马克思的主体-客体理论

主体和客体问题是贯穿马克思哲学思想的主线之一。马克思酝酿和建构科学的实践观就是从主体和客体的关系起步的,它构成了科学实践观的核心。马克思不仅揭示了主体和客体的社会的历史的规定性,而且分析了主客体关系的不同层次和方面,确立了主体和客体范畴在认识论和历史唯物论中的地位和作用。在当前,主体和客体的关系问题已经成为哲学斗争中带有根本性的问题之一。因此,探究马克思本人对这一问题的基本观点,对于捍卫和发展马克思主义哲学具有十分重要的意义。     

情侣依恋与情感投入：性别的调节作用

考察情侣依恋、情感投入和性别之间的关系。结果发现,承诺和满意度与焦虑依恋和逃避依恋相关显著,对两种依恋预测作用显著。性别调节作用仅存在于承诺和满意度与焦虑依恋的关系中:男生的承诺与焦虑依恋关系较强;女生的满意度与焦虑依恋关系较强。承诺和满意度与逃避依恋的关系没有性别差异。焦虑依恋和逃避依恋相对独立。性别对承诺和满意度与焦虑依恋和逃避依恋的关系中有不同调节作用。     

物质、运动、时间、空间(续)

六、时间和空间是物质运动存在的形式甲:我想我们应该回到一开始提出的问题,有关时间和空间的问题来了。乙:时间和空间的概念是和物质以及物质的运动分不开的。有物质和物质的运动,就有相应的时间和空间。所以,时间和空间是物质运动存在的形式。这在许多经典著作中都做了详尽的讨论的。     

公民道德建设要注重实效

进行公民道德建设 ,首先要找准切入点 ,也就是确定公民道德建设从何入手 ,以什么为原点和基点。公民道德建设涉及一系列的环节和因素 ,主要有教育和管理两个方面。就现阶段的公民道德建设来说 ,强化社会管理和道德管理是一个关键因素 ,必须处理好道德教育和社会管理的关系。衡量公民道德建设的效果和水平 ,主要有两个基本标准 :一是看这个社会公民的基本道德素质和文明素养如何 ;二是看这个社会群体的道德风尚和社会伦理秩序如何。道德行为养成和训练的重点对象是儿童和青少年 ,同时也应当注重对成年人和各行各业从业人员的行为养成和训练。     

人的非理性和主体性

人的非理性和主体性胡敏中非理性是指不受人的理性所支配的人的无意识、直觉和情感等精神因素和精神过程,它是作为人的精神因素和属性而存在的,它和理性一道共同表征着人是一种精神存在物。人的非理性、理性以及自然性和社会性共同构成了人的总体的和一般的性质,即人本论意义上的人性。主体性是指作为主体的人在和客体的相互作用中所表现出来的能动性、自主自为性和创造性,它表征的是人在和客体的相互关系中处于支配、控制和统治的地位。人的非理性是和人的理性相比较而得以规定自身的。人的理性具有自觉性、抽象性和逻辑性等特征,而人的非理性则具有自发性、突发性、瞬时性、非抽象性和非逻辑性等特性。以上说明,非理性和主体性分别是在不同的参照和定义域中来规定自身的含义的。然而它们又都是规定人的,都是人的特性,相互间有许多相通之处。具体表现在：主体性是建立在人的自然性、社会性和精神性之上,并且是它们在实践和认识活动中相互作用的产物和集中表现出来的特征。仅就人的理性、非理性因素和主体性而言,如果说人的能动性和自主自为性的发挥主要依赖于人的理性,那么人的创造性的发挥则主要依赖于人的非理性。在科学和艺术发展史上,许多重大的发现和发明总是和人的无意识、直党这样     

苏联《马克思列宁主义伦理学》教学大纲

一、马克思主义伦理学的对象、结构和方法 马克思主义伦理学是道德的哲学理论,辩证法的和历史唯物主义的方法论的主要原则适用于道德认识。 社会决定论和道德。道德发展的相对独立性和它对社会经济关系的反作用。客观与主观、社会与个人的辩证法。道德中的阶级因素和全人类因素。     

政治中最低限度的道德

本文探讨了可适应政治行动和思想的自由主义路径的或多或少的最低限度的道德观。以某些关于道德的老生常谈为基础,我们分离出了一系列道义论和后果主义的概念和原则。重点放在正义、自主和消极义务的概念上。我们聚焦于这些原则的实力和意义,及其在道德理性上的作用和成为主流与前提的能力。     

略论文化产品的文化价值和市场交换价值

1、文化产品的文化价值和市场交换价值是两个不同的概念,指称着文化产品的不同的属性。文化是人类实践和认识活动的积极成果,标志着人类认识、改造、利用、建设自然、社会和人自身的水平和程度。文化无论作为人和社会脱离自然状态程度的标志,还是作为人和社会进一步发展的条件,都显示了对于人和社会发展所具有的意义和价值。文化价值所反映的是文化与人、与社会的关系,是人的先前的认识和实践活动成果与人后续的认识和实践活动之间的关系,而对人和社会发展所产生的影响和作用则是评价文化价值的标准和尺度。文化价值存在于各种文化产…     

《古兰经》的伦理道德思想(续)

安拉称远离酒和赌博是得救的一种媒介,相比而言,饮酒和赌博则成为两世失算的原由。 安拉还将酒和赌博列为引起敌对和仇视的根源,而敌对和仇视是人间最大的恶行。 最后指出饮酒和赌博会阻碍人记念安拉和力行拜功,而纪念安拉和力行拜功则是伊斯兰教精神之所在。下面我再分别说明酒和     

调节效应与中介效应的比较和应用

讨论了调节变量的概念和调节效应分析方法,并简要介绍了中介变量的概念和中介效应分析方法。从研究目的、关联概念、典型模型、变量的位置和功能、效应的估计和检验方法等角度,对调节变量和中介变量、调节效应和中介效应以及相应的模型做了系统的比较。作为应用例子,在儿童行为对同伴关系的影响研究中分析和比较了调节变量和中介变量。     

波函数的实在性分析

波函数是量子力学的核心概念。波函数的实在性问题一直是科学实在论与反实在论争论的焦点之一。20世纪上半叶量子力学研究主要是检验量子力学的理论是否正确或完备,仅有少量量子技术产品问世。1935年爱因斯坦、波多尔斯基和罗森(EPR)发表的《能认为量子力学对物理实在的描述是完备的吗?》一文,提出了EPR关联——量子纠缠,直接引发了对量子力学基本问题的论争。(Einstein,Podolsky and Rosen,pp.777-780)基于EPR量子纠缠,1993年本内特(Bennett)等6位科学家在《物理评论快报》发表题为《经由经典和EPR通道传送未知量子态》的重要论文,引发了一系列有关量子信息与量子技术的研究,形成了量子信息理论、量子控制论、量子技术等新的量子科技理论。量子纠缠     

实体和初级关系（FOR）匹配的分离与结合对故事类比通达的影响

采用移动窗口阅读技术深入探讨实体和初级关系（FOR）匹配的分离与结合对故事类比通达的影响,对表面特征和结构特征在类比通达中的作用进行检验。实验1探讨系统变化目标故事和线索故事之间实体匹配数目与实体和初级关系（FOR）匹配的分离与结合是否影响读线索故事时对目标故事的回想。实验2探讨系统变化目标故事和线索故事之间初级关系（FOR）匹配的数目与实体和初级关系（FOR）匹配的分离与结合是否影响读线索故事时对目标故事的回想。实验3探讨实体和初级关系（FOR）匹配的分离与结合对目标故事的通达是否与高级关系（HOR）的匹配有关。结果表明,实体匹配独立影响通达,实体和初级关系（FOR）分离与结合影响故事类比通达,高级的结构关系（HOR）是实体和初级关系（FOR）影响故事类比通达的必要条件。     

Orpheus and Eurydice: a creative agony

The archaic story of the Thracian musician Orpheus and his bride Eurydice is heard first as an ancient myth of marriage and death, wedding and separation. The mixture of expectation and dread in its sentiments is sounded still today in the contemporary wedding songs and funeral laments of the Mediterranean and the Balkans. Similar sequences of engagement and withdrawal, ascent and descent, change and metamorphosis are found in the adventures and vicissitudes of other mythic figures. Its premise of the soul's transmigration and its promise of psychic transformation inspired the religious ruminations and philosophic speculation of many centuries. The shifting keys in the songs of Orpheus and the cries of Eurydice score the shocking emotions of epiphanal moments, the creative 'agon', and a depth psychological passage. With its crescendos and denouements, the Orpheus/Eurydice phenomenon suggests the range of experience as one both engages reality and reaches toward meaning.     

β-受体阻滞剂治疗慢性心力衰竭的哲学发展观

随着科学技术的快速发展和人们认识的不断深入,慢性心力衰竭（CHF）的发病机制处于不断嬗变的过程,CHF的药物治疗概念也发生了根本性的变化。β-受体阻滞剂在CHF的治疗策略中,经历了从禁用到必用的过程,成为了CHF药物治疗的重大突破。大量临床试验表明,β-受体阻滞剂不仅能改善患者预后,而且能明显改善左室的舒张和收缩功能,全面改善患者的血流动力学,提高患者的运动耐量和生活质量,延长生存时间。β-受体阻滞剂在CHF治疗中地位的变化,体现了哲学发展观与疾病的治疗以及药物应用的紧密联系,指导着我们的临床实践,也体现了哲学与自然科学的密切联系。本文将β-受体阻滞剂治疗CHF的新旧观念进行阐述、比较,对其作用机制以及临床用药进行介绍,并对其发展空间进行展望。随着科学的进步,人类有能力从长远的角度控制疾病。     

Following freud in Vienna the psychological Wednesday society and the Viennese psychoanalytical society 1902–1938

Abstract

Mühlleitner E, Reichmayr J. Following freud in Vienna. The Psychological Wednesday Society and the Viennese Psychoanalytical Society 1902-1938. Int Forum Psychoanal 1997;6:73-102. Stockholm. ISSN 0803-706X.

This study of the composition and structure of the Psychological Wednesday Society and the Viennese Psychoanalytical Society during its existence (1902 to 1938) is a contribution to the history of the psychoanalytic movement and an enlargement of the historiographical and empirical basis of psychoanalysis. Traditional opinions about the Wednesday Psychological Society and the Viennese Psychoanalytical Society which tend to be based on generalized observations about groups within the societies can be compared and corrected. The first chapter contains an overview of the development of the membership size: which persons were accepted in which year, the fluctuations of the membership size during this period. The following data on all 150 members is listed in the addendum to the text: first and last name, date and place of birth and death, duration of membership, and year and country of exile. This study, with the aid of tables and figures, presents the size and movement of the group and its structural tendency after World War 1 to become more homogeneous with regard to sex, age, religion and profession. Furthermore, it defines more closely the continuation and discontinuation of the movement. The fluctuations of the membership size are presented in the context of the history of the societies and in relation to the events in the history of this period. Information is given on the average age of members at admission to the group, duration of membership, on the relation of native and foreign members, and the hierarchy within the society. In a total overview of the period, a trend from the initial heterogeneous-harmonic group dynamic to a homogeneous structure is recognizable. The observations in connection with training psychoanalyses, later professional practice and scientific productivity show interesting sex-specific differences. Along with the special role which women played in theViennese Psychoanalytical Society, it is characteristic of this group, that for almost all members, psychoanalytical publications can be traced. The second chapter is concerned with the geographic origin, the familiar milieu and religious background. This field of study is also well known to the scientific Freud-biographic and can be expanded to all the members.Fifty psychoanalysts were, like Sigmund Freud, the daughters and sons of Jewish immigrants from countries of the Hapsburg monarchy. They moved to Vienna either with their parents or alone for school or university education or for professional training. The figures arrived at by the analysis of data regarding 150 members over the 36 year period show that one forth of the total number of members were non-Jewish. After the First World War, the percentage of Jewish members of the Viennese Psychoanalytical Society increased. The group of analysts became more homogeneous with regard to religion and the professional spectnim. Also included in the text are data on emigration, exile and the meaning of women's participation in the Viennese Psychoanalytical Society     

社区感的研究现状（1977～2020）及展望——基于Leximancer的内容分析

社区感是社区心理学领域中最重要的概念之一。全面系统地呈现社区感研究的主题及核心概念,探讨演进趋势及中国场景中的特殊性,对推进我国社区感研究的本土化发展具有重要意义。研究以系统筛查后的644篇SSCI文献的标题及摘要作为分析文本,采用内容分析法对不同阶段及中国本土研究中所呈现的关键主题及核心概念进行阐述和分析。研究结果表明社区感的研究对象以城市居民及学生群体为主; 研究方法主要以实证的问卷调查展开; 社区感的前因变量和结果变量中包含了健康、满意度、邻里关系、生活质量等因素; 社区感研究在不同的发展阶段及中国场景中所关注的话题均有其独特性。基于研究结果,本研究针对社区感的未来发展提供了若干建议,旨在推进社区感在中国本土实践场景下的发展。     

法律正义与道德正义

进入文明时代以来,社会正义一直是人们追求的基本价值目标.社会正义实质上是对人类社会关系(包括个人之间、群体及组织之间、个人与群体及组织之间的相互关系)的公平性、正当性的确认和捍卫,社会正义通常采取法律形式和道德形式来表达.法律正义是以国家意志的形式来表达的社会关系的规定性,它通过制度规范方式来确认和捍卫公民的合法权益和守法义务.道德正义是以德性和良心的形式来表现的社会关系的规定性,它通过伦理规范的方式来确认和维护公民的伦理权利和道德义务.法律正义是道德正义的基础和保障,因而也是社会正义的底线和起点;道德正义是法律正义的前提和灵魂,因而也是社会正义的理想和目标.构建法律正义与道德正义的良性互动关系.是实现社会正义的有效保证.     

Producing the Post-Fordist Public: The Political Economy of Public Engagement with Science

The commercial exploitation of scientific knowledge and increased public participation in democratic decision-making about science and technology have emerged as the two central themes of contemporary science policy in Britain. We argue that the prominence of participatory discourse in contemporary science policy is primarily due to the close fit of this discourse with the post-Fordist and post-industrial economic strategy of the British state. Participation is a form of immaterial labour which gains currency in this phase of capitalism, blurring the distinctions between production and consumption, and between the economy and the political or communicative public sphere. Participation is cognitive, interpretative, affective, and social work which enters into the construction of technologies as bundled material artefacts and cultural meanings. Participation operates both in the production and consumption of goods and in the legitimation of social and political relations. Public engagement exercises prepare the product for the market and the market for the product. Such exercises therefore instantiate the way in which immaterial labour is both productive and political. Participation activates, but also disciplines, the subjectivities of post-Fordist publics. Contrary to the rhetoric of democratization that has accompanied public engagement efforts, these programmes potentially operate as forms of control and co-optation, and promote the shaping of publics as markets.     

Exploring the spiritual in the pedagogy of Friedrich Froebel

Friedrich Froebel (1782–1852) was the inventor of the kindergarten, and his emphasis on childcentredness and play influenced the progressive movement throughout the world. The concepts of unity and wholeness are highly visible in his writings. Religion is addressed in his work and that of his followers, but little attention has been paid to spirituality per se in Froebel’s thought. This paper explores the place of the spiritual in Froebel’s scheme and in some of what has been written about him. It notes his use of the concepts of the spirit and spirituality, and considers the relationship between his faith and the Christian religion. It discusses the ‘laws’ which Froebel enunciated: of Divine Unity, opposites and the connection of opposites; the principle of self-activity; and the process of ‘unfoldment’. These principles are observed in his teaching methods and resources, specifically in the Gifts and The Mother-Song Book of 1844. The paper concludes with a discussion of the implications for such concepts as the spirit of the child and spiritual education. The picture that emerges is of a child-centred education which honours the integrity of childhood. It is argued that such an education, fully embraced, is a spiritual education.     

略论汉初士人在社会秩序建设中的作用

秦末农民大起义,推翻了秦王朝的残暴统治,打乱了封建统治秩序。汉政权建立后,致力于巩固政权,重建社会秩序,这其间士人群体做出了重要贡献。主要表现在三个方面:其一,建章立制,稳定社会。其二,制定和完善礼仪规范,制约社会成员的行为。其三,教化社会。部分士人入仕后担任政权的中下级官吏,他们在任期间,设立学校,教化民众,消除民众的反抗意识。同时严明法纪,为社会秩序的重建做出了种种努力。