聋生1秒以下与以上的视时距知觉研究

采用时距二分任务,探讨聋生在视觉通道的1s以下和1s以上时距知觉的特点。结果发现,在1s以下条件下,聋生时距判断准确性低于普通学生;聋生CNV峰值与LPCt波幅低于普通学生,CNV潜伏期短于普通学生,LPCt峰值潜伏期长于普通学生。在1s以上条件下,聋生时距判断准确性高于普通学生;聋生N1、P2、CNV与LPCt成分各项指标与普通学生均没有显著差异。这说明,听觉丧失损伤了聋生1s以下的时距记忆与决策过程,支持了普遍缺陷假设;但听觉丧失未对聋生1s以上时距加工产生显著影响,支持了感觉补偿机制。因此,时距长度在听觉丧失对视觉时距知觉的影响中具有调节作用,为时间认知的分段综合模型提供了新的支持证据。     

数目及其呈现方式在不同范围内对时间知觉的影响

采用时间比较法,考察数目及其呈现方式对时间知觉的影响。任务中,首先呈现标准时距,此时变化刺激的数目或呈现方式,然后呈现比较时距,被试的任务是判断比较时距比标准时距长还是短。实验1和实验2分别采用1秒内和1秒以上的时间,结果发现： 1秒内的时间加工中,刺激一个一个连续呈现时,小数引起标准时距的低估,大数导致标准时距的高估,而同时呈现时,刺激的数目对知觉到的时间无影响;数目及其呈现方式影响计时的准确性,而对计时的变异性和敏感性无影响。时间在1秒以上,同时呈现和连续呈现条件下,刺激的数目影响知觉到的时间;计时的     

疼痛背景下时距知觉的变化

时距知觉指对数百毫秒到数个小时时长的知觉, 是日常生活中许多活动的基础。时距知觉受到相当多因素的影响, 如唤醒、注意、动机等。疼痛是一种多维度的心理及生理现象, 包含有感觉分辨、情绪动机、认知评价三个成分。近期研究证明时距知觉会在疼痛背景下发生改变。疼痛背景下时距知觉的相关研究主要涉及三个方面：(1)健康被试对疼痛面孔的时距知觉; (2)实验室诱发疼痛对健康被试时距知觉的影响; (3)临床疼痛患者的时距知觉变化。探索疼痛背景下时距知觉的变化, 可以为理解疼痛的发生发展机制以及时间知觉的机制提供一个新视角。     

耳听为“实”，眼见为“虚”：推断任务对共情准确性视听通道效应的影响

研究通过呈现不同感觉通道的材料,测量女性推断同性的想法和感受的准确性,探讨视、听觉通道对共情准确性的影响。结果表明,无论是推断想法还是感受,听觉单通道对共情准确性的贡献都优于视觉单通道。视听双通道和听觉单通道对共情准确性的贡献依赖于推断任务：推断想法时,听觉单通道和视听双通道的准确性相当;推断感受时,听觉单通道比视听双通道更准确。     

视时距知觉适应后效的空间选择性

时距知觉适应后效是指长时间适应于某一特定时距会导致个体对后续时距产生知觉偏差。其中对视时距知觉适应后效空间选择性的探讨存在争议,有研究支持位置不变性,也有研究支持位置特异性。这类研究能有效揭示时距编码的认知神经机制,位置不变性可能意味着时距编码位于较高级的脑区,而位置特异性则可能意味着时距编码位于初级视觉皮层。未来还可以探究时距知觉适应后效的视觉坐标表征方式,开展多通道研究以及相应的神经基础研究。     

时距知觉的扭曲:新异刺激效应

时距知觉会受到刺激新异性的影响,新异刺激的呈现时间往往被认为长于等时距重复出现的标准刺激的呈现时间.已有研究在解释这种主观的时距扩张现象时主要涉及三种假设:注意假设、唤醒假设和神经编码效能假设.研究中的变量混淆问题、跨通道效应和时间因素是今后研究中值得思考的几个问题.对于新异刺激效应产生的心理和神经机制,研究者们还存在着较大分歧.进一步探讨其心理和神经机制对理解时距知觉具有重要意义.     

注意在时间知觉中的作用及其理论模型

时间知觉是指对刺激的同时性、时间顺序和持续性的认知加工, 表现为时距和时序两个方面。注意机制可以解释实际时间和主观时间之间的差异：注意的增强会延长对时距的估计, 受注意的刺激会被知觉为提早出现。相关的注意理论模型有AGM模型, 系统仿真模型和AUM模型。未来需关注神经科学方面的证据, 进一步推动时间知觉脑机制和跨通道信息整合的研究。     

发展性阅读障碍与知觉加工

近年来许多行为实验和神经生理学实验都发现 ,发展性阅读障碍与基本知觉障碍有关。在视觉领域研究者提出了巨细胞障碍假设 ,这种假设认为阅读障碍者视觉神经系统中的巨细胞障碍导致他们对某种类型的视觉刺激加工存在困难 ,进而影响阅读。在听觉领域研究发现阅读障碍者加工快速、系列、短暂呈现的声音刺激存在障碍。研究者认为阅读障碍者加工快速刺激输入障碍反映了普遍的时间知觉障碍。这方面的研究发展非常迅速 ,理论观点非常明确 ,并且直接与内在的神经机制相联系 ,形成了与传统的“语言障碍”理论迥然不同的“知觉障碍”理论。“知觉障碍”理论综合了行为、认知和神经等多个层次的研究 ,反映了神经科学发展所带来的巨大影响和认知加工模块化理论的渐渐衰退。     

听障人群的工作记忆机制

听障人群听觉通道受损,使用手语交流,提供了独特的切入点来探讨工作记忆的结构和功能。研究表明,听障人群具备在功能上与正常人的语音环路平行的手语复述机制。通过发声训练,听障人群也可采用语音编码,即语音环路可被通达。听障人群具有与正常人相当的语言工作记忆资源,但是这种资源在具体使用时受视觉通道处理特性的限制。越来越多的研究支持互补理论,认为手语的使用增强了听障人群非语言的视空间处理能力。     

时序知觉研究方法及其影响因素

时序知觉是个体对直接作用于感觉器官的客观事件顺序性的知觉。时序判断任务和同时性判断任务是研究时序知觉的经典实验范式。时序知觉不仅受机体变量,刺激变量及反应变量的影响,还受注意和通道等中介变量的影响。个体的意识和潜意识在同时性、非同时性和序列性时间知觉中的作用问题有待进一步探索。     

Somatosensory prior entry assessed with temporal order judgments and simultaneity judgments

Attention is central to perception, yet a clear understanding of how attention influences the latency of perception has proven surprisingly elusive. Recent research has indicated that spatially attended stimuli are perceived earlier than unattended stimuli across a range of sensory modalities-an effect termed prior entry. However, the method commonly used to measure this, the temporal order judgment (TOJ) task, has been criticized as susceptible to response bias, despite deliberate attempts to minimize such bias. A preferred alternative is the simultaneity judgment (SJ) task. We tested the prior-entry hypothesis for somatosensory stimuli using both a TOJ task (replicating an earlier experiment) and an SJ task. Prior-entry effects were found for both, though the effect was reduced in the SJ task. Additional experiments (TOJ and SJ) using visual cues established that the earlier perception of cued tactile targets does not result from intramodal sensory interactions between tactile cues and targets.     

Recall of order information by deaf signers: Phonetic coding in temporal order recall

To examine the claim that phonetic coding plays a special role in temporal order recall, deaf and hearing college students were tested on their recall of temporal and spatial order information at two delay intervals. The deaf subjects were all native signers of American Sign Language. The results indicated that both the deaf and hearing subjects used phonetic coding in short-term temporal recall, and visual coding in spatial recall. There was no evidence of manual or visual coding among either the hearing or the deaf subjects in the temporal order recall task. The use of phonetic coding for temporal recall is consistent with the hypothesis that recall of temporal order information is facilitated by a phonetic code.     

Temporal order judgment criteria are affected by synchrony judgment sensitivity

Synchrony perception for audio-visual stimulus pairs is typically studied by using temporal order judgment (TOJ) or synchrony judgment (SJ) tasks. Research has shown that estimates of the point of subjective simultaneity (PSS) obtained using these two methods do not necessarily correspond. Here, we investigate the hypothesis that the PSS estimate obtained in a TOJ task is shifted in the direction of the most sensitive part of the synchrony judgment curve, as obtained in an SJ task. The results confirm that criterion shifts in the TOJ task move the PSS toward regions of the audio-visual temporal interval continuum where discriminations are most sensitive.     

疼痛表情对秒下及秒上时距知觉的影响

采用二分法和泛化法范式,在秒下及秒上呈现时距探究疼痛表情对时距知觉的影响。结果发现,使用二分法,疼痛表情在秒上秒下都显著延长了个体的主观时距,但使用泛化法,疼痛表情仅在秒上产生影响。根据时间分段综合模型和范式特点,该实验结果反映疼痛表情对时距知觉的影响在秒上秒下的作用机制可能不同,在秒下主要是通过唤醒影响,在秒上则可能由唤醒和注意共同调节。     

反应选项对时序知觉重复启动效应的影响

先前研究采用两项反应任务发现了时序知觉重复启动效应, 这可能是反应选项导致的虚假效应, 本研究采用三项反应任务对此进行了检验。实验1运用三项判断任务以消除缺乏中间选项所致的反应偏向, 结果发现重复启动显著影响“哪个图形先出现”和“两个图形同时出现”的时序判断; 实验2在实验1的基础上对“同时出现”反应选项进行两种指导语操作, 实验结果不仅与实验1一致, 而且“有把握时判断为同时出现”和“有无把握都判断为同时出现”之间没有显著差异, 说明被试能够识别时序加以判断, 不支持反应偏向的前提条件。因此, 时序知觉重复启动效应不是反应选项产生的反应偏向引发的虚假效应, 重复启动对“系列性”和“同时性”时序知觉都存在显著影响。     

Fitting model-based psychometric functions to simultaneity and temporal-order judgment data: MATLAB and R routines

Research on temporal-order perception uses temporal-order judgment (TOJ) tasks or synchrony judgment (SJ) tasks in their binary SJ2 or ternary SJ3 variants. In all cases, two stimuli are presented with some temporal delay, and observers judge the order of presentation. Arbitrary psychometric functions are typically fitted to obtain performance measures such as sensitivity or the point of subjective simultaneity, but the parameters of these functions are uninterpretable. We describe routines in MATLAB and R that fit model-based functions whose parameters are interpretable in terms of the processes underlying temporal-order and simultaneity judgments and responses. These functions arise from an independent-channels model assuming arrival latencies with exponential distributions and a trichotomous decision space. Different routines fit data separately for SJ2, SJ3, and TOJ tasks, jointly for any two tasks, or also jointly for the three tasks (for common cases in which two or even the three tasks were used with the same stimuli and participants). Additional routines provide bootstrap p-values and confidence intervals for estimated parameters. A further routine is included that obtains performance measures from the fitted functions. An R package for Windows and source code of the MATLAB and R routines are available as Supplementary Files.     

BRIEF REPORT Perception of the duration of emotional events

Participants were trained on a temporal bisection task in which visual stimuli (a pink oval) of 400 ms and 1600 ms served as short and long standards, respectively. They were then presented comparison durations between 400 ms and 1600 ms, represented by faces expressing three emotions (anger, happiness, and sadness) and a neutral‐baseline facial expression. Relative to the neutral face, the proportion of long responses was higher, the psychophysical functions shifted to the left, and the bisection point values were lower for faces expressing any of the three emotions. These findings indicate that the duration of emotional faces was systematically overestimated compared to neural ones. Furthermore, consistent with arousal‐based models of time perception, temporal overestimation for the emotional faces increased with the duration values. It appears, therefore, that emotional faces increased the speed of the pacemaker of the internal clock.     

Remembering in signs

In a short-term memory experiment, signs of American Sign Language in list lengths of three to seven items were presented to deaf college students whose native language is American Sign Language. A comparable short-term memory experiment for words (words representing the English translation-equivalents of the signs) was presented to hearing college students. Recall was written, immediate and ordered. Overall, short-term memory mechanisms in the deaf seem to parallel those found in hearing subjects, even with the modality change. A significant number of multiple intrusion errors made by deaf subjects to signs were based on formational properties of the signs themselves, a result paralleling the phonologically based errors in experiments with hearing subjects.Our results are consistent with a theory that the signs of American Sign Language are actually coded by the deaf in terms of simultaneous formational parameters such as Hand Configuration, Place of Articulation and Movement. Evidence is given that signs are treated by the deaf as consisting of independent parameters — specific to American Sign Language — which are essentially arbitrary in terms of meaning.     

标量计时模型的影响因素及发展

标量计时模型为人类时间知觉的研究提供了理论框架和研究范式, 它采用信息加工的观点, 包含时钟、记忆和决策三个阶段。时间二分任务是在标量计时模型的框架下研究时间知觉和加工的理想范式。它要求被试对时距进行与标量计时模型相对应的多阶段操作, 包含了时间知觉所涉及的各个过程, 能有效测量主观时距和时间敏感性的变化。通过这个范式, 研究者发现, 除了任务参数, 年龄和疾病都会影响人的主观时距和/或时间敏感性。这些时间二分任务的实验结果促进了标量计时模型的发展, 最近提出的两阶段决策模型和差别模型分别以不同的方式对标量计时模型进行了修正, 并解释了参数设置的影响和计时的个体差异。