《齐物论》解读——以“一”为主题

《齐物论》是《庄子》内篇之一,基本属于庄子的思想。它以"道"为最高范畴,主题是"一",内含"道通为一""物通为一""知通为一"三个方面。关于"齐物论"的涵义,历来有"齐物"论与齐"物论"之争,但从全篇来看,二者都有论述,物与物论都是齐的对象。可以说,"齐"即是"一",根本方法是"吾丧我",最高境界是"至人"。     

互文性视域下庄子“吾丧我”阐释——以《庄子》内篇为核心

“吾丧我”之说源自《庄子·齐物论》,因其深刻的哲学意味,为历代治庄者所关注。“丧”是整体上的“减法”状态——从“我”之中剥离出去一部分,“吾”是高于“我”存在的某种理想的人格状态。“丧我”,即消解以“形体之我”为基础、以“精神之我”为核心、以“人物关系之我”为张力碰撞凝合而成的“我”,复归自然之“吾”。通过以“吾丧我”为线索的一系列“互文性图景”的建构,庄子不断深化消解一切“不齐”,表达“复归于道”的寓意。看似文字游戏的“吾丧我”,实则凝聚着庄子对个体生存境遇、精神世界的关注与思考,也是其为“我”摆脱束缚与局限,走向开放的生命提供的途径。在纷争加剧、矛盾凸显、人与他者关系更为紧张的今天,“吾丧我”之说尤其具有启发意义。     

"齐物"三义 --《庄子·齐物论》主题分析

在前人对<齐物论>作齐"物论"、与"齐物"论两种理解的基础上,作者提出齐物我的另一重含义.合起来构成齐"物论"、齐万物与齐物我三义齐物论是对各种思想学说,进行一种哲学批判,其重点不在是非的标准,而是对争是非本身的正当性的质疑.齐万物则要求人的世界观的转变,放弃任何自我中心的态度,看待万有的自然性与自足性,把是非转化成有无问题,具有从认识论向本体论过度的意味.齐物我是前二者的深入,它所涉及的心物关系不是认识论而是生存论问题,本体论上化有为无,就是表现在生存论上的丧我与无为,它是导向另一种生活方式的信念基础.齐物三义是庄子哲学的基本纲领.     

从“心”看《齐物论》

《齐物论》不仅是《庄子》、也是先秦诸子中义理最为富赡深邃的篇什之一。历来诠解《齐物论》,多视内中“吾丧我”为全篇之关钥,但笔者认为,如不探及“心”的层面,则“吾丧我”何以可能终究有虚悬无着落之感。一、从“心”看“吾丧我”“吾丧我”乃是南郭子綦答颜成子游之问。子游之所以问,乃是惊异于子綦今昔“隐机”之异,遂有槁形、灰心之问。因而今昔“隐机”之异也就坐实到“形”和“心”两方面。这两方面是子綦之所呈现而为子游之所目击。子游之问虽是两个并列句,似无分轻重,但先言形而后及心,正密契目击的次第。目击形如槁木后方进到…     

《庄子·齐物论》“指”、“马”之喻别裁

本文从考辨《庄子·齐物论》之"指"、"马"之喻所喻为何,对庄子借此以申释其齐"物论"而齐"物"的思想作了抉示。庄子因名家所辩"指"、"马"而为"指"、"马"之喻,但却从根本上抑斥言辩。而"物"与"物论"、"物"之齐或不齐与"物论"的齐或不齐在庄子这里是一体的,对这一体的最精要概括莫过于"物谓之而然"。对于庄子来说,齐"物"的契机在于齐人的"谓之"或齐其"物论"。     

天籁与齐物——对《庄子 齐物论》中“三籁”部分几点考义

<正>《齐物论》是《庄子》中的重要篇章,也是对哲学进行比较集中而全面讨论的部分。本文拟谈谈对《齐物论》开篇"天籁"部分的理解。一、所谓"隐机""隐机"出现在《齐物论》第一句,开篇即是"南郭子綦隐机而坐,仰天而嘘,嗒焉似丧其耦",①陈鼓应先生将这一句解为:隐机:凭几坐忘(成《疏》)。"隐",凭,倚。"机",今本作"几"……近人李勉说:"‘机’为靠椅,似床,可     

艺术风格的"有我"与"无我"之境

<人间词话>指出:诗词"有‘有我'之境,有‘无我'之境".李煜<相见欢>"无言独上西楼,月如钩,寂寞梧桐深院锁清秋",为"有我"之境;张先<木兰花>"中庭月色正清明,无数杨花过无影",为"无我"之境.艺术创作也有"有我"之境与"无我"之境之分.郑板桥一竹画,曾题"些小吾曹州县吏,一枝一叶总关情",为"有我"之境;旧俄罗斯列宾的油画<伏尔加河上的纤夫>为"无我"之境.<人间词话>还说,"有我之境,以我观物,故物皆著我之色彩;无我之境,以物观物,故不知何者为我,何者为物."这对"有我"之境与"无我"之境的概念作了更深一步的论述.     

慎到的“齐物论”

"齐物论"是先秦诸子关注的一个普遍论题,慎到等人持有不同于庄子传世的"齐物"思想。《庄子·天下》评述了慎到的"齐物论",为理解慎到的思想提供了新视角。慎到"齐物论"的思想基础是"齐万物以为首",如果以君王为齐物主体,以"法"为齐物标准,以民情为齐物对象,以因循为处世态度,则可将道家的"齐物论"转换成法家的"齐民论"。慎到"齐物论"的思想实质就是法家"齐民治国"的政治理论,为法家治国提供了理论基础和方法论。但由于慎到"齐物论"兼有"法"的主宰性和主体的无我无知等特征,其思想存在"身心分裂""尚法而无法""蔽于法而不知贤"和"有见于后无见于先"等矛盾。     

儒家孝悌之道对传统生命价值观的影响

所谓"孝",指善事父母.<尔雅·释训>:"善事父母为孝."<说文>:"善事父母者,从老省、从子,子承老也."康殷的解释更形象:"象‘子'用头承老人手行走.用扶持老人行走之形.以表示‘孝'."[1]所谓"悌",指尊敬兄长,弟兄相亲.<说文>:"悌,善兄弟也."贾谊<新书·道术>:"弟爱兄谓之悌."     

且将佛语证南华——傅山对《庄子》的佛学解读

傅山曾尝试着运用佛教的思想去诠释《庄子》,希望能以此把握《庄子》的本意。他非常欣赏《逍遥游》中的大鹏,认为《齐物论》中的"吾丧我"说的是神识摆脱形体躯壳的束缚而获得解脱;他将《大宗师》中真人等同于禅宗的明心见性之人;他指出《养生主》中的薪火之喻有多方面的含义;他为"在己无居,形物自著"的道家观念与以《金刚经》为代表的佛教核心思想建立了一致性。他反对理学家的排斥佛老,欣赏佛老的"成己"之功。因此说,包括《庄子》在内的佛老二氏之学,成就了傅山不仕清廷、为明之遗民的志向和人格。     

"Psychotherapy" versus "treatment"

Presents a comment on "Psychological treatments" by D. H. Barlow. Barlow proposed that we distinguish between the terms "treatment" and "psychotherapy." The author believes that not only is the distinction unnecessary, but that its implications could have negative consequences for the field of clinical psychology. It is the proposed distinguishing feature that treatments are "specifically tailored to the pathological process that is causing the impairment and distress" that is most problematic. Clinical psychology does not need a distinction that further exacerbates the split between researchers and practitioners.     

"Enmeshment" and "Fusion"

The paper examines two related concepts utilized by two different schools of family therapy. Any family seen to be "enmeshed" is also seen as "fused," and vice versa. The difference in the level of focus, on the "system containing the individuals" (structural) or the "individual in the system" (fusion), determines the difference in therapeutic approach of these two schools.     

"本体论"与"伦理学"--形而上学的两个向度

形而上学有两个密切相关的内在向度,就是本体论向度与伦理学向度.在哲学史上,哲学家们之所以在"追求形而上学"的同时,又总是"反形而上学",并非是人们的形上本性出了问题,而是因为人们总是将形而上学视为单纯的"一维性",总是用一个向度来取代或遮蔽另一个向度.而所谓的"后形而上学思想",也并不是消解了形而上学,而是指形而上学从"本体论向度"转向了"伦理学向度".     

“对的”与“好的”

什么是“对的”,和对它的证立,是道德哲学中具有争议性的核心问题,也是效用主义和道义论间的主要差异之所在。统合效用主义对于“好的就是对的”这个陈述有一套完整周延的说法。而道义论对这个问题的证立不够周延或没有足够的说服力。     

PREFERRING "HOUSEWIVES" TO "FEMINISTS"

Four studies are described outlining the favorability of attitudes toward women. In Study 1, participants indicated their attitudes toward women and men and their construal of the term "women". The results revealed that women were evaluated more favorably than men, but that male right-wing authoritarians (RWAs) who construed women as referring primarily to feminists were least favorable in their attitudes. In Study 2, participants indicated their attitudes toward both "housewives" and "feminists". The results revealed that feminists were evaluated less favorably than housewives, and that the most negative attitudes toward feminists were expressed by authoritarian men. Study 3 revealed that high-RWA males held more negative symbolic beliefs concerning feminists (i.e., beliefs that feminists failed to promote participants'values) and that these beliefs accounted for variation in attitudes among high RWAs and much of the RWA-attitude relation. Finally, Study 4 revealed that high RWAs perceived greater value dissimilarity between them-selves and feminists. The implications of the findings for future research are discussed.     

"石狮"、"风水"与"吉祥"

谁都知道,在古老的中国,不管是衙门、宫殿、庙宇的门前,还是豪宅、大户人家的门口,人们都能看到摆着一对石狮。据说,这对石狮子在许多中国人的心目中,它不但是一种气派的象征,而且还是一种被人认为是好的“吉祥物”。如今,旧时的衙门没有了,但遗留下来的宫殿、庙宇的门前,其中有些石狮仍有保存。然而,想像不到的是,这号称“吉祥物”的石狮今天却开始“走”进某些党政机关的大门口,它们(石狮)在那里时时都在保护着这些政府要员“平平安安”、“吉祥如意”。这不仅使我联想起一些极端的报道,有些政府官员为升迁,请算命先生定位,用风水术为政府…     

"Us" and "Them":

Abstract: In the Aristotelian tradition, politics is a matter of public deliberation over questions of justice and injustice. The Bush administration's response to the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, has been uniformly hostile to this notion, and it has instead promoted a jingoistic politics of self‐assertion by an America largely identified with the executive branch of its government. This is doubly disturbing, as the executive branch has sought to free itself from international law, multinational commitments, and domestic judicial regulation, even as it has sought to validate itself by demonizing its enemies. This essay draws out the disturbing echoes here of Carl Schmitt's work of the 1920s, in particular of Schmitt's conception of the sovereign as the ungrounded ground of the law and the political as the site of mortal conflict between friend and enemy. The essay argues that Schmitt's position in the twenties, for all of its evident problems, is superior to that of Bush, Wolfowitz, and Ashcroft in at least two senses: Schmitt condemns the idea of waging war for profit and recognizes that such wars will often be disguised as moral crusades waged against the “inhuman”; and he acknowledges that claiming to fight a war for humanity denies one's enemies their humanity, leaving them open to torture and even extermination.     

从"管制"到"平衡"--政府与公众理想关系模式的构建及其制度化

论文从行政民主的角度探讨政府与公众之间的理想关系模式及其制度化构建过程 ,将我国在改革之前的政府与公众模式概括为管制模式。论文指出 ,在制度变迁的过程中 ,这一模式日益受到挑战。而在新的制度环境下 ,我国政府与公众的关系模式应该是平衡模式。这一模式的制度化措施包括培育自主的市民社会 ,赋予公众以独立的活动空间 ;促进行政公开 ,建立一个开放负责的政府 ;推进行政法建设 ,抑制行政恣意     

The "Natural" and the "Formal"

The paper presents an argument against a metaphysical conception of logic according to which logic spells out a specific kind of mathematical structure that is somehow inherently related to our factual reasoning. In contrast, it is argued that it is always an empirical question as to whether a given mathematical structure really does captures a principle of reasoning. (More generally, it is argued that it is not meaningful to replace an empirical investigation of a thing by an investigation of its a priori analyzable structure without paying due attention to the question of whether it really is the structure of the thing in question.) It is proposed to elucidate the situation by distinguishing two essentially different realms with which our reason must deal: the realm of the natural, constituted by the things of our empirical world, and the realm of the formal, constituted by the structures that we use as prisms to view, to make sense of, and to reconstruct the world. It is suggested that this vantage point may throw light on many foundational problems of logic.