“子罕”新说

《论语》“子罕言利与命与仁”中的“子罕”,不是“孔子很少”怎么着,而是确指一个人,是春秋中叶宋国政要“司城”之官——乐氏子罕。“子罕”一条也就简明流畅,即:子罕在论及利的时候,总是能够和命和仁联系起来。子罕其人之言行恰能体现利、命、仁三者的结合与统一,体现“言利思命思仁”的特点,与孔子“见利思义”、“义之与比”的思想一致。加之乐氏子罕的社会影响等诸多因素,得到孔子及其弟子的褒扬而被载入《论语》。     

再谈敦煌本“灵宝经目录”的分类和时代

有些学者据陆修静《灵宝经目序》认为灵宝经的“元始系”和“仙公系”在主神、思想等方面有明显差异，陆修静在元嘉十四年作“灵宝经目”时“元始系”经仅十或十一部存世，敦煌本“灵宝经目录”反应的是陆修静泰始七年目录的面貌。但他们对《灵宝经目序》存在严重误读。《灵宝经目序》中“仙公授文于天台”等语是指葛玄接受“十部妙经”,而不是“仙公新经”;“出者三分”是指葛玄将灵宝经分成三份流传，而不是说已出经的比例。敦煌本“灵宝经目录”中的“伪目三十五卷”是指伪的目录，而不是伪经的目录，“三十五卷”仅是数字崇拜的把戏。陆修静两部目录关于灵宝经的记载应该没有显著差异。     

说“安”

许慎《说文解字》对“安”的解释是：“安,静也。”《尔雅》曰：“安,定也。”《周书·谥法》中说：“好和不争日安。”按照古人的解释,“安”就是“静”,就是“定”,就是“好和不争”。一个人能够做到“安”,不是一件容易的事,这需要长期的修炼。当然我这里所说的修炼,不是躲到深山古刹去修行,而是一种对自己心灵的历练,“安”是需要磨练的,就像雏鹰需要在风雨中磨练自己的翅膀一样,我们的心灵,也需要在苦难中磨练,直到“泰山崩于前而色不改”,这样就自然达到了“安”的境界了。     

道“悦”与道“救”:老子之道的情意性特征

学界通常把老子之道理解为无情感、无意志的道,而难以整体自洽打通全文,而《老子》文本里多处原文涉及超越性的意志存在。道不是无生命的死道,作为情意性存在,具有情感性与意志性。楚简《老子》里,作者用“悦”(“敚”)来规定道,具有喜悦之情感性,可以理解为喜神(老子还用“谷神不死”言道,道是一种神性存在);今本《老子》里的“以慈卫之”也是道的情感性,用“道亦乐得之”来论述情感性的人·道关系;今本《老子》的“天将救之”“有罪以免”“天网恢恢、疏而不失”“天道无亲,常与善人”等系统体现了天道的意志性,可以解读为天道的救赎性与终极价值性。道有情意性,同时又不干预人的主体性,“衣养万物而不为主”“夫莫之命而常自然”“生而不有,为而不恃,长而不宰”,这具有人文主义色彩。     

“炁”字杂议

茅山顶宫山门两侧有“道炁长存,万寿无疆”八个大字。这个不多见的“炁”当作何解?据《句容文史资料》第五辑《“炁”字解》：“道经中用‘炁’作先天气的代号,用‘气’作后天气的代号;在丹经里,精化之气用炁,吐纳导引之气用气,‘炁’字实即丹田的同义词。”又引“《抱朴子内篇·至理》论行气之妙,凡有关道术的都用炁字,有关呼吸气则用气字,两字用法有明显的区分。”     

再论“原型”与“模型”及其中医学评判标准问题—与王强等先生商榷

王强、辛国芳在《“模型的构建”不是“科学的目的”》(见《医学与哲学》2 0 0 0年第 6期 )中对笔者提出的“模型论”与“原型论”是中西医学的本质区别的观点表示反对 ,其表层原因是王强等先生对笔者“模型”与“原型”说的曲解 ,而其深层原因则是彼此观点的迥然对立。他在《中国医药学报》上与笔者已有几次交锋 ,论争的焦点就在于以什么样的评判标准来评判中医以及由此引发的中医究竟该如何发展的问题上。王强以“科学”(实际上是现代自然科学 )的标准评判中医学 ,认为中医学有“科学成分” ,也有“不科学成分” ,因而主张“剥离” ,主张…     

“道情”考释

一、“道情”的源起与体制“道情”作为一种道教声腔说唱艺术,起源于何时,有不同的说法。有人认为“道情”原为“道歌”,相传为东汉张道陵所创,用来宣传因果报应,劝善惩恶等宗教思想,南宋时,开始用渔鼓和简板伴奏,亦称渔鼓;有人认为道家的《步虚词》是“道情的先声”,《步虚词》由道家之徒所吟唱,未几便产生出了正式的“道情”;陈汝衡先生在其《说书史话》中引用《新唐书·礼乐志》“高宗调露二年命乐工作道调”的记载,欲从中寻绎出道情的起源①;郑振铎先生在其《中国俗文学史》中说:“道情之唱,由来甚久。元曲有仙佛科;元人散曲里复多闲适…     

由易中天于丹“走红”说开去——将“国学热”进行到底

百家讲坛让《品三国》的易中天红了,让《说论语》的于丹火了,他们的走红也给中国带来一场“国学热”。有人说“国学热”不必变成一哄而起,也有人说如果不去真正地阅读国学经典,也就没有意义了。但我觉得“国学热”总比“不热”好。至少易中天、于丹在《百家讲坛》的一花独放,引来了百花争春,至少是继承和发展了传统国学,我们应该将“国学热”进行到底!     

庄子人生哲学中的“命”与“天”

庄子的人生哲学是以其天道观和认识论为基础的。安之若命和与天为一是庄子人生哲学的核心。庄子认为人无力胜天，亦不能违命。苟子在《解蔽》篇批评庄子说：“庄子蔽于天而不知人，由天谓之道，尽因矣。”苟子对庄子的批判是公允而且切中要害的。“命”与“天”是理解庄子人生哲学的关键。“天”是中国古代哲学的重要范畴。上古时代以“天”为世界最高的有意志的主宰，与上帝同义，所以“天”当时为一个宗教范畴。“命”也是中国古代哲学的重要范畴。《说文》云：“命，使也，从口从令。”段玉裁解释为：“命者天之令也。”“天”与“命”在…     

《抱朴子内篇》养生智慧管窥

《抱朴子内篇》(下文简称为《内篇》)①是晋代葛洪(公元283—363年)的代表作,它不仅是金丹派的养生著作之一,而且还是道教养生大全。由于早期道教的养生著作大多亡佚,而《内篇》中却包含有丰富的养生思想,因此,对《内篇》中的养生智慧进行认真地发掘和梳理是十分必要的。一、养生理论基础(一)养生本体论《内篇》从宇宙本体论的高度来论证长生久视的思想。它认为“玄”或“气”是宇宙的本源,世界上的一切都是由“玄”或“气”产生的。它说:“玄者,自然之始祖,而万殊之大宗也。”(P1)“人在气中,气在人中,自天地至于万物,无不须气以生者也。…     

"Psychotherapy" versus "treatment"

Presents a comment on "Psychological treatments" by D. H. Barlow. Barlow proposed that we distinguish between the terms "treatment" and "psychotherapy." The author believes that not only is the distinction unnecessary, but that its implications could have negative consequences for the field of clinical psychology. It is the proposed distinguishing feature that treatments are "specifically tailored to the pathological process that is causing the impairment and distress" that is most problematic. Clinical psychology does not need a distinction that further exacerbates the split between researchers and practitioners.     

"Enmeshment" and "Fusion"

The paper examines two related concepts utilized by two different schools of family therapy. Any family seen to be "enmeshed" is also seen as "fused," and vice versa. The difference in the level of focus, on the "system containing the individuals" (structural) or the "individual in the system" (fusion), determines the difference in therapeutic approach of these two schools.     

"本体论"与"伦理学"--形而上学的两个向度

形而上学有两个密切相关的内在向度,就是本体论向度与伦理学向度.在哲学史上,哲学家们之所以在"追求形而上学"的同时,又总是"反形而上学",并非是人们的形上本性出了问题,而是因为人们总是将形而上学视为单纯的"一维性",总是用一个向度来取代或遮蔽另一个向度.而所谓的"后形而上学思想",也并不是消解了形而上学,而是指形而上学从"本体论向度"转向了"伦理学向度".     

“对的”与“好的”

什么是“对的”,和对它的证立,是道德哲学中具有争议性的核心问题,也是效用主义和道义论间的主要差异之所在。统合效用主义对于“好的就是对的”这个陈述有一套完整周延的说法。而道义论对这个问题的证立不够周延或没有足够的说服力。     

PREFERRING "HOUSEWIVES" TO "FEMINISTS"

Four studies are described outlining the favorability of attitudes toward women. In Study 1, participants indicated their attitudes toward women and men and their construal of the term "women". The results revealed that women were evaluated more favorably than men, but that male right-wing authoritarians (RWAs) who construed women as referring primarily to feminists were least favorable in their attitudes. In Study 2, participants indicated their attitudes toward both "housewives" and "feminists". The results revealed that feminists were evaluated less favorably than housewives, and that the most negative attitudes toward feminists were expressed by authoritarian men. Study 3 revealed that high-RWA males held more negative symbolic beliefs concerning feminists (i.e., beliefs that feminists failed to promote participants'values) and that these beliefs accounted for variation in attitudes among high RWAs and much of the RWA-attitude relation. Finally, Study 4 revealed that high RWAs perceived greater value dissimilarity between them-selves and feminists. The implications of the findings for future research are discussed.     

"石狮"、"风水"与"吉祥"

谁都知道,在古老的中国,不管是衙门、宫殿、庙宇的门前,还是豪宅、大户人家的门口,人们都能看到摆着一对石狮。据说,这对石狮子在许多中国人的心目中,它不但是一种气派的象征,而且还是一种被人认为是好的“吉祥物”。如今,旧时的衙门没有了,但遗留下来的宫殿、庙宇的门前,其中有些石狮仍有保存。然而,想像不到的是,这号称“吉祥物”的石狮今天却开始“走”进某些党政机关的大门口,它们(石狮)在那里时时都在保护着这些政府要员“平平安安”、“吉祥如意”。这不仅使我联想起一些极端的报道,有些政府官员为升迁,请算命先生定位,用风水术为政府…     

"Us" and "Them":

Abstract: In the Aristotelian tradition, politics is a matter of public deliberation over questions of justice and injustice. The Bush administration's response to the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, has been uniformly hostile to this notion, and it has instead promoted a jingoistic politics of self‐assertion by an America largely identified with the executive branch of its government. This is doubly disturbing, as the executive branch has sought to free itself from international law, multinational commitments, and domestic judicial regulation, even as it has sought to validate itself by demonizing its enemies. This essay draws out the disturbing echoes here of Carl Schmitt's work of the 1920s, in particular of Schmitt's conception of the sovereign as the ungrounded ground of the law and the political as the site of mortal conflict between friend and enemy. The essay argues that Schmitt's position in the twenties, for all of its evident problems, is superior to that of Bush, Wolfowitz, and Ashcroft in at least two senses: Schmitt condemns the idea of waging war for profit and recognizes that such wars will often be disguised as moral crusades waged against the “inhuman”; and he acknowledges that claiming to fight a war for humanity denies one's enemies their humanity, leaving them open to torture and even extermination.     

从"管制"到"平衡"--政府与公众理想关系模式的构建及其制度化

论文从行政民主的角度探讨政府与公众之间的理想关系模式及其制度化构建过程 ,将我国在改革之前的政府与公众模式概括为管制模式。论文指出 ,在制度变迁的过程中 ,这一模式日益受到挑战。而在新的制度环境下 ,我国政府与公众的关系模式应该是平衡模式。这一模式的制度化措施包括培育自主的市民社会 ,赋予公众以独立的活动空间 ;促进行政公开 ,建立一个开放负责的政府 ;推进行政法建设 ,抑制行政恣意     

The "Natural" and the "Formal"

The paper presents an argument against a metaphysical conception of logic according to which logic spells out a specific kind of mathematical structure that is somehow inherently related to our factual reasoning. In contrast, it is argued that it is always an empirical question as to whether a given mathematical structure really does captures a principle of reasoning. (More generally, it is argued that it is not meaningful to replace an empirical investigation of a thing by an investigation of its a priori analyzable structure without paying due attention to the question of whether it really is the structure of the thing in question.) It is proposed to elucidate the situation by distinguishing two essentially different realms with which our reason must deal: the realm of the natural, constituted by the things of our empirical world, and the realm of the formal, constituted by the structures that we use as prisms to view, to make sense of, and to reconstruct the world. It is suggested that this vantage point may throw light on many foundational problems of logic.