论洛采对海德格尔思想的决定性影响——基于对《黑皮笔记》最新文本的分析

海德格尔与洛采的思想关联早已引起关注,但一直缺少当事人的充分证词。新近出版的《黑皮笔记》改变了既有局面,海氏在其中明确承认了洛采对其思想的决定性影响,并且提供了对这种影响之发生史的关键解释。从洛采思想中,海氏解读出两个决定性的问题向度(存在之区分/存在之关联),并将其有所转化地运用于对亚里士多德疑难问题的回应,构成了本己思想的决定性开端和决定性道路。对此的研究不仅将使我们看清和阐明海氏思想的开端进程和问题机制,而且也有助于我们沉思并走向一种真切的立场与方法:惟有创造性地转化传统,才能实现对传统的真正继承。     

解读杜威教育理论中的"民主"内涵

杜威思想博大精深,《民主主义与教育》、《经验与教育》、《人的问题》等是其代表作,这些著作展示了杜威对教育的追求,对理想社会的追求,对未来社会的设想。在这些著作中,"民主"是一个关键概念。本文分析了杜威教育理论中"民主"的四重涵义:民主是一种共同体形式,一种生活方式,是经验的过程,教育是民主的载体和必经之路。     

错位的交锋——论海德格尔对舍勒“阻力思想”的批判以及舍勒的回应

舍勒把"阻力"视为"实在性",认为阻力是意志的体现,是比认知关系更根本的存在关系。海德格尔也从"实在性"问题域入手,批评"阻力思想"虽然突破了传统存在论的限度,但还没有真正思入本源性的"人与存在之关联"。舍勒在回应中批评海氏受限于一种"此在的唯我论",没有真正理解"阻力思想"的丰富可能性。这种争辩实质上是对"如何克服传统存在论"的争辩。但由于相互理解乃至自身理解的困难,这最终只是构成了一次"错位的交锋",对此间情形和缘由的分析可以使我们更加真切地观察海氏与舍勒的思想史位置,并由此更为深刻地理解思想对话的困难与出路。     

论“形式显示”在海德格尔思想中的实质含义——基于对《宗教现象学导论》的文本分析

对于海德格尔的"形式显示"思想,国内外学者已进行了大量研究,但可能仍未彻底澄清其为何如此重要。海德格尔本人在《宗教现象学导论》中曾罕见地用一章篇幅详细阐释了"形式显示"思想的来龙去脉,这一文本作为所有相关研究的基石理应得到彻底阐明。通过对它的深入分析并结合前后期海氏思想语境,我们将会看到,"形式显示"事实上具有"存在论差异"和"存在与人之关联"的双重意蕴,也正是这两种至关重要的意蕴决定了"形式显示"的那种无与伦比的重要性。     

神圣存在者是“有限的”吗?——《道德形而上学》德性论导论中的一个问题

在《道德形而上学》德性论导论中,出现了一个有争议的术语:endliche heilige Wesen。按照流行的译解,这是指与"无限的神圣存在者"(神)相对的"有限的神圣存在者"。关于该术语,国内学者有如下几种理解:作为有限理性存在者的所有人;达到最高道德阶段的智者或圣人;康德宗教学著作中的耶稣或圣人理想;人和天使;天使。但是,这些观点或多或少偏离了康德的比较框架,未能准确把握endliche heilige Wesen在道德状态上的超人性,以及相对于人类道德进步的终极意义。笔者认为这个术语应该被翻译和理解为"终极的神圣存在者"。     

庄子的"物化"概念解析

在庄子哲学中,"物化"概念可以从四个层面进行诠释幻化、死亡、自化、观化.这四个层面相互贯通,是庄子立足人的生存现实对人的生命问题的独特思考和对超越之路的个性化设计,在其整个哲学思想中起着关键作用.这里既有人的"命"的一面,也有人对"命"的"觉"的一面,体现着作为精神性存在的人的主体优越性.合理地解读庄子的"物化"概念,对把握庄子哲学的特质具有特殊的意义.     

九鬼周造的偶然哲学与情绪论:和海德格尔哲学的比较

九鬼周造可谓真正与海德格尔的《存在与时间》进行交锋的日本哲学家。九鬼曾出席海氏两年讲座与讨论班,娴熟其哲学,留学归国后,花费毕生精力建构了偶然性的哲学。在此过程中,海氏成为其最大的思想对手。针对海氏可能性的存在论,九鬼提出偶然性的存在论。海氏主张此在的“被抛一筹划”“非本真一本真”“遮蔽一解蔽”等生存论结构,显露出其哲学涵盖了人从非现实的可能状态朝向现实的必然状态发展的向度。九鬼认为这种从可能存在到必然存在的发展过程中缺乏偶然性,正意味着潜在的无限可能性之丧失。支撑海氏的此在生存论结构的正是“畏”这一人的根本情绪。针对畏这个情绪,九鬼提出惊讶的情绪。因为他认为拥抱原始偶然的人,必会不断地涌现惊讶之情,生命也因此有无限的实现可能性。哲学亦须“始于惊讶,终于惊讶”,才能有无限的发展可能性。     

《周易》哲学的"中道"观

本文认为<周易>哲学的"中道"法度有三个:"三才定中",发轫于天地,展现天地贞观的宇宙图式;"体用得中".思辨于筮法,萌发道器合一的本体架构;"时行成中",着跟于天下,诉说乐天知命的生存情怀.这三者各有特色,又相互关联,共同组建了<易>之生生之道.其影响也早已远远超出了易学范围.对其探讨,有助于我们把握<周易>哲学的底蕴,也有利于我们洞悉整个中国哲学的发展特质.     

论海德格尔对马克思的存在历史定位

海德格尔依据自己的存在之思,对马克思思想进行了存在历史定位,断言马克思达到了遗忘存在的虚无主义极致。这一定位的核心在于他对马克思的人的概念以及劳动或生产概念的独到分析。海氏的分析既不无启示,又令人费解。他一方面敞开了马克思"人的自身生产"观念同近代"我思"原则的内在关联,另一方面却把马克思的劳动或生产概念径直指认为"反思"或思想。存在之思在承认马克思颠倒黑格尔思辨哲学的同时,对劳动或生产的物质性似有一笔抹杀之嫌。     

开端、裂缝与未来——海德格尔与德里达对"阿那克西曼德之箴言"的双重解读

该文考察了海德格尔与德里达对阿那克西曼德的一条箴言的两种不同解读。海氏从其存在论视野出发,认为该箴言所传达的是古希腊人对于在场与在场者的基本经验。海氏的解读赋予了“聚集”、“嵌合”、“一”以优先性,认为开端处的“裂缝”是消极的、派生的,必须要被克服。但德里达认为海氏的解读错失了另一种本源意义上的“裂缝”。这种“裂缝”不仅不应当被克服,反而应当在开端处就予以保持,如此才能给他者、未来和正义的到来保有一线机会。这两种不同的解读实质上反映了关于开端、历史与未来的两种不同思想。     

"Psychotherapy" versus "treatment"

Presents a comment on "Psychological treatments" by D. H. Barlow. Barlow proposed that we distinguish between the terms "treatment" and "psychotherapy." The author believes that not only is the distinction unnecessary, but that its implications could have negative consequences for the field of clinical psychology. It is the proposed distinguishing feature that treatments are "specifically tailored to the pathological process that is causing the impairment and distress" that is most problematic. Clinical psychology does not need a distinction that further exacerbates the split between researchers and practitioners.     

"Enmeshment" and "Fusion"

The paper examines two related concepts utilized by two different schools of family therapy. Any family seen to be "enmeshed" is also seen as "fused," and vice versa. The difference in the level of focus, on the "system containing the individuals" (structural) or the "individual in the system" (fusion), determines the difference in therapeutic approach of these two schools.     

“对的”与“好的”

什么是“对的”,和对它的证立,是道德哲学中具有争议性的核心问题,也是效用主义和道义论间的主要差异之所在。统合效用主义对于“好的就是对的”这个陈述有一套完整周延的说法。而道义论对这个问题的证立不够周延或没有足够的说服力。     

"本体论"与"伦理学"--形而上学的两个向度

形而上学有两个密切相关的内在向度,就是本体论向度与伦理学向度.在哲学史上,哲学家们之所以在"追求形而上学"的同时,又总是"反形而上学",并非是人们的形上本性出了问题,而是因为人们总是将形而上学视为单纯的"一维性",总是用一个向度来取代或遮蔽另一个向度.而所谓的"后形而上学思想",也并不是消解了形而上学,而是指形而上学从"本体论向度"转向了"伦理学向度".     

PREFERRING "HOUSEWIVES" TO "FEMINISTS"

Four studies are described outlining the favorability of attitudes toward women. In Study 1, participants indicated their attitudes toward women and men and their construal of the term "women". The results revealed that women were evaluated more favorably than men, but that male right-wing authoritarians (RWAs) who construed women as referring primarily to feminists were least favorable in their attitudes. In Study 2, participants indicated their attitudes toward both "housewives" and "feminists". The results revealed that feminists were evaluated less favorably than housewives, and that the most negative attitudes toward feminists were expressed by authoritarian men. Study 3 revealed that high-RWA males held more negative symbolic beliefs concerning feminists (i.e., beliefs that feminists failed to promote participants'values) and that these beliefs accounted for variation in attitudes among high RWAs and much of the RWA-attitude relation. Finally, Study 4 revealed that high RWAs perceived greater value dissimilarity between them-selves and feminists. The implications of the findings for future research are discussed.     

"石狮"、"风水"与"吉祥"

谁都知道,在古老的中国,不管是衙门、宫殿、庙宇的门前,还是豪宅、大户人家的门口,人们都能看到摆着一对石狮。据说,这对石狮子在许多中国人的心目中,它不但是一种气派的象征,而且还是一种被人认为是好的“吉祥物”。如今,旧时的衙门没有了,但遗留下来的宫殿、庙宇的门前,其中有些石狮仍有保存。然而,想像不到的是,这号称“吉祥物”的石狮今天却开始“走”进某些党政机关的大门口,它们(石狮)在那里时时都在保护着这些政府要员“平平安安”、“吉祥如意”。这不仅使我联想起一些极端的报道,有些政府官员为升迁,请算命先生定位,用风水术为政府…     

"Us" and "Them":

Abstract: In the Aristotelian tradition, politics is a matter of public deliberation over questions of justice and injustice. The Bush administration's response to the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, has been uniformly hostile to this notion, and it has instead promoted a jingoistic politics of self‐assertion by an America largely identified with the executive branch of its government. This is doubly disturbing, as the executive branch has sought to free itself from international law, multinational commitments, and domestic judicial regulation, even as it has sought to validate itself by demonizing its enemies. This essay draws out the disturbing echoes here of Carl Schmitt's work of the 1920s, in particular of Schmitt's conception of the sovereign as the ungrounded ground of the law and the political as the site of mortal conflict between friend and enemy. The essay argues that Schmitt's position in the twenties, for all of its evident problems, is superior to that of Bush, Wolfowitz, and Ashcroft in at least two senses: Schmitt condemns the idea of waging war for profit and recognizes that such wars will often be disguised as moral crusades waged against the “inhuman”; and he acknowledges that claiming to fight a war for humanity denies one's enemies their humanity, leaving them open to torture and even extermination.     

从"管制"到"平衡"--政府与公众理想关系模式的构建及其制度化

论文从行政民主的角度探讨政府与公众之间的理想关系模式及其制度化构建过程 ,将我国在改革之前的政府与公众模式概括为管制模式。论文指出 ,在制度变迁的过程中 ,这一模式日益受到挑战。而在新的制度环境下 ,我国政府与公众的关系模式应该是平衡模式。这一模式的制度化措施包括培育自主的市民社会 ,赋予公众以独立的活动空间 ;促进行政公开 ,建立一个开放负责的政府 ;推进行政法建设 ,抑制行政恣意     

The "Natural" and the "Formal"

The paper presents an argument against a metaphysical conception of logic according to which logic spells out a specific kind of mathematical structure that is somehow inherently related to our factual reasoning. In contrast, it is argued that it is always an empirical question as to whether a given mathematical structure really does captures a principle of reasoning. (More generally, it is argued that it is not meaningful to replace an empirical investigation of a thing by an investigation of its a priori analyzable structure without paying due attention to the question of whether it really is the structure of the thing in question.) It is proposed to elucidate the situation by distinguishing two essentially different realms with which our reason must deal: the realm of the natural, constituted by the things of our empirical world, and the realm of the formal, constituted by the structures that we use as prisms to view, to make sense of, and to reconstruct the world. It is suggested that this vantage point may throw light on many foundational problems of logic.