噻唑烷二酮类药物在1型糖尿病治疗中的价值

噻唑烷二酮类药物(TZD)已在2型糖尿病中广泛应用.鉴于TZD具有增加胰岛素敏感性、抗炎症、调节免疫等作用,对它在1型糖尿病中的应用价值亦有探讨,这有助于指导实践和进一步研究.     

从蛋白质相互作用研究方法的发展看人们认识事物的过程

1　酶联免疫吸附检测法最简单的研究两蛋白质相互作用的是 ,在体外验证两蛋白质的相互作用 ,如验证所制备的抗体是否特异性地与抗原结合 ,这里要求方法 :一要能检测到结合作用 ,二要排除非特异性结合 ,这样人们就建立了酶联免疫吸附检测法 (ＥＬＩＳＡ)。原理是 ,将已知抗原固定在 96孔塑料板上 ,用不同稀释度的抗抗原的第一抗体溶液与其结合 ,经洗涤去除非特异性结合分子后 ,加入用辣根过氧化物酶标记的抗第一抗体的第二抗体 ,洗涤后再加入辣根过氧化物酶的底物 ,底物被酶作用后就转变为有颜色的物质。这样只有在第一抗体与抗原结合了之后…     

噻唑烷二酮类药物在1型糖尿病治疗中的价值

噻唑烷二酮类药物（TZD）已在2型糖尿病中广泛应用。鉴于TZD具有增加胰岛素敏感性、抗炎症、调节免疫等作用,对它在1型糖尿病中的应用价值亦有探讨,这有助于指导实践和进一步研究。     

自动情绪调节的神经机制及其可塑性

自动情绪调节无需意识决定、注意加工及有意控制, 改变着情绪轨迹。迄今为止, 研究仅限于证实其确能低耗高效地改变情绪过程, 尚未对其如何改变情绪过程进行研究。以自动情绪调节的神经机制作为研究对象具有可操作性, 可从行为和心理生理层面, 对自动情绪调节改变情绪过程的机制进行实验研究。研究问题包括：1)通过EEG技术检验自动情绪调节是否影响预备阶段行为反应倾向; 2)自动情绪调节对注意的注意觉醒、注意朝向和注意执行三个阶段的作用机制; 3)自动情绪调节对评价和反应的作用机制; 4)自动情绪调节的可塑性在脑活动上的体现。最终确定自动情绪调节的加工规律, 构建其预备-注意-评价-反应模型, 并为有效控制情绪紊乱和研究出高效的情绪调节干预方案提供理论和实证依据。     

肺炎支原体感染与婴幼儿哮喘

呼吸道感染是耍幼儿哮喘发病的重要因素,肺炎支原体(mycoplasma pneumoniae,Mp)与婴幼儿哮喘的关系是近年研究的热点之一.Mp作为社区获得性常见病原体之一在婴幼儿感染率有增高趋势.Mp感染导致婴幼儿哮喘初次和反复发作可能的机制为:Mp感染可直接损伤呼吸道上皮细胞、影响细胞及体液免疫、粘液分泌和呼吸道上皮内神经调节机制紊乱;反复发作与呼吸道对刺激因子呈现高反应性、呼吸道慢性炎症及婴幼儿特应性体质有关.大环内酯类药物具有抗炎和免疫调节作用.用于治疗Mp相关喘息性疾病时取得了一定疗效.     

小檗碱抗动脉粥样硬化作用及其机制研究进展

小檗碱是从黄连等植物中提取出的含异喹啉类化合物的一种传统中药,作为抗炎、抑菌药物在临床上广泛应用。动脉粥样硬化是导致心脑血管疾病的主要病因,其发病机制经历了脂质渗入学说、炎症反应学说、损伤应答学说等多学说演变过程。近年来研究显示,小檗碱具有防治动脉粥样硬化的作用。本文从调节血脂、抗炎、抗氧化应激、抑制平滑肌细胞增殖和迁移、抗血栓等方面,对小檗碱抗动脉粥样硬化的作用及机制加以综述,为其应用于临床提供理论基础。     

热休克蛋白7O在动脉粥样硬化发病中的双重作用

大多研究表明,热休克蛋白70通过抗凋亡、抗氧化及抗炎症反应而在动脉粥样硬化发病中起保护作用.但亦有研究表明,热休克蛋白70通过促凋亡、促进炎症反应而在动脉粥样硬化的发生发展中起促进作用.说明热休克蛋白70在动脉粥样硬化发病中有双重作用,进行基础研究和临床干预时应考虑到其双面性.     

免疫反应影响动脉粥样硬化进程的两面性

大量研究表明,动脉粥样硬化的发生和发展过程中,能观察到许多免疫反应.然而,免疫反应对动脉粥样硬化的作用却呈现为两面性:免疫系统的激活可加速动脉粥样硬化的形成和发展,也可表现出抗动脉粥样硬化功效.所以,适当的免疫调节干预,有望成为动脉粥样硬化的预防及治疗的新途径.     

情绪调节自我效能感与主观幸福感：情绪调节方式的中介作用

本研究的目的在于探讨青少年情绪调节自我效能感与主观幸福感之间的关系及情绪调节方式在其中的中介作用。采用《情绪调节自我效能感量表》、《情绪调节方式量表》和《主观幸福感量表》对1128名中学生进行测查,结果表明：(1) 情绪调节自我效能感与情绪调节方式、生活满意度、积极情感、消极情感关系紧密;(2) 情绪调节自我效能感和情绪调节方式可显著预测主观幸福感;(3) 减弱调节在情绪调节自我效能感与主观幸福感间起部分中介作用。     

维生素D在甲状腺癌中的研究进展

甲状腺癌是世界范围内最常见的内分泌癌,近些年其发病率和死亡绝对人数不断上升,而现有辅助手术治疗的手段却相当有限。研究发现维生素D除了发挥调节钙磷平衡、骨代谢的作用外,还具有调节免疫功能、治疗甚至预防癌症等多种生物学功能。近来维生素D在甲状腺癌中的研究也正在受到人们的关注,但目前在国内的研究还很少。本文就1,25(OH)_2D_3、维生素D受体及维生素D相关代谢酶对甲状腺癌的发生、发展以及预后的潜在影响做一综述。     

HMGB1在心血管疾病中的研究进展

高迁移率族蛋白B1(high mobility group protein box1protein,HMGB1)是一组高度保守的非组织核蛋白,存在于多种真核细胞的细胞核中。其可通过活化细胞的主动分泌和坏死细胞的被动释放进入胞外,并与配体结合引发信号转导,诱导炎症介质的产生,扩大炎症反应。大量研究表明,HMGB1在心血管疾病的发生发展及转归中起着重要作用,并受到人们越来越多的关注。     

Anticipation of subsequent demanding exercise increases the expression of haem oxygenase-1 mRNA in human lymphocytes

Oxidative stress induces the expression of the cytoprotective and anti-inflammatory protein haem oxygenase-1 (HO-1). In the present investigation, we show that anticipation of subsequent exercise elevates the expression of HO-1 mRNA in lymphocytes. A between-groups comparison of HO-1 mRNA expression in subjects about to complete a half marathon race vs. subjects who were asked to sit quietly in the laboratory showed an elevated expression of HO-1 mRNA prior to exercise (2.6-fold higher in subjects prior to the half marathon, P < 0.01). This observation led us to examine whether anticipation of subsequent exercise leads to differences in lymphocyte HO-1 mRNA expression within the same subjects. In a second experiment, the same individuals completed two trials, one exercise and one rest, approximately 2 weeks apart in a randomised cross-over design. Lymphocyte HO-1 mRNA expression was greater prior to exercise (1.4 +/- 0.3-fold higher in the exercise trial, P < 0.05). These results suggest that knowledge of subsequent demanding exercise may lead to an anticipatory induction of HO-1 mRNA. We tentatively propose that this process has evolved to prepare lymphocytes for subsequent exercise-induced oxidative stress although the mechanism remains to be elucidated.     

On the Respective Roles of Nitric Oxide and Carbon Monoxide in Long-Term Potentiation in the Hippocampus

Perfusion of hippocampal slices with an inhibitor of nitric oxide (NO) synthase-blocked induction of long-term potentiation (LTP) produced by a one-train tetanus and significantly reduced LTP by a two-train tetanus, but only slightly reduced LTP by a four-train tetanus. Inhibitors of heme oxygenase, the synthetic enzyme for carbon monoxide (CO), significantly reduced LTP by either a two-train or four-train tetanus. These results suggest that NO and CO are both involved in LTP but may play somewhat different roles. One possibility is that NO serves a phasic, signaling role, whereas CO provides tonic, background stimulation. Another possibility is that NO and CO are phasically activated under somewhat different circumstances, perhaps involving different receptors and second messengers. Because NO is known to be activated by stimulation of NMDA receptors during tetanus, we investigated the possibility that CO might be activated by stimulation of metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs). Consistent with this idea, long-lasting potentiation by the mGluR agonist tACPD was blocked by inhibitors of heme oxygenase but not NO synthase. Potentiation by tACPD was also blocked by inhibitors of soluble guanylyl cyclase (a target of both NO and CO) or cGMP-dependent protein kinase, and guanylyl cyclase was activated by tACPD in hippocampal slices. However, biochemical assays indicate that whereas heme oxygenase is constitutively active in hippocampus, it does not appear to be stimulated by either tetanus or tACPD. These results are most consistent with the possibility that constitutive (tonic) rather than stimulated (phasic) heme oxygenase activity is necessary for potentiation by tetanus or tACPD, and suggest that mGluR activation stimulates guanylyl cyclase phasically through some other pathway.     

On the Respective Roles of Nitric Oxide and Carbon Monoxide in Long-Term Potentiation in the Hippocampus

Perfusion of hippocampal slices with an inhibitor nitric oxide (NO) synthase blocked induction of long-term potentiation (LTP) produced by a one-train tetanus and significantly reduced LTP by a two-train tetanus, but only slightly reduced LTP by a four-train tetanus. Inhibitors of heme oxygenase, the synthetic enzyme for carbon monoxide (CO), significantly reduced LTP by either a two-train or four-train tetanus. These results suggest that NO and CO are both involved in LTP but may play somewhat different roles. One possibility is that NO serves a phasic, signaling role, whereas CO provides tonic, background stimulation. Another possibility is that NO and CO are phasically activated under somewhat different circumstances, perhaps involving different receptors and second messengers. Because NO is known to be activated by stimulation of NMDA receptors during tetanus, we investigated the possibility that CO might be activated by stimulation of metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs). Consistent with this idea, long-lasting potentiation by the mGluR agonist tACPD was blocked by inhibitors of heme oxygenase but not NO synthase. Potentiation by tACPD was also blocked by inhibitors of soluble guanylyl cyclase (a target of both NO and CO) or cGMP-dependent protein kinase, and guanylyl cyclase was activated by tACPD in hippocampal slices. However, biochemical assays indicate that whereas heme oxygenase is constitutively active in hippocampus, it does not appear to be stimulated by either tetanus or tACPD. These results are most consistent with the possibility that constitutive (tonic) rather than stimulated (phasic) heme oxygenase activity is necessary for potentiation by tetanus or tACPD, and suggest that mGluR activation stimulates guanylyl cyclase phasically through some other pathway.     

The Utility of Animal Models in Understanding Links between Psychosocial Processes and Cardiovascular Health

A bidirectional association between mood disorders and cardiovascular disease has been described; however, the neurobiological mechanisms that underlie this link have not been fully elucidated. The purpose of this review is first to describe some of the important behavioral neurobiological processes that are common to both mood and cardiovascular disorders. Second, this review focuses on the value of conducting research with animal models (primarily rodents) to investigate potential behavioral, physiological, and neural processes involved in the association of mood disorders and cardiovascular disease. In combination with findings from human research, the study of mechanisms underlying mood and cardiovascular regulation using animal models will enhance our understanding of the association of depression and cardiovascular disease, and can promote the development of novel interventions for individuals with these comorbid conditions.     

The relationship between mental vitality and cardiovascular health

Past measurement of vitality has included both emotional and physical components. Since aspects of physical vitality such as fatigue can be indicative of physical illness, the usefulness of existing measures of vitality to predict health is limited. This research was designed to examine the psychometric properties of a new Mental Vitality Scale and to test its associations with measures of cardiovascular health over the course of 2 years. The measure of mental vitality was administered in a two-part study using three different samples. In part 1, the reliability and validity of the scale was assessed with a student and a clinic sample. In part 2, medical data on mental and physical health were abstracted over a two-year period from 1041 patient records from a multi-specialty medical practice, and mental vitality assessed through a mailed questionnaire. The findings indicate that the Mental Vitality Scale is a valid and reliable questionnaire for measuring this construct. Mental vitality was also associated with reduced odds of several cardiovascular outcomes and prospective analyses suggest that mental vitality may serve a protective function in the development of cardiovascular disease. The results lend support for the importance of mental vitality as a construct that may be relevant for considering resilience in relation to cardiovascular disease.     

心内科处理心理障碍患者治疗方案的可行性分析

为了探讨在心内科治疗心理障碍患者的可行性,我们应用汉密尔顿量表评估400例到心内科就诊的患者,对诊断为焦虑或抑郁状态的患者分为两组（心内科干预组,心理科治疗组）,随访半年,观察焦虑或抑郁状态的缓解情况。结果显示,本研究共入选符合心理障碍诊断者71例,占就诊人数的17．75％。到心理科治疗患者30例,在心内科门诊治疗患者41例,半年随访评估,治疗有效率分别为16．7％和79．4％（16．7％vs79．4％,P〈0．05）。因此,在心内科门诊对就诊的心理障碍患者进行治疗,是一种可行的方案。     

The Role of Lay Health Advisors in Cardiovascular Risk Reduction: A Review

Interventions are needed to reduce the negative impact of cardiovascular disease. The combination of health risks for disease, disability, and mortality, particularly among underserved populations, might be best addressed with programs designed to enhance awareness and development of resources within a context of community support. The objectives of this review were to: (1) provide a comprehensive review and evaluation of the roles, evaluation, and effectiveness of LHA in community-based programs with an emphasis on cardiovascular risk reduction; and (2) provide recommendations for future research involving LHA in such programs. Computer and manual searches were conducted of articles in the English-language literature from 1980 to 2007. Twenty articles were evaluated, which emphasized the role of the LHA in cardiovascular risk reduction. A review of research literature provides a starting point for determining salient approaches for intervention and evaluation, issues related to program implementation and sustainability, and strengths and limitations of existing approaches.     

维生素D_3及其受体的临床意义

1,25-(OH)2D3是维生素D在体内发挥生理作用的活性形式。活性维生素D3通过与细胞内特异性维生素D受体结合,除了具有调节钙磷代谢的功能外,还发现其可预防和治疗骨质疏松、心血管疾病、自身免疫性疾病和一些肿瘤等。然而,维生素D缺乏在人群中非常普遍。     

Alief——影响心血管康复的潜在心理状态

心血管康复是涉及医学评价、处方运动、心血管危险因素矫正、教育、咨询和行为干预等的长期综合治疗程序,以改善心血管病的生理和心理状态,减少再次心肌梗死和猝死的危险,控制心血管症状,稳定或逆转动脉硬化过程和改善患者的心理和职业状态。心血管康复干预具体包括药物治疗、行为干预和心理介入等治疗。其中涉及一系列的心理-行为现象及概念。最近,心理医学领域提出了介于信念和想象的状态——Alief,这一具象派状态可以很好地解释与心血管康复相关的一些心理-行为现象,本文就此作一论述。