论权利与义务的关系

权利与义务的关系可以归结为两种相关性。一种是一个人的权利与他人的义务的关系:一个人的权利,必然是他人的义务;反之亦然。这是一个人的权利与他人的义务的必然的、客观的、事实如何的关系,亦即所谓“权利与义务的逻辑相关性”。另一种则是基于这种逻辑相关性的“权利义务道德相关性”,亦即一个人的权利应该是对他自己的义务的交换:一个人所享有的权利应该等于他所负有的义务;而他所行使的权利则应该至多等于他所履行的义务。     

权利、义务、责任的内涵探讨

麦金太尔认为权利概念15世纪才出现,并怀疑以往是否存在自然权利;米尔恩则认为人类社会早就存在与权利相关的事实以及相应的权利意识。康德从权利、责任、义务的内在关系上揭示了权利概念的本质内涵,奠定了权利的道德价值基础。康德的思想存在不足,在理性与普遍形式理论两方面受到了非理性和历史主义的挑战。这些讨论有利于人们对权利、义务、责任本质内涵的深入理解。     

病人的权利与医疗机构的义务

病人的权利与医疗机构的义务 ,是指在提供与接受医疗服务过程中 ;病人的医疗权利和医疗机构所担负的执业义务。病人究竟有哪些医疗权利 ?医疗机构负有哪些执业义务 ?这一问题在调整医患关系中是一个基础性问题 ,关系到医疗机构依法行医 ,政府依法治医 ,公众和舆论依法评医 ;是判断医疗机构执业的是非曲直的基本准绳。弄清这一问题 ,对于病人权益保护立法 ,对于医疗服务合同的研究与推广 ,对于医疗事故纠纷的正确处理 ,都具有重要意义。根据民法理论 ,依据我国《民法通则》、《消费者权益保护法》、《执业医师法》和《医疗机构管理条例》、《…     

公正视角下的权利和义务关系

公正与权利和义务密切相关.公正所涉及的权利和义务,应是严格意义上的相互对应、必然相关的权利和义务,也就是说公正的根本问题是权利与"完全义务"(即狭义的义务)如何分配的问题,即不论是基本权利与基本义务,还是非基本权利与非基本义务,也不论是法定权利与法定义务,还是道德权利与道德义务,一方的权利,必然是他方的义务;反之亦然.     

论人对自然的权利和义务

人对自然的权利和义务是相辅相成、紧密联系的。人类在享有对自然的权利的同时,应该也必须履行对自然的相应义务。人对自然的权利和义务主要包括三方面的内容:其一,人类享有在适宜的自然环境中生存的权利,同时负有保护和改善自然环境的义务;其二,人类享有在适宜的自然环境中发展的权利,同时负有可持续发展的义务;其三,人类享有利用自然资源的权利,同时负有保障自然资源合理开发利用的义务。人对自然的权利和义务问题的实质是利益问题。     

论公民的权利与义务

公民的权利与义务既是实体法的意义,同时也具有伦理的意义。法学意义上的权利是以道德权利为基础的。现代法把保障公民的权利看作是法的基本精神,在这个意义上,它就是与现代社会的公民伦理意识相一致的。主张权利和维护权利是公民社会公民的道德义务以及应尽的社会义务,是现代公民社会秩序得以建构的基础条件。社会主义国家承担的义务同时也是公民的权利,所行使的权利也是公民的义务。因此,公民的权利与义务是内在统一的。     

刍由优先于德性——罗尔斯伦理思想的一种解读

罗尔斯伦理思想总体上可归结为一种权利伦理学;“自由优先于德性”是罗尔斯伦理思想的基本原则之一,这个原则以“自我优先于目的”为形式根据,以“正义(权利)优先于德性”为质料内容。罗尔斯权利伦理揭示了现代自由社会的道德特征和道德要求,提出了诸多新的伦理理念和伦理观点,但也存在着一些局限性。     

自由优先于德性——罗尔斯伦理思想的一种解读

罗尔斯伦理思想总体上可归结为一种权利伦理学;“自由优先于德性”是罗尔斯伦理思想的基本原则之一,这个原则以“自我优先于目的”为形式根据,以“正义(权利)优先于德性”为质料内容。罗尔斯权利伦理揭示了现代自由社会的道德特征和道德要求,提出了诸多新的伦理理念和伦理观点,但也存在着一些局限性。     

病人的医疗权利与义务

病人的医疗权利与义务维护病人的医疗权利,指导病人履行其应尽的义务,是医院和医务人员的责任。它有利于病人的治疗和保健,有利于建立良好的医患关系,有利于营造良好的治疗保健环境。一、病人的权利１有维持生命,享受公正医疗的权利;２在诊治中有获得自己病情、...     

道德权利和道德义务的相关性问题

权利和义务往往被视为一对形影相随的范畴。然而 ,权利和义务的相关性并不像通常看上去那样容易把握 ,在涉及道德权利与道德义务的关系时更是如此。对权利和义务的相关性 ,罗斯所概括的四个独立的陈述应该说比较全面。它们包括 :1A对 B有权利意味着 B对 A有义务 ;2 B对 A有义务     

论病人的“选医权”

选医权是病人的一项基本权力,它能消除医患间事实上的不平等,具有公平的法律价值,能够保证起点公平、过程公平和结果公平。在实施选医权的过程中,病人要正确行使权力,不能滥用权力,履行自己应尽的义务;医院和医生必须为保证病人选医权履行相应的义务。     

知情权 选择权 责任与义务

讨论患者的知情权、选择权与医生的责任义务很有现实意义。病人一旦就医,安全和早日康复是第一位的,当医生面对患者时,救死扶伤不惜一切地去挽救患者的生命是医生的天职,患者一旦推动生命,其他权力都是空话。     

Right, Equality, and the Fairness Obligation

The principle of fairness holds that individuals (beneficiaries) who benefit from a cooperative scheme of others (cooperators) have an obligation to do their share in return for their benefit. The original proponent of this principle, H. L. A. Hart suggests ‘mutuality of restrictions’ as a moral basis because it is fair to mutually restrict the freedom of both beneficiaries and cooperators; so called the fairness obligation. This paper explores ‘mutuality of restrictions’, which is interpreted as a right-based and an equality-based justification of the fairness obligation. It is not argued whether both ways of justifying the obligation makes a success, but that they are in need of presupposing that there is a duty for beneficiaries to do their share in return for their benefit. This suggests turning to a duty-based justification of the fairness obligation.     

从婚检看隐私权与知情权的冲突与协调

医生为当事人进行婚检,当发现其中一方患有性病等疾病时,告知是否会涉及到隐私权与知情权的问题,就隐私权与知情权的冲突与协调问题进行了探讨.     

Predicting Intentions to Conserve Water From the Theory of Planned Behavior,Perceived Moral Obligation,and Perceived Water Right1

This study tested the explanatory power of Ajzen's (1991) theory of planned behavior (TPB), and a modified TPB model including perceived moral obligation (PMO) and perceived water right (PWR), to predict people's intentions to conserve water. The study had 244 government employees who participated. The TPB variables improved the prediction of intention to use less water, but were less successful in predicting intention to install water-efficient appliances. A significant interaction was found between attitude and subjective norm, suggesting that past studies have overlooked moderating effects in the TPB model. In addition to the TPB variables, PWR further improved the prediction of intention to install water-efficient appliances. Results also suggest that water-saving procedures should be differentiated into curtailment and efficiency procedures.     

从管辖权看医疗纠纷诉讼中的司法公正

管辖权是诉讼的基础,按我国民事诉讼法规定,医疗纠纷诉讼应该适用一般地域管辖,由医疗机构所在地人民法院管辖。但是由于部分司法界存在地方保护主义导致不当管辖,影响医疗争议案件的公正判决,司法界在处理法律效果与社会效果的关系应该以司法公正促进社会和谐,而不是不顾原则、不要正义来和谐。     

Responsibility and Obligation: Some Kantian Directions

Abstract

This paper asks how we should conceptualize the relationship between responsibility and obligation. Its central concern is the relevance of considerations of obligation to the attribution of responsibility for what we do or bring about. The paper approaches this issue through an examination of Kant’s complex, challenging and instructive theory of responsibility, in which strict obligation plays a pivotal role in attributions of responsibility for the outcomes of our actions. Even if we do not accept Kant’s strongly juridical concept of responsibility, his theory provides insight into the way in which we should see the connection between responsibility and obligation.     

我国资源物权立法的生态伦理考量

人际伦理观下的资源物权立法的理论与实践局限,导致了人与资源的紧张关系。资源物权立法应凸现生态伦理观的价值取向,并具体贯彻生态限制、可持续发展的资源利用、环境权限制以及强化资源物权的生态义务等原则。加强生态伦理观的价值取向在我国资源物权立法中的渗透力度,确立有关资源物权立法的一般生态原则,为防止生态伦理成为生态乌托邦,特别应将资源物权的生态义务类型化、内化。     

Political Obligation,Dirty Hands and Torture; A Moral Evaluation

The example of a political leader who has to decide whether he would allow the torture of a suspect in order to get information about a ticking bomb has become notorious in ethical discussions concerning the tension between moral principles and political necessity. The relation between these notions must be made as clear as possible before a sincere moral evaluation of ticking bomb situations can be given. The first section of this article considers whether the concept of political obligation is different from moral and legal obligations or whether it is a special kind of moral obligation. In the second section, the idea that the dirty hands problem confronts us with the ambiguities of moral life is rejected because it would imply an untenable moral paradox. The thesis that is developed is, namely, if there is such a thing as political necessity, it must be some form of moral obligation. The third section analyses the concept of political necessity and concludes that it cannot overrule basic moral principles and that the international legal prohibition of torture must be considered to be a categorical imperative. In the last section, these ideas concerning political and moral necessity are brought in against the defence of torture, which should be tolerated in the ‘War on Terror’. There it will be argued that the use of the ticking bomb argument not only supports a highly hypocrite political practice but is also deceptive as a moral and political argument.     

人权视野下的个人健康权与选择权

从人权的角度看,个人健康权也是一种个人选择权,因为健康本来就是属于个人的。个人健康选择权在属性上,属于一种消极性、否定性和自由性的权利。个人健康选择权主要包括健康生活方式、治疗方式、保健方式、健康状态（水平）、健康隐私以及医疗保障组织选择。农村新型合作医疗是带有合作组织的性质的一种组织,它的推行,应当充分尊重农民自愿参加的选择权,不宜按照某个计划目标推行。