《论语》开篇发覆

"子日:学而时习之,不亦说乎?有朋自远方来,不亦乐乎?人不知而不愠,不亦君子乎?"<论语>开篇这三句平直易解的话,由于缺失具体语境,在孔子身后的数千年间,语义泛化,被加以最通俗、最一般的解释.学就是学习,习就是温习或复习.由此也产生了"学习"一词.并且,"不亦乐乎"也化为习用的成语,"有朋自远方来"也成为欢迎远道而来的友人的套话.本文运用本证式的语句互见法,以<论语>证<论语>,首先对这三句话的几个关键词进行了考证.考证结果认为,"学"字,大多是指为了干政"复礼"而进行的学习,"习"是演习与实践之意,"时"则是"适时"之意.又根据前人的训释,将"朋"解为"众".与上述考证结果相应,笔者还从<论语·子路>篇所云"叶公问政,子日:近者说,远者来"一句发现了理解<论语>开篇语境的密码.这就是"问政"的"政"字.关于这句话与<论语>开篇的联系,历来无人揭示,因而也就无法准确把握<论语>开篇的语境.由于这一发现,<论语>开篇豁然开朗,孔子说这句话不是无的放矢,而是对为政者言为政.     

《尚书》中的"德"及其"德治"命题摭谈

<尚书>中的"德"包含族德、政德、己德三层互生互摄的维度,三者都是紧紧围绕着君王治政行为的臧否而得以展开的,其基本内涵不同于且要早于<论语>等次生性元其中的伦理之"德",成为先秦诸子有关"德政"命题再思考的源头活水,并随着汉代<尚书>位尊而逐步施加影响于两汉治政活动之中,最终形成了极具影响力的"德治"精神,至今仍有其鲜活的时代价值.     

超越"忠恕"之道——《中庸》"道不远人"章义疏

<中庸>一书引"子曰"处甚多,"道不远人"章[1]即其例.此章论君子之道,内及"忠恕",与<论语>颇可映证.然细加推绎,又可见其说己非"忠恕"所能范围.深入研究此章,既有利我们看清<中庸>作者对孔子"忠恕"思想之发展,同时,对我们认识<中庸>所引"子曰"之特点亦不无裨益.     

张载"和"论探微

张载是宋儒中讲"和"最多、有着关于"和"的丰富思想的理学家之一.其"和"论具体体现在"太和"、"心和"、"中和"以及"仇必和而解"、"民胞物与"等概念或命题中.从宇宙论层面的"太和",到道德心性论层面的"心和"、"中和",再到社会伦理层面的"民胞物与",形成了一个完整严密的天人合一"和"论体系.此论上承<易>、<孟>、<庸>等"和"的思想,下启宋明理学以"和"为取向的心性修养论.张载"和"论对其体系的"天人合一"特征、道德心性论特质的彰显,有着重要的理论意义.对于当代建立和谐社会、和谐世界也有着重要的方法论意义.     

刘逢禄《论语述何》及其解经方法

<论语述何>是清代公羊家刘逢禄以公羊学诠释<论语>的作品.从该著主旨可以看出,刘氏公羊学背景在诠释中起着关键作用.刘逢禄用了深化主题、类比引申、断章取义几种方法将<论语>与公羊学一体化.此种做法开启了晚清<论语>大义公羊化之风气,虽然某些过度的解释受到讥讽,却也起到拓展传统公羊学研究视野的效果.     

《论语》中的乐论

我国早在夏商周时期就已积淀了十分深厚的音乐文化.孔子整理的先秦六经<诗>、<书>、<礼>,<易>、<乐>、<春秋>)中<乐>就是其中重要的一部只可惜今已亡佚.<论语>中有许多关于乐的言论这对我们研究先秦乐文化是弥足珍贵的.孔子对待先人的制度一述而不作"(<论语·述而>,下引<论语>只注篇名),意思是说,只阐述古代制度不擅自添加或创作.可见孔子是古代制度(尤其是周代礼仪制度)顽强的捍卫者和继承人.因而<论语>中的乐论,虽多不是正面论述却可谓先秦正统乐制度的代表性言论.     

两宋的《论语》诠释与儒学重建

两宋时期文化界兴起的复兴原始儒学、重建儒家有体有用的圣人之道,导致<论语>诠释的学术热潮兴起.宋儒的<论语>学在经典诠释、本体建构、下学工夫三个方面均作出了创造性的贡献,从而建构了一种理学型的<论语>学,使<论语>学发展到一个新的高峰.     

《大智度论》的"念佛"思想研究

<大智度论>为诠释大品般若经的论著,被称为"论中之王".该论涉义极其广泛,对念佛法门的阐释也较为详尽.本文从念佛的方法、念佛与般若、念佛与见佛、念佛与往生等角度入手,对<大智度论>中的念佛思想进行分析与研究.     

论"学而时习"对孔子哲学的奠基意义——对《论语》首章的尝试性解读

作为整部<论语>开篇的"学而时习",传统注疏都关注于"学"字,而且以"记诵或诵习传统经典"来界定其内容.这一传统诠释路径遮蔽了"学而时习"的真意.其实,"学"作为"觉或悟"、"习"作为"行",从注目于"行"本身的角度,"学而时习"的首要意蕴在于强调了人自身源初行动与对此行动之主体性觉悟的统一:一方面是不间断的行动中的觉悟,一方面是觉悟着的不间断的行动之展开.这一源初状态及其后续展开,具有一种不可诘问的源初肯定性,所以为深沉而内在的"悦";后文朋友相与之外在的乐、一般他者不知的无动于衷(不愠),就是在一种递减的意义上昭示"学而时习"的这一奠基意义.如此,它奠定着整个<论语>哲学或孔子哲学的基石.     

论楚竹书《周易》"讦"之卦义

上海博物馆藏战国楚竹书本<周易>简35-36为<讦>卦,其"讦"字凡八见,传本<周易>作"蹇",阜阳汉简本、帛书本均作" ",汉石经则作" 寋 ";又王逸注<楚辞·离骚>、李善注<文选·辨亡论>等,则引<蹇>六二"王臣蹇蹇"作"王臣謇謇",是"蹇"似又可通"謇",异文甚多.<易传>释"蹇"为"难",后世注家多从之.惟考时贤所论,颇有以竹书本之"讦"为正,释<蹇>为专言直谏之卦者.今不揣谫陋,拟为"蹇"之异文作一平议,并就文献征例、卦爻辞义、卦序结构、卦象诸端,考辨<周易>"蹇"之确义.     

"Psychotherapy" versus "treatment"

Presents a comment on "Psychological treatments" by D. H. Barlow. Barlow proposed that we distinguish between the terms "treatment" and "psychotherapy." The author believes that not only is the distinction unnecessary, but that its implications could have negative consequences for the field of clinical psychology. It is the proposed distinguishing feature that treatments are "specifically tailored to the pathological process that is causing the impairment and distress" that is most problematic. Clinical psychology does not need a distinction that further exacerbates the split between researchers and practitioners.     

"Enmeshment" and "Fusion"

The paper examines two related concepts utilized by two different schools of family therapy. Any family seen to be "enmeshed" is also seen as "fused," and vice versa. The difference in the level of focus, on the "system containing the individuals" (structural) or the "individual in the system" (fusion), determines the difference in therapeutic approach of these two schools.     

“对的”与“好的”

什么是“对的”,和对它的证立,是道德哲学中具有争议性的核心问题,也是效用主义和道义论间的主要差异之所在。统合效用主义对于“好的就是对的”这个陈述有一套完整周延的说法。而道义论对这个问题的证立不够周延或没有足够的说服力。     

"本体论"与"伦理学"--形而上学的两个向度

形而上学有两个密切相关的内在向度,就是本体论向度与伦理学向度.在哲学史上,哲学家们之所以在"追求形而上学"的同时,又总是"反形而上学",并非是人们的形上本性出了问题,而是因为人们总是将形而上学视为单纯的"一维性",总是用一个向度来取代或遮蔽另一个向度.而所谓的"后形而上学思想",也并不是消解了形而上学,而是指形而上学从"本体论向度"转向了"伦理学向度".     

"石狮"、"风水"与"吉祥"

谁都知道,在古老的中国,不管是衙门、宫殿、庙宇的门前,还是豪宅、大户人家的门口,人们都能看到摆着一对石狮。据说,这对石狮子在许多中国人的心目中,它不但是一种气派的象征,而且还是一种被人认为是好的“吉祥物”。如今,旧时的衙门没有了,但遗留下来的宫殿、庙宇的门前,其中有些石狮仍有保存。然而,想像不到的是,这号称“吉祥物”的石狮今天却开始“走”进某些党政机关的大门口,它们(石狮)在那里时时都在保护着这些政府要员“平平安安”、“吉祥如意”。这不仅使我联想起一些极端的报道,有些政府官员为升迁,请算命先生定位,用风水术为政府…     

PREFERRING "HOUSEWIVES" TO "FEMINISTS"

Four studies are described outlining the favorability of attitudes toward women. In Study 1, participants indicated their attitudes toward women and men and their construal of the term "women". The results revealed that women were evaluated more favorably than men, but that male right-wing authoritarians (RWAs) who construed women as referring primarily to feminists were least favorable in their attitudes. In Study 2, participants indicated their attitudes toward both "housewives" and "feminists". The results revealed that feminists were evaluated less favorably than housewives, and that the most negative attitudes toward feminists were expressed by authoritarian men. Study 3 revealed that high-RWA males held more negative symbolic beliefs concerning feminists (i.e., beliefs that feminists failed to promote participants'values) and that these beliefs accounted for variation in attitudes among high RWAs and much of the RWA-attitude relation. Finally, Study 4 revealed that high RWAs perceived greater value dissimilarity between them-selves and feminists. The implications of the findings for future research are discussed.     

"Us" and "Them":

Abstract: In the Aristotelian tradition, politics is a matter of public deliberation over questions of justice and injustice. The Bush administration's response to the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, has been uniformly hostile to this notion, and it has instead promoted a jingoistic politics of self‐assertion by an America largely identified with the executive branch of its government. This is doubly disturbing, as the executive branch has sought to free itself from international law, multinational commitments, and domestic judicial regulation, even as it has sought to validate itself by demonizing its enemies. This essay draws out the disturbing echoes here of Carl Schmitt's work of the 1920s, in particular of Schmitt's conception of the sovereign as the ungrounded ground of the law and the political as the site of mortal conflict between friend and enemy. The essay argues that Schmitt's position in the twenties, for all of its evident problems, is superior to that of Bush, Wolfowitz, and Ashcroft in at least two senses: Schmitt condemns the idea of waging war for profit and recognizes that such wars will often be disguised as moral crusades waged against the “inhuman”; and he acknowledges that claiming to fight a war for humanity denies one's enemies their humanity, leaving them open to torture and even extermination.     

从"管制"到"平衡"--政府与公众理想关系模式的构建及其制度化

论文从行政民主的角度探讨政府与公众之间的理想关系模式及其制度化构建过程 ,将我国在改革之前的政府与公众模式概括为管制模式。论文指出 ,在制度变迁的过程中 ,这一模式日益受到挑战。而在新的制度环境下 ,我国政府与公众的关系模式应该是平衡模式。这一模式的制度化措施包括培育自主的市民社会 ,赋予公众以独立的活动空间 ;促进行政公开 ,建立一个开放负责的政府 ;推进行政法建设 ,抑制行政恣意     

The "Natural" and the "Formal"

The paper presents an argument against a metaphysical conception of logic according to which logic spells out a specific kind of mathematical structure that is somehow inherently related to our factual reasoning. In contrast, it is argued that it is always an empirical question as to whether a given mathematical structure really does captures a principle of reasoning. (More generally, it is argued that it is not meaningful to replace an empirical investigation of a thing by an investigation of its a priori analyzable structure without paying due attention to the question of whether it really is the structure of the thing in question.) It is proposed to elucidate the situation by distinguishing two essentially different realms with which our reason must deal: the realm of the natural, constituted by the things of our empirical world, and the realm of the formal, constituted by the structures that we use as prisms to view, to make sense of, and to reconstruct the world. It is suggested that this vantage point may throw light on many foundational problems of logic.