幽门螺杆菌相关性胃炎的时空特征研究

研究幽门螺杆菌导致胃黏膜病理损伤表现的多样性与年龄的关系.进行胃镜检查的患者,排除其它脏器疾病,测定尿素酶表达程度.观察黏膜损伤情况并取病理.结果是不同程度尿素酶表达的幽门螺杆菌感染性胃炎表现不同的病理特征;年龄、幽门螺杆菌感染时间及生活事件是相互作用的原因.幽门螺杆菌特征性慢性感染过程及其致病方式使胃黏膜的病理变化有了多样性,高尿素酶表达的幽门螺杆菌引起的增生性病灶乃至隆起性病变的机会随年龄增加及胃黏膜的病理变化而增长.     

幽门螺杆菌诊断方法评价

诊断幽门螺杆菌（Hp）感染有侵入性和非侵入性两类方法。前者需通过胃镜取胃粘膜活检,包括快速尿素酶试验（RUT）、病理组织学检查、细菌培养及基因检测等;非侵入性方法包括尿素呼气试验（UBT）、血清Hp抗体测定及Hp粪便抗原检测等。各种检测方法的敏感性及特异性不一,适用范围也不同,选择合适的检测方法需结合Hp感染特点、检测条件及费用情况等。     

幽门螺杆菌诊断方法评价

诊断幽门螺杆菌(Hp)感染有侵入性和非侵入性两类方法.前者需通过胃镜取胃粘膜活检,包括快速尿素酶试验(RUT)、病理组织学检查、细菌培养及基因检测等;非侵入性方法包括尿素呼气试验(UBT)、血清Hp抗体测定及Hp粪便抗原检测等.各种检测方法的敏感性及特异性不一,适用范围也不同,选择合适的检测方法需结合Hp感染特点、检测条件及费用情况等.     

从幽门螺杆菌致病机制中看病因与病因推断中的辩证思维

幽门螺杆菌是定植于胃部的细菌,人群感染率高达50%以上,幽门螺杆菌感染是慢性胃炎、胃十二指肠溃疡和胃癌及胃黏膜相关淋巴瘤的重要病因,但对幽门螺杆菌的致病机制研究并不透彻,影响临床结局的因素有很多,除了幽门螺杆菌感染和其分泌的毒力因子外,宿主的基因易感性、细胞因子的多态性和环境饮食等也是主要原因。通过分析幽门螺杆菌与胃癌的因果关系,可以在认识论的基础上把握疾病的本质规律,指导疾病诊疗。     

幽门螺杆菌感染的免疫防治

幽门螺杆菌感染与慢性胃炎、消化性溃疡、胃癌及胃黏膜相关性淋巴瘤有关。疫苗是防治幽门螺杆菌感染切实可行的方法。近年来新的防治和根除幽门螺杆菌感染的疫苗正在开发并取得了很大的进展。本综述结合本室研制Hp疫苗的研究基础,简要概述疫苗保护性抗原的筛选、黏膜免疫佐剂及接种途径、Hp疫苗的保护性免疫机制、Hp感染动物模型的建立及Hp疫苗人体临床试验等方面的研究进展。     

幽门螺杆菌感染的免疫防治

幽门螺杆菌感染与慢性胃炎、消化性溃疡、胃癌及胃黏膜相关性淋巴瘤有关.疫苗是防治幽门螺杆菌感染切实可行的方法.近年来新的防治和根除幽门螺杆菌感染的疫苗正在开发并取得了很大的进展.本综述结合本室研制Hp疫苗的研究基础,简要概述疫苗保护性抗原的筛选、黏膜免疫佐剂及接种途径、Hp疫苗的保护性免疫机制、Hp感染动物模型的建立及Hp疫苗人体临床试验等方面的研究进展.     

幽门螺杆菌感染与上胃肠道疾病

幽门螺杆菌感染是消化性溃疡、胃MALT淋巴瘤和慢性胃炎的主要或重要病因,可能参与功能性消化不良的发病。根除幽门螺杆菌:(1)促进消化性溃疡愈合、预防溃疡复发;(2)可消除慢性胃炎胃黏膜活动性炎症,预防胃黏膜癌前变化发生、发展,并在一定程度上消除消化不良症状;(3)是早期胃MALT淋巴瘤首选治疗方法;(4)对功能性消化不良的治疗存在成本-效益比优势。     

幽门螺杆菌感染与上胃肠道疾病

幽门螺杆菌感染是消化性溃疡、胃MALT淋巴瘤和慢性胃炎的主要或重要病因,可能参与功能性消化不良的发病.根除幽门螺杆菌:(1)促进消化性溃疡愈合、预防溃疡复发;(2)可消除慢性胃炎胃黏膜活动性炎症,预防胃黏膜癌前变化发生、发展,并在一定程度上消除消化不良症状;(3)是早期胃MALT淋巴瘤首选治疗方法;(4)对功能性消化不良的治疗存在成本一效益比优势.     

幽门螺杆菌感染的检测

幽门螺杆菌感染的诊断方法,按检测原理不同可分为形态学检查、细菌培养、尿素酶依赖性试验、血清免疫学、基因分子生物学检测五大类。而按照检测创伤性的不同可分为侵入和非侵入检查两类。本文将对这些方法分类介绍评价。     

幽门螺杆菌感染的检测

幽门螺杆菌感染的诊断方法,按检测原理不同可分为形态学检查、细茵培养、尿素酶依赖性试验、血清免疫学、基因分子生物学检测五大类.而按照检测创伤性的不同可分为侵入和非侵入检查两类.本文将对这些方法分类介绍评价.     

Gastric mucosal damage induced by lateral hypothalamic lesions in female rats: influence of age and ovariectomy

Male rats given lateral hypothalamic (LH) lesions exhibit an acute increase in gastric acid secretion and develop erosions of the glandular portion of the stomach within 24 h. Since this process has been examined predominantly in male rats, the present experiments were devised to study the effects of LH lesions on the gastric mucosa of female rats. In Experiment 1, 1-year-old Sprague-Dawley female rats given LH lesions exhibited erosions in the rumenal portion of the stomach, a pattern unlike that found in both young and old male rats. Although the glandular mucosa lacked evidence of gross defects, the mucosa appeared blanched and covered with a mucus-like secretion. Experiment 2 demonstrated that, like male rats, LH lesions produced gastric hypersecretion in 1-year-old females. The results of the first two experiments indicate that the dissimilar patterns of gastric mucosal injury between males and older females cannot be accounted for on the basis of differences in gastric acid secretion. Experiment 3 demonstrated that, unlike older females but like males, 4-month-old female rats given LH lesions developed gastric erosions in the glandular mucosa only. Additionally, ovariectomy had no significant effect in altering the extent of gastric pathology. Taken together, these results suggests that (1) age and gender are important variables in neurogenic gastric mucosal injury, (2) differences in the type of gastric ulceration cannot be accounted for by differences in acid secretion, (3) ovarian hormones do not appear to play a significant role in gastric ulceration following brain damage.     

消化性溃疡发病机理和治疗新理念

消化性溃疡的发病机理十分复杂,自从发现幽门螺杆菌(Helicobacterpylori,下称Hp)以来,人们对Hp发病机理的认识和治疗策略上都发生了根本性变化,为了阐明消化性溃疡的发病机理和治疗新理念,本文从以下几个问题进行讨论:(1)"溃疡愈合"和"溃疡治愈"与溃疡愈合质量关系;(2)Hp发现是消化性溃疡病因学和治疗学上的一场革命,根除Hp才能降低或预防溃疡复发;(3)保护胃及十二指肠黏膜屏障是治疗消化性溃疡最基本的手段;(4)消化性溃疡治疗新策略应该是:保护胃黏膜;抑制胃酸;根除Hp。希望对读者在对消化性溃疡发病机理的认识和治疗原则上有所指导。     

消化性溃疡的治疗进展及述评

消化性溃疡的发生主要与胃十二指肠黏膜的损害因素和黏膜自身防御-修复因素之间失平衡有关。其中胃酸分泌异常、幽门螺杆菌(H.pylori)感染和非甾体抗炎药(NSAID)是引起消化性溃疡的最常见病因。质子泵抑制剂(PPI)是抑酸治疗的基础。新一类抑酸药物有钾离子竞争性酸阻滞剂(potassium-competitive acid blockers,P-CABs)。正在进行的初期临床试验证明其起效更快,抑酸作用持续时间更长。国际上近年来发布或更新了多个幽门螺杆菌相关指南或共识,推荐的一线治疗方案是以PPI为基础的三联治疗(PPI+阿莫西林+克拉霉素),疗程7d~14d。序贯疗法(sequential therapy)治疗幽门螺杆菌感染具有疗效高、耐受性和依从性好等优点,值得尝试。PPI是防治NSAID溃疡的首选药物。     

术语和俗语对疾病风险认知的影响

本研究采用混合实验设计,探讨疾病术语和俗语对疾病风险认知的影响,结果发现:对疾病严重性和患病率估计存在锚定效应,疾病名称和熟悉度主效应显著,熟悉度和疾病名称存在交互作用。研究表明:对疾病严重性估计术语高于俗语,对患病率估计俗语高于术语。Bootstrap法分析表明,疾病名称可直接影响严重性估计,也可通过患病率估计影响严重性估计。术语导致严重性高估,但若通过患病率估计再评估严重性时,俗语导致患病率高估,进而对严重性高估。     

Manda suppresses emotional stress-induced stomach ulcers in rats

Manda, a natural product made by yeast fermentation of many fruits and black sugar, has antioxidant activity. In the present study, manda prevented stomach ulcers caused by immobilization-induced emotional stress. Manda [5% manda solution (w/v)] and saline as control, were administered by a canula into the stomach of each experimental animal subsequently after 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 hours from the start of the emotional stress. We classified the severity of gastric lesion formation induced by immobilization with each rat lying on its back for 6 hours at room temperature on a five-grade scale. The control rats all showed congestion and some degree of bleeding in the mucosa of the stomach. However, of the experimental rats, one showed no hemorrhagic lesions only congestion in four cases, and slight or moderate bleeding in eight cases with no massive bleeding cases. The distribution of these data significantly differ from that of the control rats, which suffered the greater damage (X²=10.589,p<0.05). In light microscopic examinations, the control rats showed necrosis in the gastric mucous membranes, desquamation, and bleeding of gastric mucosa. However, the rats treated with manda showed only congestion and did not show erosion or hemorrhage. These results suggest that manda or manda metabolite(s) was absorbed from the stomach and may have produced these action. In the meantime, we are analyzing manda components to try to isolate the active ingredient(s)     

序贯疗法根除幽门螺杆菌

幽门螺旋杆菌（HP）感染是胃炎、消化性溃疡、胃癌和胃黏膜相关淋巴组织淋巴瘤的主要病因,根除HP具有重大的临床意义。随着抗生素耐药株HP逐年增加,HP根除率日益下降,因此出现了一种新的HP根除方案——10天或14天序贯疗法。此疗法指前5天或7天的诱导期中应用质子泵抑制剂（PPI）加一种抗生素的二联治疗,随后5天或7天应用PPI和两种抗生素的三联治疗。目前除少数研究外,绝大多数临床研究表明序贯疗法能够获得比传统的7天或10天三联疗法更高的HP根除率,其具体机制尚不明确。目前大部分相关的研究为单中心、样本量少,缺乏双盲对照,未能评估抗生素耐药性,尚待大样本、多中心、随机双盲对照的临床研究来进一步证实该疗法的有效性和安全性。     

Benefits of nonlinear analysis indices of walking stride interval in the evaluation of neurodegenerative diseases

Indices characterising the long-range temporal structure of walking stride interval (SI) variability such as Hurst exponent (H) and fractal dimension (D) may be used in addition to indices measuring the amount of variability like the coefficient of variation (CV). We assess the added value of the former indices in a clinical neurological context. Our aim is to demonstrate that they provide a clinical significance in aging and in frequent neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease, Huntington, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.Indices assessing the temporal structure of variability are mainly dependent on SI time series length and algorithms used, making quantitative comparisons between different studies difficult or even impossible. Here, we recompute these indices from available SI time series, either from our lab or from online databases. More precisely, we recompute CV, H, and D in a unified way. The average SI is also added to the measured parameters.We confirm that variability indices are relevant indicators of aging process and neurodegenerative diseases. While CV is sensitive to aging process and pathology, it does not discriminate between specific neurodegenerative diseases. H, which measures predictability of SI, significantly decreases with age but increases in patients suffering from amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. D, catching complexity of SI, is correlated with total functional capacity in patients with Huntington's disease.We conclude that the computation of H complements the clinical diagnosis of walking in patients with neurodegenerative diseases and we recommend it as a relevant supplement to classical CV or averaged SI. Since H and D indices did not lead to the same observations, suggesting the multi-fractal nature of SI dynamics, we recommend to open clinical gait analysis to the evaluation of more parameters.     

幽门螺杆菌与胃癌关系的研究进展

幽门螺杆菌(H.pylori,Hp)是胃癌的发病因素之一,二者之间的关系非常密切。Hp感染蒙古沙土鼠成功诱发胃癌,在动物实验中直接证实Hp与胃癌发生有关。众多大规模的人群干预研究显示Hp感染可增加胃癌发病率,根除Hp后胃癌的发生有减少趋势;Hp毒力基因尤其是cag致病岛与胃癌发生关系密切。宿主反应基因尤其是前炎症细胞因子与胃癌的危险性增高有关。动物模型显示Hp诱导癌前病变的发生与上皮细胞周期的调控失常、细胞增殖与调亡的失衡相关。     

Brain and peripheral angiotensin II play a major role in stress

Angiotensin II (Ang II), the active principle of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), was discovered as a vasoconstrictive, fluid retentive circulating hormone. It was revealed later that there are local RAS in many organs, including the brain. The physiological receptor for Ang II, the AT(1) receptor type, was found to be highly expressed in many tissues and brain areas involved in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis response to stress and in the sympathoadrenal system. The production of circulating and local Ang II, and the expression of AT(1) receptors increase during stress. Blockade of peripheral and brain AT(1) receptors with receptor antagonists administered peripherally prevented the hormonal and sympathoadrenal response to isolation stress, the stress-related alterations in cortical CRF(1) and benzodiazepine receptors, part of the GABA(A) complex, and reduced anxiety in rodents. AT(1) receptor blockade prevented the ulcerations of the gastric mucosa produced by cold-restraint stress, by preservation of the gastric blood flow, prevention of the stress-induced inflammatory response of the gastric mucosa, and partial blockade of the sympathoadrenal response to the stress. Our observations demonstrate that Ang II is an important stress hormone, and that blockade of AT(1) receptors could be proposed as a potentially useful therapy for stress-induced disorders.