德分歧应该是规定分歧,是假想情况下和理想情况下分歧双方的规范性讨论,而不是实际存在的态度对立或者计划分歧。同样,信念分歧也可以理解为假想和理想条件下的规范性讨论。规定分歧理论比史蒂文森和吉伯德的理论都更完善,它能解释后者不能解释的、直觉上的分歧,同时它为道德分歧和信念分歧提供了一个统一的理论。 相似文献
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自从休谟在《人性论》中提出了那个著名的问题之后,事实与价值的关系问题就成为了西方伦理学发展中一条重要的线索。人们是否能从事实中推论出价值判断?如果可能,那么这种过度是如何进行的?亦或价值判断本身就是和事实完全无关的两个独立领域?为了回答这些问题,以研究伦理学本性的元伦理学发展出了诸多解释路径,试图从不同角度对休谟问题及其衍生出的系列问题进行处理。 相似文献
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Arkowitz H 《The American psychologist》2005,60(7):731; author reply 734-731; author reply 735
Presents a comment on "Psychological treatments" by D. H. Barlow. Barlow proposed that we distinguish between the terms "treatment" and "psychotherapy." The author believes that not only is the distinction unnecessary, but that its implications could have negative consequences for the field of clinical psychology. It is the proposed distinguishing feature that treatments are "specifically tailored to the pathological process that is causing the impairment and distress" that is most problematic. Clinical psychology does not need a distinction that further exacerbates the split between researchers and practitioners. 相似文献
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The paper examines two related concepts utilized by two different schools of family therapy. Any family seen to be "enmeshed" is also seen as "fused," and vice versa. The difference in the level of focus, on the "system containing the individuals" (structural) or the "individual in the system" (fusion), determines the difference in therapeutic approach of these two schools. 相似文献
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形而上学有两个密切相关的内在向度,就是本体论向度与伦理学向度.在哲学史上,哲学家们之所以在"追求形而上学"的同时,又总是"反形而上学",并非是人们的形上本性出了问题,而是因为人们总是将形而上学视为单纯的"一维性",总是用一个向度来取代或遮蔽另一个向度.而所谓的"后形而上学思想",也并不是消解了形而上学,而是指形而上学从"本体论向度"转向了"伦理学向度". 相似文献
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谁都知道,在古老的中国,不管是衙门、宫殿、庙宇的门前,还是豪宅、大户人家的门口,人们都能看到摆着一对石狮。据说,这对石狮子在许多中国人的心目中,它不但是一种气派的象征,而且还是一种被人认为是好的“吉祥物”。如今,旧时的衙门没有了,但遗留下来的宫殿、庙宇的门前,其中有些石狮仍有保存。然而,想像不到的是,这号称“吉祥物”的石狮今天却开始“走”进某些党政机关的大门口,它们(石狮)在那里时时都在保护着这些政府要员“平平安安”、“吉祥如意”。这不仅使我联想起一些极端的报道,有些政府官员为升迁,请算命先生定位,用风水术为政府… 相似文献
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Andrew Norris 《Metaphilosophy》2004,35(3):249-272
Abstract: In the Aristotelian tradition, politics is a matter of public deliberation over questions of justice and injustice. The Bush administration's response to the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, has been uniformly hostile to this notion, and it has instead promoted a jingoistic politics of self‐assertion by an America largely identified with the executive branch of its government. This is doubly disturbing, as the executive branch has sought to free itself from international law, multinational commitments, and domestic judicial regulation, even as it has sought to validate itself by demonizing its enemies. This essay draws out the disturbing echoes here of Carl Schmitt's work of the 1920s, in particular of Schmitt's conception of the sovereign as the ungrounded ground of the law and the political as the site of mortal conflict between friend and enemy. The essay argues that Schmitt's position in the twenties, for all of its evident problems, is superior to that of Bush, Wolfowitz, and Ashcroft in at least two senses: Schmitt condemns the idea of waging war for profit and recognizes that such wars will often be disguised as moral crusades waged against the “inhuman”; and he acknowledges that claiming to fight a war for humanity denies one's enemies their humanity, leaving them open to torture and even extermination. 相似文献
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Four studies are described outlining the favorability of attitudes toward women. In Study 1, participants indicated their attitudes toward women and men and their construal of the term "women". The results revealed that women were evaluated more favorably than men, but that male right-wing authoritarians (RWAs) who construed women as referring primarily to feminists were least favorable in their attitudes. In Study 2, participants indicated their attitudes toward both "housewives" and "feminists". The results revealed that feminists were evaluated less favorably than housewives, and that the most negative attitudes toward feminists were expressed by authoritarian men. Study 3 revealed that high-RWA males held more negative symbolic beliefs concerning feminists (i.e., beliefs that feminists failed to promote participants'values) and that these beliefs accounted for variation in attitudes among high RWAs and much of the RWA-attitude relation. Finally, Study 4 revealed that high RWAs perceived greater value dissimilarity between them-selves and feminists. The implications of the findings for future research are discussed. 相似文献
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从"管制"到"平衡"--政府与公众理想关系模式的构建及其制度化 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
论文从行政民主的角度探讨政府与公众之间的理想关系模式及其制度化构建过程 ,将我国在改革之前的政府与公众模式概括为管制模式。论文指出 ,在制度变迁的过程中 ,这一模式日益受到挑战。而在新的制度环境下 ,我国政府与公众的关系模式应该是平衡模式。这一模式的制度化措施包括培育自主的市民社会 ,赋予公众以独立的活动空间 ;促进行政公开 ,建立一个开放负责的政府 ;推进行政法建设 ,抑制行政恣意 相似文献