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三种处理下条件三段论推理加工过程的发展研究 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
1 引言 二十世纪以来 ,研究者们 (如Johnson -Laird、Holyaok、Cheng和Sloman等人 )关于条件三段论推理的研究主要集中在对成人推理过程的研究上 ,并意识到成人的推理主要在两个推理系统中进行 ,一是以规则为基础的推理系统 (rule -basedsystem) ;一是以经验联想为基础的推理系统 (associativesystem)。正确推理涉及内容和形式两个方面。前者指前提和结论在事实上的真假 ,涉及各种具体知识 ,后者是指推理形式或推理结构问题。对儿童青少年条件三段论推理的发展研究 ,就目前研究看 ,一方面研究数量不多 ,另一方面也还不够深入。Markov… 相似文献
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关于条件推理的ERP研究 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
以抽象的条件命题作为实验材料,测定13名大学生在完成MP、AC、DA、MT推理(推测判断任务)和基线任务(记忆判断任务)时的事件相关电位(ERP),初步探讨不同推理类型的脑内时程动态变化。这是使用ERP技术来研究条件推理脑机制的初步尝试。结果发现,五种任务所诱发的ERP早成分均不存在显著差异,在头皮前部的左外侧额区和左颞区,MP与DA推理与基线任务相比,均诱发一个更明显的晚期正成分(450-1100ms),在右外侧额区则诱发一个更明显的晚期负成分(450~1100ms);与之相反,MT与AC推理与基线任务相比,在左侧诱发一个更明显的晚期负成分(450~1100ms),在右侧诱发一个更明显的晚期正成分(450~1100ms),这一结果可能是由于左右脑在推理中的认知功能以及四种推理类型之间存在的差异所致,同时也表明推测过程主要激活了左右侧的前额部、颞叶等区域,基本支持Goel等人的双加工理论 相似文献
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语篇阅读中高级目标推理的机制 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
建构主义理论和最小假设模型是有关推理研究的两个比较系统的理论。建构主义理论认为在自然阅读过程中,读者会即时产生高级目标推理,而最小假设模型认为在自然阅读过程中,高级目标推理不会即时产生。该研究采用词汇判断和命名的方法,250ms和500ms两种延时程序,以较连贯的自然语篇为实验材料,对语篇阅读中的高级目标推理机制进行了研究。实验结果发现,被试在阅读过程中即时产生了高级目标推理,这与建构主义理论的预测相一致。 相似文献
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将亚里士多德在《尼各马可伦理学》第六和第七卷中论述的实践推理形式排除在审思之外是不恰当的,事实上跟第三卷的所谓"手段-目的"样式一样,亚里士多德在第六和第七卷中所谓"规则-案例"样式同样在讨论审思的形式。第六、第七卷中亚里士多德将实践理性的审思称为关于实践行动的推理,但是它完全不同于理论三段论,称之为实践三段论有误导之嫌。区别于理论推理,实践推理的大前提都跟人的善好、规范性的"应当"、欲望有关。而人的善好和幸福这个领域并不是理论思考的范围。实践理性所关涉的,无论是理论还是对象,都不是固定不变的,会出现欲望和大前提冲突、大前提之间相互冲突的情况。一个真正有实践智慧的人,会在具体的情境中,通过努斯觉察到具体的道德特征,从而把握到适用的大前提。 相似文献
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本研究采用2X2两因素(自变量分别为“心理模型数量”和不同“内容性质”)重复测量拉丁方实验方法,在范畴三段论推理题的内在结构为“形式正确”,且“推理者已经掌握相应的形式逻辑推理规则”的前提条件下,对西方学者提出的“心理模型”与中国学者提出的“推理题和推理者的推理知识双重结构模型”这两种理论模型再次进行了实验比较研究。结果表明,对于“正确形式—正确内容”和“正确形式—错误内容”两种不同结构的推理题,若按照形式逻辑规则来判定推理者“对各推理题的结论能否从两个前提中推论出来的推论结果”是否正确,则有:(1)当推理题含有错误内容的情况下,即使该推理题只是由“一个心理模型”所构成,也会使推理者降低对其结论判定为“正确”的可能性;(2)当推理题是由正确内容所构成时,即使该推理题是由三个心理模型所构成,对其结论判定为“正确”的可能性也要比“单模型——错误内容”构成的推理题的可能性更高。由此得到的比较结论是:在本实验条件下,“推理题和推理者的推理知识双重结构模型”对实验结果所做的解释要比“心理模型”理论所做的解释更为贴切。 相似文献
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学前儿童时期是各种推理能力产生和发展的重要时期。本研究采用Frye和Zelazo等(1996)所设计的“二进二出”装置,设置了规则顺序、规则类型的规则推理任务,采用个别实验法,研究了90名3~4岁儿童规则推理能力的发展。在本研究条件下,结果发现:1.当规则呈现顺序不同时,儿童规则推理成绩差异显著,先呈现哪个规则,则利用这个规则进行推理的成绩就较好;2.不同规则类型下儿童的推理成绩差异极其显著,竖直规则下的推理任务更容易;3.3.5~4岁是儿童二维合取规则推理能力发展的快速期。 相似文献
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儿童行为与心理水平的特质推理的发展 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
选取4岁组、5岁组、7岁组、10岁组、12岁组儿童和成人共192名(各年龄组32名, 男女各半)为被试, 采用个别测查法考察学前和小学儿童行为与心理水平的特质推理发展。结果表明: (1)4岁时儿童已能进行行为水平的特质推理, 5岁时才能进行心理水平的特质推理, 即使用特质引发规则进行特质推理, 10岁时两者均达到成人水平。(2)4岁、5岁时儿童心理水平的特质推理显著落后于行为水平的特质推理, 至少7岁时两者处于同一水平上。(3)儿童使用概念相似规则而不是情境匹配规则进行行为预测。(4)4岁儿童不使用简单效价规则进行行为预测, 5岁及以上儿童使用简单效价规则, 但他们是在区分同一特质范畴和不同特质范畴的基础上、在较低的确定程度上使用该规则。 相似文献
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Phiniki Stouppa 《Studia Logica》2007,85(2):199-214
We present a cut-admissible system for the modal logic S5 in a formalism that makes explicit and intensive use of deep inference.
Deep inference is induced by the methods applied so far in conceptually pure systems for this logic. The system enjoys systematicity
and modularity, two important properties that should be satisfied by modal systems. Furthermore, it enjoys a simple and direct
design: the rules are few and the modal rules are in exact correspondence to the modal axioms.
Presented by Heinrich Wansing 相似文献
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In this paper we show that, in Gentzen systems, there is a close relation between two of the main characters in algebraic logic and proof theory respectively: protoalgebraicity and the cut rule. We give certain conditions under which a Gentzen system is protoalgebraic if and only if it possesses the cut rule. To obtain this equivalence, we limit our discussion to what we call regular sequent calculi, which are those comprising some of the structural rules and some logical rules, in a sense we make precise. We note that this restricted set of rules includes all the usual rules in the literature. We also stress the difference between the case of two-sided sequents and the case of many-sided sequents, in which more conditions are needed. 相似文献
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Kai Brünnler 《Studia Logica》2006,82(1):51-71
Deep inference is a natural generalisation of the one-sided sequent calculus where rules are allowed to apply deeply inside
formulas, much like rewrite rules in term rewriting. This freedom in applying inference rules allows to express logical systems
that are difficult or impossible to express in the cut-free sequent calculus and it also allows for a more fine-grained analysis
of derivations than the sequent calculus. However, the same freedom also makes it harder to carry out this analysis, in particular
it is harder to design cut elimination procedures. In this paper we see a cut elimination procedure for a deep inference system
for classical predicate logic. As a consequence we derive Herbrand's Theorem, which we express as a factorisation of derivations. 相似文献
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Schmitt D 《Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior》1998,70(1):1-21
Rules in the form of advice can inaccurately state the effects of recommended responses by overstating or understating size of the consequences. Three experiments investigated the effects of such inaccuracies on patterns of rule control and rule choice with female college students. In Experiment 1, signaled accurate, overstated, or understated rules specified that a given number of points would be earned by pressing a designated key. For some subjects, rules specified a number of points to be gained; for other subjects, rules specified a number of points to be lost from an amount given earlier. Point totals stated in the inaccurate rules averaged 25% more (overstated) or 25% less (understated) than those received. When subjects could choose either the response specified in the rule or an alternative response that produced an unpredictable number of points, they showed greater sensitivity to the inaccuracy of overstated rules than understated rules. In trials at the end of the experiment in which subjects could choose which rule to see, subjects did not always choose accurate rules and often chose inaccurate rules for which they had shown less sensitivity earlier. Experiment 2 replicated this pattern in which subjects could choose which type of rule to see on a greater number of trials. Some evidence suggested that subjects prefer an improvement from the outcomes promised to those later received. In Experiment 3, rules misstated by averages of 25% and 50% were compared. Evidence suggested that increasing the size of the misstatement reduced the discrimination of inaccurate rules from accurate ones. 相似文献
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计算机化分类测验(Computerized Classification Testing, CCT)能够高效地对被试进行分类, 已广泛应用于合格性测验及临床心理学中。作为CCT的重要组成部分, 终止规则决定测验何时停止以及将被试最终划分到何种类别, 因此直接影响测验效率及分类准确率。已有的三大类终止规则(似然比规则、贝叶斯决策理论规则及置信区间规则)的核心思想分别为构造假设检验、设计损失函数和比较置信区间相对位置。同时, 在不同测验情境下, CCT的终止规则发展出不同的具体形式。未来研究可以继续开发贝叶斯规则、考虑多维多类别情境以及结合作答时间和机器学习算法。针对测验实际需求, 三类终止规则在合格性测验上均有应用潜力, 而临床问卷则倾向应用贝叶斯规则。 相似文献
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We chart the ways in which closure properties of consequence relations for uncertain inference take on different forms according
to whether the relations are generated in a quantitative or a qualitative manner. Among the main themes are: the identification
of watershed conditions between probabilistically and qualitatively sound rules; failsafe and classicality transforms of qualitatively
sound rules; non-Horn conditions satisfied by probabilistic consequence; representation and completeness problems; and threshold-sensitive
conditions such as ‘preface’ and ‘lottery’ rules.
Special Issue Formal Epistemology I. Edited by Branden Fitelson 相似文献