童年中期不同水平的同伴交往变量与孤独感的关系

以430名小学四、五、六年级的儿童为被试,考察了儿童社会行为、同伴关系、社交自我知觉与孤独感的关系.结果表明,社会行为通过同伴关系、社交自我知觉的多重中介作用对孤独感产生影响,不存在直接效应;社会喜好只通过社交自我知觉的中介作用与孤独感产生联系,也不存在直接效应,而友谊质量与孤独感既存在中介的联系,也存在直接的联系.同伴交往四个水平的变量中,社交自我知觉对孤独感具有最大的预测力,其次分别为友谊质量、社会行为和社会喜好.     

攻击行为对儿童受欺负的预测：社会喜好的中介效应及性别差异

摘 要 以455名武汉某小学四、五、六年级的儿童为被试,采用同伴提名法、班级戏剧问卷,考察了不同性别儿童的外部攻击、关系攻击、社会喜好与受欺负之间的关系,重点检验了社会喜好在不同类型攻击行为与受欺负之间的中介效应及性别差异。结果表明：（1）小学儿童的外部攻击、关系攻击、社会喜好与受欺负之间均存在显著相关;其中男生的外部攻击与社会喜好、关系攻击与社会喜好的相关系数均显著高于女生;（2）小学儿童在外部攻击和社会喜好维度上得分存在显著的性别差异,男生的外部攻击得分显著高于女生,社会喜好得分显著低于女生;（3）社会喜好分别在外部攻击、关系攻击与受欺负之间存在中介效应,且外部攻击和关系攻击对社会喜好的预测系数均存在显著性别差异,表现为外部攻击、关系攻击对社会喜好的预测作用男生显著高于女生;社会喜好对受欺负的预测系数存在显著的性别差异,表现为社会喜好对受欺负的预测作用女生显著高于男生;而外部攻击和关系攻击对受欺负的预测系数均不存在性别差异。     

童年中期同伴关系与孤独感的中介变量检验

以571名小学三、四、五、六年级的儿童为被试,考察了儿童社会喜好、友谊质量、社交自我知觉与孤独感的关系,检验了社交自我知觉在同伴关系变量与孤独感间的中介作用。结果表明,社会喜好、友谊质量、社交自我知觉和孤独感间相关显著,并且存在显著的性别差异;社交自我知觉在同伴关系变量与孤独感间存在中介的作用;独立的中介效应检验中,社会喜好、友谊质量均通过社交自我知觉的中介作用与孤独感发生联系,同时,也存在直接的联系;综合模型中,社会喜好只通过社交自我知觉的中介作用与孤独感产生联系,不存在直接效应,而友谊质量与孤独感既存在中介的联系,同时也存在直接联系。     

家庭功能与儿童孤独感的关系：中介的作用

以246名小学三、四、五年级儿童为被试,考察了儿童孤独感、同伴接受性、问题行为与家庭功能的关系。结果发现,儿童的外部问题行为在家庭功能与同伴接受性之间起着中介作用,同伴接受性在外部问题行为与孤独感之间起着中介作用;内部问题行为是家庭功能影响儿童孤独感的中介,而外部问题行为与同伴接受性依次组成家庭功能与孤独感联系的另一间接作用路;不仅如此,家庭功能对儿童孤独感还有较强的直接作用。最后讨论了这些中介作用存在的原因以及适用范围上的限制。     

儿童同伴关系对孤独感的影响

以571名小学三、四、五、六年级的儿童为被试,考察了儿童社会喜好、友谊质量、消极退缩、社交自我知觉与孤独感的关系,检验了不同水平同伴关系变量对孤独感的影响。结果表明,儿童的同伴关系(同伴接纳、友谊质量、社交自我知觉)能显著预测其孤独感体验,其中,处于同伴关系个体水平的社交自我知觉对孤独感的预测作用最大,其次分别为双向关系水平的友谊质量和群体接纳水平的同伴接纳,而处于人际交互水平的消极退缩在控制了其他水平同伴关系变量的影响下,并不能显著预测其孤独感体验。     

同伴关系与攻击行为稳定性的关系研究

研究采用同伴提名法、友谊质量问卷和班级戏剧量表,对430名小学3至5年级的儿童进行了为期一年的追踪调查,在此基础上考察了攻击行为的不同发展轨迹与同伴关系之间的联系.结果表明,不同的攻击行为发展轨迹在社会喜好上的主效应显著,但是在友谊质量上的差异不显著,具体来说:(1)不同外部攻击亚组之间在社会喜好变化趋势上存在显著差异,相对于先低后高组、持续高组和持续低组,先高后低组的社会喜好存在显著的上升趋势;相对于持续低组和持续高组,先低后高组存在显著的下降趋势.(2)不同关系攻击亚组之间在社会喜好变化趋势上存在显著差异,相对于先高后低组、持续低组和持续高组,先低后高组的社会喜好得分存在显著的下降趋势.     

儿童社会观点采择与分享行为关系的研究

本研究选取幼儿园大班、小学一、二、三年级共240名被试,每个年级各60名,男女各半,考察儿童的社会观点采择能力与分享行为的关系。结果发现:(1)社会观点采择的发展对儿童的分享行为有影响,其中主要是认知观点采择对实际分享行为的影响;(2)儿童分享行为的发展有阶段性;(3)儿童认知观点采择和情感观点采择的发展在幼儿园大班,二者之间存在较显著的差异,到了一、二、三年级二者之间无显著差异。     

外来工子女与父母养育方式关系的研究

摘要本研究以1128名四到六年级的外来工与城市居民子女作为被试,以儿童孤独感问卷(CLS)与父母教养方式评价量表(EMBU)为研究工具,对外来工与城市居民子女的社会孤独感与父母养育方式的关系进行研究。运用多因素方差分析与回归分析等统计方法对研究数据进行处理,结果表明:(1)儿童孤独感性别差异显著,男生的孤独感显著高于女生;(2)儿童孤独感年龄差异显著,随着年龄增长,孤独感强度呈现出显著的下降趋势;(3)外来工子女的孤独感显著高于城市居民子女的孤独感,父惩罚因子、父偏爱因子与母关心理解因子对儿童孤独感影响显著,能较好的预测儿童孤独感。     

童年中期儿童同伴交往与孤独感的交叉滞后分析

2003年6月和2004年6月追踪调查了430名3、4、5年级儿童,采用交叉滞后分析法探讨了同伴交往与孤独感的相互关系。结果表明:控制了社交自我知觉的影响后,友谊质量与孤独感存在显著的交叉滞后效应;而社会喜好和社会行为在控制了社交自我知觉的作用后,与孤独感不存在显著的相互作用;社交自我知觉与孤独感存在显著的相互预测关系。同伴交往各变量中,社交自我知觉对孤独感具有最大的预测力。     

小学儿童社会创造性与其同伴关系、学业成绩的关系

采用整群取样法, 选取387名小学儿童, 采用问卷法、同伴提名法和成绩评定, 考察了其社会创造性与其同伴关系、学业成绩的关系。结果表明:(1)小学儿童的社会创造性与学业成绩、社会喜好、社会影响, 学业成绩与社会喜好均呈显著正相关;(2)社会喜好在社会创造性与学业成绩之间、学业成绩在社会创造性与社会喜好之间、社会创造性在社会喜好与学业成绩之间均具有显著的中介效应, 社会影响在社会创造性对学业成绩的影响中具有显著的调节作用。     

On Epistemological Shifts and Good Old French Wine (in New Bottles): Commentary on Elcheroth,Doise, and Reicher

In this article, we first suggest that the approach presented by Elcheroth, Doise, and Reicher is particularly relevant in view of the “neuroscientific turn” that faces political psychology. Thus, we note that the distinction between content and process and the predilection for general, intrapsychological, and content‐free explanations of political cognition and behavior are encouraged by these developments. We contrast the contribution of the social representations approach to the understanding of social conflict and social change with the approach promoted by these new perspectives. Next, we consider the four themes highlighted by Elcheroth et al. as distinctive of the social representations approach. We notice convergences between these themes and several areas of “mainstream” social and political psychology and show that several of these themes have surfaced in these fields without making reference to this approach.     

社会阶层信号及其对人际水平社会互动的影响

社会阶层信号是指个体据以感知和判断他人社会阶层的一切线索, 人们通过加工这些微妙的线索便能判断出他人的社会阶层, 而他人的社会阶层在很大程度上决定着人们在人际水平的社会互动行为。以穿着打扮、面部特征和说话特点为例, 说明社会阶层信号对个体判断他人阶层的影响, 在此基础上围绕社会交换、社会公平和社会认同这三个动机视角归纳了社会阶层信号对人际水平社会互动的不同影响。针对社会阶层信号本身, 将来有必要探讨社会阶层信号功能弱化的问题; 由于社会阶层信号与社会阶层这一概念的相关度较高, 未来研究有必要阐述二者的联系与区别; 鉴于目前少有研究考察第三方的社会阶层信号如何影响人际水平社会互动的问题, 探索互动中第三方社会阶层信号的影响及其机制将会是对社会阶层心理学研究的一个重要推进。     

The social phobia and social interaction anxiety scales: An exploration of the dimensions of social anxiety and sex differences in structure and relations with pathology

This study sought to provide information on the Social Phobia Scale (SPS) and Social Interaction Anxiety Scale (SIAS) of Mattick and Clarke (1989) with respect to factor structure, relations with psychopathology, and sex differences. A sample of 200 university students completed the SPS and SIAS and various measures of anxiety symptoms and depression. The results from the factor analyses for the sample as a whole suggest the presence of three factors corresponding to scrutiny fears, social interaction anxiety, and a general level of discomfort in social interactions. The results for men replicated this structure. For women, the three-factor solution demonstrated a blurring between the types of anxiety-provoking situations, and a general discomfort in situations involving differences in social power. In general, the discomfort factor was not correlated with measures of pathology, raising the possibility that uneasiness in these situations represents a process that is not part of social anxiety. The distinction between scrutiny fears and social interaction anxiety was also supported by the pattern of partial correlations that suggests that the presence of scrutiny fears is a stronger predictor of psychopathology than is social interaction anxiety, especially for men.     

Social cure and social curse: Social identity resources and adjustment to acquired brain injury

There is increasing evidence that identification with social groups can protect and enhance health, establishing a kind of ‘social cure’. However, for those affected by chronic or disabling conditions such as acquired brain injury (ABI), their identity may also represent a burden, a form of ‘social curse’. The present study explored the identity benefits and burdens available to 15 participants living with ABI using semi-structured interviews. The qualitative data was then analysed systematically using thematic analysis. The findings highlight social identity changes as central to the experience of brain injury. Participants reported changes in their social networks and social group memberships after injury. Identity loss and reduced social support were described as disabling. Engagement in meaningful group activity with others affected by ABI and access to affected peers enabled new group-based resources such as social support. In this way, group activity can be seen as a form of identity enactment that can drive social cure effects. Similarly, adaptation to life after injury was demonstrably linked to social identity processes pointing to the importance of a social cure approach to rehabilitation.     

论社会公正与社会发展

社会公正与社会发展密切相关。以目的与手段的统一、权利与义务的统一、平等与差异的统一、自由与秩序的统一、竞争与协作的统一、民主与集中的统一、内容与程序的统一为特征的新时代的社会公正是社会发展的核心价值,是确立社会发展目标,构建社会发展框架的根本原则,也是保持社会活力和推动社会发展的强大力量。坚持社会公正与社会发展的统一是社会公正理论进步和社会健康发展的需要。     

Social isolation and gender

This study investigated the relationship between gender and social support. It was found that men were more isolated than women although there were no gender differences in perceived adequacy (i.e., satisfaction with one's social support network) or network size. Given that both the adequacy and network size variables were associated with socially desirable responding but the isolation variable was not, the results suggest that the behaviorally oriented indicator of isolation was a better measure of the degree of social isolation than traditional subjective scales currently used by many researchers. This suggests that traditional measures of social support that incorporate the dimensions of network size and perceived adequacy of one's social support system need to control for socially desirable responding and that measures can and need to be developed that are not significantly influenced by this response set bias. Hence, the assessment of social support may need to be more multifaceted than is currently undertaken in many studies. Our finding that men reported being more isolated than women may be a function, in part, of the fact that the majority of the sample (76.7%) was single/did not live with a partner. Previous research has found that men generally get their emotional needs met by their spouses/partners while women often get their emotional needs met by their female friends. Consistent with the literature, and given that most of our respondents were single, this study supports the contention that men are generally more socially isolated than women because they do not create adequate emotional intimacy when they are not in partnership with a significant other.     

Involvement and outcomes in short-term interpersonal cognitive problem solving groups

This study examined the extent to which patterns of involvement in interpersonal cognitive problem solving (ICPS) groups were predictive of improvements in ICPS skills. Thirty-one 7–8-year-old children were assigned to experimental or control groups. Participants in the experimental group participated in six sessions of ICPS group work. All participants were tested for the ICPS skills of alternative solutions thinking (AST) and consequential thinking (CT) immediately before and after the group work period. As predicted, the experimental group showed significantly greater improvements in AST and CT skills than the control group. Means-end thinking was significantly correlated with improvements in AST and CT, level of involvement and positive behaviour within the groups were predictive of improvements in AST but not CT. Findings indicated the importance of group dynamics for ICPS outcomes and are discussed in relation to their theoretical and practical implications.     

Social isolation and gender

This study investigated the relationship between gender and social support. It was found that men were more isolated than women although there were no gender differences in perceived adequacy (i.e., satisfaction with one's social support network) or network size. Given that both the adequacy and network size variables were associated with socially desirable responding but the isolation variable was not, the results suggest that the behaviorally oriented indicator of isolation was a better measure of the degree of social isolation than traditional subjective scales currently used by many researchers. This suggests that traditional measures of social support that incorporate the dimensions of network size and perceived adequacy of one's social support system need to control for socially desirable responding and that measures can and need to be developed that are not significantly influenced by this response set bias. Hence, the assessment of social support may need to be more multifaceted than is currently undertaken in many studies. Our finding that men reported being more isolated than women may be a function, in part, of the fact that the majority of the sample (76.7%) was single/did not live with a partner. Previous research has found that men generally get their emotional needs met by their spouses/partners while women often get their emotional needs met by their female friends. Consistent with the literature, and given that most of our respondents were single, this study supports the contention that men are generally more socially isolated than women because they do not create adequate emotional intimacy when they are not in partnership with a significant other.     

基础社会动机与社会心理服务体系建设

基础社会动机体系, 是人类为实现生存繁衍的终极目标, 管理社会生活中的威胁、挑战与机会, 形成的一套激发、调控行为的内在动力, 从进化心理的角度提出了人们社会生活中的核心需求与动机。众多研究显示, 它不仅对社会行为有广泛影响, 而且当激活条件持续存在时, 会持续影响个体及一定区域人群的心理和行为。因此, 基础社会动机可以成为评估社会经济秩序稳定性及获得感、幸福感、安全感的重要心理指标。目前国内有关研究尚少。未来研究应以基础社会动机为切入点, 探索社会心理服务体系建设的基础心理需求指标体系, 探寻我国文化背景下基础社会动机与社会经济行为、社会生态环境的相互作用, 为社会治理相关政策的制定提供心理学依据。     

The effects of various rater training procedures on the perception of social skills and social anxiety

Procedures for the behavioral assessment of social skills typically rely on judges' perceptions of subjects' behavior in several simulated situations. This study examined two methodological variables which could influence the degree of situational specificity perceived by social skill judges. Forth-eight judges were presented videotapes of 15 actors who role played responses to eight simulated social situations. Half of the judges viewed the situations in a sequential fashion and the remaining half viewed the tapes grouped by situations. The second factor of this design included three different expectancy conditions included in an analogue training procedure. Differences in observed variability were examined for both social skill and social anxiety constructs. Order of stimulus presentation had no effect on variability. The expectancy manipulation significantly increased variability among social skill ratings but had no effect on reliability.This study was supported in part by the Veterans Administration.