儿童同伴接纳知觉准确性及偏差与孤独感的关系:一项交叉滞后研究

以515名小学3年级到6年级的儿童为研究对象,采用交叉滞后研究设计,探讨同伴接纳知觉准确性和偏差与孤独感之间的关系。研究中,由儿童评定自己对同班每个同学的喜欢程度,预计同班同学对自己的喜欢程度,并完成社交自我知觉和孤独感量表。结果表明:(1)同伴接纳知觉绝对准确性与孤独感相关不显著,但同伴接纳知觉相对准确性可以显著预测当前和一年后的孤独感。(2)同伴接纳知觉偏差与孤独感具有双向影响作用,积极同伴接纳知觉偏差有利于降低儿童的孤独感,并且孤独感能正向预测后期的同伴接纳知觉偏差。     

儿童同伴关系对孤独感的影响

以571名小学三、四、五、六年级的儿童为被试,考察了儿童社会喜好、友谊质量、消极退缩、社交自我知觉与孤独感的关系,检验了不同水平同伴关系变量对孤独感的影响。结果表明,儿童的同伴关系(同伴接纳、友谊质量、社交自我知觉)能显著预测其孤独感体验,其中,处于同伴关系个体水平的社交自我知觉对孤独感的预测作用最大,其次分别为双向关系水平的友谊质量和群体接纳水平的同伴接纳,而处于人际交互水平的消极退缩在控制了其他水平同伴关系变量的影响下,并不能显著预测其孤独感体验。     

儿童的孤独感及与同伴交往的关系

孤独感是当一个人的社会关系网络比预期的更小或更不满意时产生的一种不愉快的情绪体验,儿童长期处于此状态会导致适应不良。孤独感的社交需要理论认为孤独感是对社交需要未满足的反应,强调孤独感的情感或感受层面;认知加工观主张孤独感的产生是因为个体对觉知到的人际关系现状不满意,强调孤独感的认知成分。同伴交往4个水平上的变量会影响到孤独感的产生,而孤独感作为一种消极的情绪体验,也会对同伴交往产生不良影响。未来研究应该多从家庭功能与同伴交往相结合的角度探讨孤独感的产生机制,对孤独儿童的干预研究也有待开展     

Childhood peer relationships: social acceptance, friendships, and peer networks

This review addresses several areas of contemporary research in children's peer relationships during the elementary and middle school years, with primary foci on children's peer acceptance, the ability to make and maintain friendships, and their participation in larger peer networks. Particular attention is given to research examining the major developments and individual differences in each of these components of children's peer relations, how these different aspects of peer functioning relate to one another, and how they contribute to development more generally, including school adjustment and achievement. Finally, it is argued that children's psychosocial development may be best informed by an integration of these somewhat independent research traditions.     

应对方式在流动儿童歧视知觉与孤独情绪关系上的调节作用

采用整群取样方法对选自北京市的1164名流动儿童进行问卷调查,考察应对方式在歧视知觉与孤独情绪关系上的调节作用。结果表明,75.5%的流动儿童报告受到过歧视,但所报告的被歧视的体验并不强烈;受歧视儿童的孤独得分显著高于未受歧视儿童;受歧视程度越高,流动儿童越孤独;消极应对对是否遭受歧视与孤独情绪之间的关系具有增强作用;积极应对对受歧视儿童的歧视程度与孤独情绪之间的关系具有增强作用。     

The promise and potential of studying the “invisible hand” of teacher influence on peer relations and student outcomes: A commentary

Peers influence children's social-emotional development and school engagement in important and unique ways. Recent research on peer social networks documents that children are affected by the nature of the school-based peer ecology, as well as by their personal peer experiences. Yet, little is known about how teachers affect the peer ecology, nor how teachers can promote positive peer influences in the school context. The four studies in this special section examine this issue. Together, they document the promise and the potential of studying the “invisible hand” of teacher influence on peer relations, and illustrate the need for further research in this area. This commentary considers the contributions of these papers for conceptualizing processes of transactional teacher and peer influence on student outcomes, and implications for interventions designed to reduce problem behaviors or increase school engagement. In addition, it considers the limitations of current knowledge and directions for future research.     

Peer conflict avoidance: associations with loneliness, social anxiety, and social avoidance

Failure to resolve peer conflict is associated with children's reports of loneliness, social anxiety, and social avoidance. Although these relationships are well established, researchers have not examined the association between the avoidance of peer conflict and various adjustment characteristics. The current study examined the association between avoidance of conflict and measures of loneliness, social anxiety, and social avoidance for 59 pupils in Grade 4 (31 boys and 28 girls) and 47 in Grade 8 (22 boys and 25 girls). Volunteers indicated that conflict avoidance based on autonomy, e.g., independence issues, and interpersonal issues, e.g., closeness and cohesion, was associated with scores on loneliness for boys and girls, respectively. Conflict avoidance for emotional and physical well-being and fear of punishment was associated with increased reports of loneliness and social anxiety for children in Grade 4.     

青少年同伴依恋与问题性手机使用的关系:自我建构对孤独感中介作用的调节

采用同伴依恋问卷、问题性手机使用量表、孤独感问卷以及自我建构量表对624名青少年进行调查,以探讨青少年同伴依恋对问题性手机使用的作用过程及其机制。结果显示,青少年同伴依恋通过孤独感的完全中介作用对问题性手机使用产生影响;依存型建构在孤独感与问题性手机使用之间起调节作用,独立型建构的调节作用不显著。这说明同伴依恋通过孤独感影响青少年的问题性手机使用,依存型建构可促进感到孤独的青少年使用手机。     

流动儿童同伴侵害的特点及与内化问题的循环作用关系:一项追踪研究

本研究采用纵向设计,以北京市426名四、五年级流动儿童为被试,进行连续4次的追踪测查,考察流动儿童同伴侵害的特点及其与内化问题的动态相互作用关系。结果发现:(1)打工子弟学校流动儿童的同伴侵害与内化问题水平比公立学校流动儿童高;流动儿童的流动性越大,同伴侵害和内化问题越多。(2)控制了性别、年级、家庭社会经济地位(SES)和流动性后,从T1到T2,同伴侵害与孤独感为相互作用关系,且同伴侵害可以显著预测抑郁,但对社交焦虑的预测作用不显著,而从T2到T4,同伴侵害和3种内化问题的相互作用模式完全一致,即T2时的社交焦虑、抑郁和孤独感显著预测T3的同伴侵害,进而显著预测T4的社交焦虑、抑郁和孤独感。(3)抑郁、孤独感与同伴侵害的循环作用在两类流动儿童中具有较强的稳定性,而在社交焦虑和同伴侵害的模型中,打工子弟学校流动儿童的同伴侵害对社交焦虑的作用比公立学校流动儿童更大。可见,同伴侵害和内化问题呈循环作用关系,未来预防/干预研究可以聚焦于减少流动儿童的同伴侵害或内化问题的角度打破二者的恶性循环,帮助他们建立良好的人际关系,构建良性循环,促进他们的积极发展。     

工读学校学生同伴依恋、自我概念与孤独感的特点及其关系

使用青少年依恋问卷、田纳西自我概念量表和中学生孤独感问卷,对上海市207名工读学校学生和116名普通学校学生进行调查,探讨工读学校学生同伴依恋、自我概念与孤独感的特点及关系,结果发现:(1)和普通学生相比,工读学校学生对同伴更缺乏信任、情感更疏离,具有较低的自我概念,体验到的孤独情绪也较强烈;(2)工读学校二年级学生的自我概念比其他年级学生要消极、女生比男生持有更为消极的自我概念,尤其是二年级的女生更为突出,而且女生比男生更容易体会到孤独感;(3)同伴依恋各维度在对孤独感的预测程度和方式上存在着很大的差异;(4)对于不同类型的学生,自我概念的不同维度在同伴依恋与孤独感关系中的中介作用模型是不同的.     

童年中期同伴侵害影响孤独感的中介变量分析

为检验同伴侵害影响儿童孤独感的中介变量,采用同伴提名、儿童自我知觉量表、儿童孤独感量表和班级戏剧问卷对武汉市某小学3-6年级445名儿童进行了调查。结果发现：同伴接纳和整体自尊是同伴侵害与孤独感间的两个中介变量。 在考察单一变量的中介作用时,同伴接纳在儿童的同伴侵害与其孤独感间起完全中介作用,而整体自尊在儿童的同伴侵害与其孤独感间起部分中介作用;当同时考察同伴接纳与整体自尊的中介作用时,同伴接纳与整体自尊在同伴侵害与孤独感间起完全中介作用,而且,由于同伴接纳对整体自尊的正向预测作用,同伴侵害对整体自尊的预测关系不显著。     

儿童资源获取行为对学校适应的影响——一个历时5年的跨文化追踪

以160名中国儿童和133名加拿大儿童为被试,采用实验室观察和问卷调查,考察儿童7岁时的资源获取行为对其11岁时学校适应的影响。结果表明：（1）轮流规则行为对儿童的学校适应具有消极的预测作用,且存在性别差异：男孩的轮流规则行为可以显著正向预测其焦虑,女孩的轮流规则行为可以显著负向预测其学校态度;（2）请求行为可以显著正向预测中国儿童攻击行为,加拿大儿童则没有发现该关系;（3）对于资源获取失败次数少的儿童,求助成人行为有积极的适应意义;（4）儿童资源获取行为的结果在儿童7岁时资源获取行为与11岁时学校适应之间发挥调节作用;对于资源获取成功次数少的儿童,请求行为可以显著地正向预测其攻击行为;对于资源获取失败次数少的儿童,请求行为则显著地负向预测其攻击行为,求助成人行为可以显著地负向预测其孤独感。     

学业成绩影响儿童孤独感的中介变量分析

为考察、检验学业成绩影响儿童孤独感的中介变量,采用同伴提名问卷、依恋量表、儿童孤独感量表调查了4—6年级438名儿童。结果表明,在考察单一变量的中介作用时,亲子依恋、同伴拒绝分别在学业成绩与儿童孤独感之间起部分中介作用,教师接纳在二者之间起完全中介作用;当同时考察亲子依恋、同伴拒绝、教师接纳在学业成绩与孤独感之间的中介作用时,三种社会关系起完全中介作用。结论：教师接纳、同伴拒绝和亲子依恋是学业成绩与孤独感之间的中介变量。     

童年晚期亲社会行为与儿童的心理社会适应

对2097名六年级儿童(平均年龄12.27岁, 男生1093名)的亲社会行为以及多种心理社会适应指标进行测量, 主要运用个体定向的方法考察童年晚期亲社会行为与儿童心理社会适应之间的关系。结果发现:(1)亲社会行为与孤独感、攻击等不良适应呈中等程度负相关, 与同伴接纳、社交自我概念等积极适应呈中等程度正相关;(2)童年晚期儿童的心理社会适应表现为内化问题、外化问题、同伴拒绝与正常发展4种模式;(3)个体亲社会行为水平越高, 越可能属于正常发展组, 越不可能属于不良适应组;在各种不良适应组中, 个体亲社会行为水平越高, 更可能属于内化问题组, 而非外化问题和同伴拒绝组;(4)高亲社会组的儿童有6.8%存在内化问题;低亲社会组的儿童有50.2%适应良好;与普通儿童相比, 低亲社会组的儿童表现出更多的适应不良。     

童年中晚期孤独感的发展轨迹：一项潜变量增长模型分析

使用问卷法和同伴提名法对884名小学二年级学生进行历时三年的四次追踪测试, 采用潜变量增长模型建模, 检验小学2~5年级学生孤独感的变化趋势, 并考察不同性别儿童孤独感变化的差异性以及同伴接纳对孤独感变化的影响。结果发现：(1) 2~5年级小学生孤独感呈曲线递减趋势, 递减速度逐渐减缓, 起始水平及发展速度均存在显著的个体差异; (2)女孩起始的孤独感水平显著低于男孩, 而发展速度、加速度则不存在显著的性别差异; (3)较高的同伴接纳对当时儿童孤独感的降低具有显著的促进作用。研究采用孤独感发展的情境观, 并结合儿童认知、自我发展的特点对结果进行了分析。     

幼儿心理理论的发展与其日常同伴交往关系的研究

通过行为观察(儿童与同伴的一对一游戏)、同伴提名和教师评估,探讨心理理论发展与儿童日常同伴交往之间的关系。52名4~5岁的学前儿童参与了本实验。研究结果表明:(1)4岁以后,儿童的心理理论能力产生了实质性的变化。(2)幼儿心理理论的发展与儿童游戏情境中的同伴交往具有显著的正相关,心理理论发展水平不同的儿童在游戏中的“交往敏感”和“交往表达”两方面具有极其显著的差异。(3)儿童的心理理论水平整体上与同伴提名、教师评估相关不显著,但与儿童的亲社会行为具有紧密的关系。我们推测,儿童心理理论的发展通过影响亲社会行为间接指导儿童日常生活中的同伴交往与同伴关系。     

依恋回避与学前儿童孤独感的关系：同伴拒绝的中介作用和师幼关系的调节作用

为了探讨学前儿童依恋回避对其孤独感的影响,以及同伴拒绝和师幼关系在其中的作用,研究采用问卷法和同伴提名法对193名学前儿童进行为期一年的追踪调查。结果表明：（1）依恋回避、同伴拒绝和孤独感之间两两显著正相关;（2）同伴拒绝在依恋回避和孤独感之间起中介作用;（3）师幼冲突调节了依恋回避通过同伴拒绝影响孤独感中介作用的前半路径。相对于师幼冲突程度较低的幼儿,高师幼冲突幼儿的依恋回避更容易导致高同伴拒绝进而体验较高的孤独感。     

The Experience of Sexual Harassment Among Grade-School Students: Early Socialization of Female Subordination?

The purpose of this study was to investigate elementary school children's interpretation of sexual harassment incidents and the relationship of those interpretations to self-esteem and body esteem. Eleven scenarios were read to 73 third- to fifth-grade children. Eight scenarios exemplified peer harassment. The children were asked how they thought the victim felt, what the victim should do, why the perpetrator did this, and whether something similar had ever happened to them. They also completed gender role, self-esteem, and body esteem scales. Results indicated that the majority of the children had experienced peer harassment and that the boys and girls had experienced about equal amounts. However, total harassment was negatively related to self-esteem in girls, but not boys. Furthermore, the children's interpretations of the scenarios as well as the relationship of these interpretations to body and self-esteem indicated that the meaning of sexual harassment was different for the boys and girls. Girls were more likely to think the victim would be frightened and boys more likely to think that the victim would be flattered by the attention. Girls who reported that the victim would be frightened or that they did not know how the victim would react reported lower body esteem. These data are interpreted within the framework of sexual terrorism and sexual objectification theories. These data also underscore the need for additional research in sexual harassment among young children.     

Victimization in South Korean children's peer groups

This study reports a cross-sectional investigation of the behavioral, academic, and psychosocial correlates of victimization in South Korean children's peer groups. The participants were 122 children (66 boys, 56 girls; from 10–12-years-old) recruited from a primary school in Seoul, South Korea. Multi-informant assessments (peer nominations, teacher ratings, and self-reports) of peer victimization, social behavior, loneliness/social dissatisfaction, and academic functioning were obtained. Multivariate analyses indicated that peer victimization was associated with poor academic adjustment, loneliness, submissive–withdrawn behavior, aggression, and low levels of assertive–prosocial behavior. These findings suggest that there is considerable similarity in the social processes underlying peer group victimization across South Korean and Western cultural settings.