人员选拔研究的新进展

本文在大量的文献基础上,从三个方面介绍了近十余年来人员选拔的新进展：预测源内容和过程研究、新兴选拔模式和内容研究、选拔有效性研究。从中可以看到人员选拔的以下几个特点：①在选拔模式和内容上．人员选拔突破了传统的框架;②选拔有效性原因研究受到重视;⑧团队成员选拔,跨文化选拔成为选拔研究的新热点．并获得了有价值的研究成果。     

基于DS/AHP的人员选拔方法

该研究针对人员选拔方式以选拔人员的主观判断为基础的特点,介绍一种解决不确定型多属性决策问题的DS/AHP方法。据此构造人员选拔的数学模型,对人员选拔信息进行分解与合成,将非确定性的主观评价转化为对定量指标的评价,在不同程度上得到候选人员所处的各种区间范围。实证分析表明,该方法可以对人员选拔信息进行合理的分解与融合,并且能够有效地处理人员选拔过程中的模糊性与不确定性。     

评价中心简介——选拔和评价管理人员的一种方法

评价中心是一种方法,而不是一个场所。这种方法的主要特点是把求职者置于一个模拟的工作情境中,运用多种评价技术,观察和测量他们在模拟情境下的心理和行为。这种方法过去叫情境测验法,现在叫模拟选择法。它起源于心理学家哈茨霍恩和梅(H.Hartshorne&M.A.May)等人的性格研究。第二次世界大战期间,德国军事心理学家首先使用这种方法选拔军事人员。四十年代初期,英国陆军作战部人员选拔局、1948年美国战略情报局都运用这种方法选拔特工人员。战后麦金农(D.W.Mackinnon)和其它学者将此种方法发展为选拔高级人员。1956年美国电话、电报公司首次运用这种方法选拔与评价工业企业的管理人员.     

日本职业指导工作介绍

(一) 简史职业指导(Vacational Guidance)和人员选拔(Personnel Selection)是职业心理学中两个主要组成部分,人员选拔是为某一工作选合适的人,职业指导是给人找合适的工作。前者是为事择人、后者是为人择事。这两者在性质上是不一样的,但它们的基本点都是强调工作与人的能力与特点的相互配合。劳动心理学中大多以职业选拔为主,如飞行员选拔,危险及重要的工作岗位的工作人员的选拔等,但为人择事也具有不应忽视的积极作用。     

基于三角互动模型评判人员选拔的有效性

分析了评判人员选拔的有效性存在的误区,指出评判人员选拔的有效性不应局限于评判素质测评的有效性,还应该全面地评判工作分析、人员管理、绩效评估等环节的有效性。提出了评判人员选拔有效性的三角互动模型,并指出这一模型所揭示的提高人员选拔有效性的途径。     

人员选拔中的不准确性来源及对策

在组织人员选拔中存在着一些不准确性来源．这些不准确性直接影响组织人员招募与配置的效果。该文从主观和客观两个维度探讨了人员选拔中的不准确性来源,并提出了减少人员选拔中不准确性来源的对策。     

飞行驾驶能力智能评估系统在飞行学员选拔中的应用

1引言八十年代以来,计算机技术与心理学方法的结合给心理学方法应用于飞行学员的选拔带来了飞跃。飞行人员基本素质测验和飞行员基础测试的独特方法以及飞行人员选拔系统的应用,提高了飞行员心理选拔的测试效度。本研究将自行设计研制的飞行驾驶能力智能评估系统应用于飞行学员选拔,现报告如下。2材料和方法2．1测验系统研制组根据飞行驾驶特点设计研制出飞行驾驶能力智能评估系统。这套系统由视景、操纵、语音和评估四个子系统组成。2．2测验程序2．2．1测验前被试集体（20～30人）观看30min的指导操作录像。录像内容为演示操作这套系统…     

人员选拔方法之评定

本文扼要介绍国外心理学家关于人员选拔中所使用的各种方法的评定比较情况。评定按效度、公平程度、可使用性以及成本四项加以比较,每一项分高、中、低三级。所得结果可供心理学家及人事工作人员在进行人员选拔和安置工作时参考。     

社会技能量表简介

本文主要介绍了社会技能量表的构成、施测和计分方法及常模。还简要介绍了该量表的信度与效度研究。社会技能量表是一份可以广泛应用于咨询与治疗、婚姻研究、管理与领导训练、人事选拔、健康心理学等领域的有效工具。     

美军EPAS系统对我军士兵职业分类研究的启示

EPAS（Enlisted Personnel Allocation System）是美军新开发的军人选拔分配系统。该系统采用最优线性匹配程序,通过预测绩效最大化,提高应征人员岗位匹配的有效性,以满足部队兵员分配的需求。本文从美军应征人员分配标准出发,介绍了该系统的历史沿革、主要原理,并阐明了对我军士兵职业分类研究的启迪。     

Suicide in the U.S. Army: epidemiological and periodic aspects

An overview of suicide in the U.S. Army is presented in two sections: (1) the epidemiology of U.S. Army suicides, based on biennium reports, and (2) the temporal aspects of those suicides compared with the data for the United States as a whole. A brief historical review documents some of the changes in contemporary military suicide rates compared to those of the past century. The cycles in the number of suicides by day of the week, day of the month, and the month of the year for the U.S. Army are computed and contrasted with those reported for the U.S. resident population.     

AN OVERVIEW OF THE ARMY SELECTION AND CLASSIFICATION PROJECT (PROJECT A)

This paper serves as an introduction and background for the remaining papers in this issue, which describe in somewhat more detail the major pieces in the Army's Selection and Classification Project (Project A). The principal objectives, the methods being used, and the basic research design of Project A are outlined. Project A was a 7-year effort conducted by the Army Research Institute and a consortium of three research firms. The overall objective was to generate the instrumentation and validity information data base that are necessary for modeling and developing an organization-wide selection and classification system. Both the scientific and practical implications of the project are noted.     

Warrior Resilience and Thriving (WRT): Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT) as a Resiliency and Thriving Foundation to Prepare Warriors and Their Families for Combat Deployment and Posttraumatic Growth in Operation Iraqi Freedom, 2005–2009

Warrior Resilience and Thriving (WRT) and Warrior Family Resilience and Thriving were the U.S. Army’s first combat Soldier and Family cognitive resiliency training classes based on Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT). WRT, as a pilot program, was designed to enhance soldier and family resiliency, thriving and posttraumatic growth prior to, during and following combat deployments. WRT alloys REBT self-coaching, Army Warrior Ethos, Stoic, survivor and resiliency strategies to teach and promote advanced resiliency, emotional management and critical thinking to soldiers and their families. This article will describe efforts initiated by the author, who served twice in Operation Iraqi Freedom where he developed WRT, as well as training he conducted for over 12,500 Warriors as the Prevention Team Leader for the 98th Combat Stress Control Detachment serving Baghdad. Risk Factors for Army Warriors and families and the advantages of existential and philosophically-based interventions like REBT are described along with a brief inventory of Army resiliency initiatives.     

Review of psychomotor skills in pilot selection research of the U.S. military services

This review provides an historical perspective of the use of psychomotor, perceptual--cognitive paper-and-pencil, and automated tests for the selection of pilot trainees by the U.S. military services. Automated versions of vintage psychomotor tests (developed in the 1930s and 1940s) seem to be as predictive of military pilot/aviator performance today as in the past. The psychomotor tests receiving the most attention today are the Complex Coordination and Two-Hand Coordination tests originally developed by Mashburn and colleagues [correction of colleges] before World War II (Mashburn, 1934). These tests were significant predictors of Air Force and Navy pass--fail criteria in the past, and automated versions are similarly predictive today. The U.S. Army and Air Force are now using a combination of paper-and-pencil and automated psychomotor--cognitive tests for initial selection (Air Force) or helicopter assignment (Army). It appears that the Navy is considering the use of automated cognitive and psychomotor tests in a selection battery of the future.     

Reliability of the Attitudes Toward Women Scale (AWS) and the Personal Attributes Questionnaire (PAQ)

The stability and internal consistency of Spence and Helmreich's Attitudes Toward Women Scale (AWS) and Personal Attributes Questionnaire (PAQ) are reported. An entire first-year class of 1,007 male and 78 female cadets at the U.S. Military Academy were given a battery of psychological tests before and after cadet basic training, a 2 1/2-month period. The AWS and PAQ proved to be highly reliable, comparable to other frequently used psychological tests. This psychometric information encourages researchers to make further use of these gender-related instruments.This research was conducted under research grants from the Army Research Institute (Alan G. Vitters and Jerome Adams, Principal Investigators). The views expressed herein are opinions of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the policy of the U.S. Army, the U.S. Military Academy, or the Army Research Institute. The authors appreciate the editorial comments of Dr. Brenda Major.     

Child Care Use,Earnings, and Reenlistment Desires of Wives of Enlisted Soldiers in the U. S. Army

The U S . Army manages more than 600 Child Development Centers and about 12,000 Army-licensed Family Care Homes with a daily attendance of more than 80,000 children. This article analyzes use of child care services in relation to Army wives' earnings, their satisfaction with Army life, and their desire for their husbands' reenlistment in the Army. Data for wives (n = 1,007) of enlisted soldiers from a 1987 U.S. Department of the Army Survey of Families were used to estimate a system of four simultaneous equations. These data were comparable with similar data collected in 1992. Results revealed that the first criterion variable of child care use was associated positively with the wives' earnings and negatively with the age of the youngest child. The second criterion variable of wives' earnings was related positively to the use of child care services. The third criterion variable of wives' satisfaction with Army life, however, related negatively to their dissatisfaction with the cost of Army child care services. The fourth criterion variable of the wives' satisfaction with Army life was related positively to their desires for their husbands' reenlistment in the Army. Other studies suggest that a wife's desire for her husband's reenlistment has a great influence on his decision to stay. Therefore, the military policy makers might increase Army wives' satisfaction with Army life by lessening dissatisfaction with the cost of child care services, perhaps by reducing user charges for them.     

Implementing Firearms Restriction for Preventing U.S. Army Suicide

Suicide among U.S. Army soldiers remains a significant concern for both population health and personnel readiness, with firearms constituting the majority of soldier suicides. Means restriction, or removing an at-risk soldier’s access to lethal means, is a well-established procedure for reducing suicides. Nonetheless, various cultural, legal, and practical concerns may encumber firearms restriction implementation in the U.S. Army. This article reviews policy relevant to firearms restriction, including federal laws, Department of Defense directives, and U.S. Army regulations. Recommendations are provided for providers and commanders that balance the rights of soldiers with the need to ensure safety. In particular, installation restriction, field settings, enlisting supportive others, unit engagement, and off-installation storage are discussed. These approaches span the public health intervention model, providing numerous potential avenues to a balanced approach for firearms restriction in preventing suicide.     

Estimating the Organizational Costs of Sexual Harassment: The Case of the U.S. Army

A general model for estimating the organizational costs of sexual harassment in the workplace is proposed along with model-specific costing formulas. A partial implementation of the model is applied to sexual harassment incidence data for the Army gathered as part of a large-scale survey of the U.S. military services. Results indicate that the total annual cost of sexual harassment in the U.S. Army in 1988 was over $250,000,000. Organizational implications are discussed.     

直觉在军事决策中的应用

直觉决策是以决策者经验为基础的无意识的决策过程.现代战争的动态性、不确定性、复杂性和模糊性要求指挥员在战场当中要善于利用直觉进行快速决断.受到决策的双系统理论以及再认启动决策模型思想的影响,美军从20世纪80年代后期开始重视直觉决策在制定作战计划中的作用,相关研究机构积极探索培养指挥员直觉决策能力的方法,作战条令中也逐渐融入了直觉决策的理念.美军的研究发现和实践结果不仅揭示了基于经验的直觉决策过程的内在心理机制,而且对我军培养适合于未来战争的优秀指挥人才具有启示作用.     

An Event History Analysis of First-Term Soldier Attrition

The study of attrition has largely focused on identifying demographic or biographic characteristics that predict whether soldiers complete their enlistment term. As a result, much is known about who attrites. Less is known about why soldiers attrite. This research assessed the influence of two psychological factors on U.S. Army soldier attrition: self-reported confidence that one could complete one’s term of service and ambivalence regarding the decision to enlist. The study sample consisted of first-term enlisted soldiers (N = 14,808) who were respondents to Army surveys. Results of fitting three longitudinal models indicated that confidence in being able to complete one’s term of obligation was more predictive of attrition for those reporting greater ambivalence regarding the decision to enlist. This effect was significant throughout a 3-year period. This work adds to our understanding of attrition by highlighting the role of confidence and ambivalence. Implications for strategies to reduce attrition are discussed.