建筑就是"让安居"——海德格尔论建筑的本质

建筑问题是海德格尔最为关注的现实世界问题之一,而对此问题之解读成为展开海德格尔中晚期思想的一条重要线索。本文通过对建筑与安居,建筑与空间,建筑与天、地、神、人三个主题的阐释来展开海德格尔对建筑本质的理解,表现了海德格尔对现代人居住生存境域的关注,体现了建筑就是“让安居”的思想内涵,并给予处于工业与绩效社会中的我们以重要的启示。     

海德格尔哲学

本文是威尔德于1963年12月28日在美国哲学协会东部分会学术討論会上所作的报告。报告共分两部分,第一部分是介紹海德格尔哲学,第二部分是批評海德格尔哲学。其基本內容如下: (1)海德格尔认为苏格拉底以前的思想家对于“存在”的高超境界的看法是开朋的,并沒有划分客覌和主覌的畛域。但这并沒有为后世西方传統哲学本体論所继承。“存在”的光要显现存在物却不能不隐蔽它自己。海德格尔认为从柏拉图、亚里士多德起直到尼采和我們的原子时代为止,西方思想是一种自我中心的人本主义的历史发展,其根源就在于“存在之被遺忘”。海德格尔于是提出了“回到存在”。 (2)海德格尔在《存在和时間》中使用了现象学的研究方法,他論証了“在世界中的存在”或“实存”,指出沒有不具备一个世界的人,也沒有不具备实存的世界。人的生存和规划决定了一切事物的意义境界。海德格尔描繪生存世界的时間空間是不同于几何学空間和钟表时間的。他反对一种不具个性的人(即所謂“抽象的人”)的作用,认为眞正的个人生存只能由人在面临死亡的恐惧时向抽象的人作斗爭才可得到。 (3)但是海德格尔在后期著作中有了急剧改变,拒絕了那种太过于主覌和以人类为中心的立場,认为“存在”从超越之处规划着世界,而人不过是处于被规划的場地上。他破坏了旧的形而上学,却又发展一种新的形而上学。他貶低了大众生活和现代科学技术的意义;他抬高了思想家和詩人的地位。“存在”和世界分开了,并且絕对地超越了我們,我們不能理解,只能听命于神秘主义。 (4)作者威尔德批評海德格尔对西方哲学史的解释过分簡单化,也有一些偏见。他探討生存世界和突变的超越都过于抽象而不結合实际。他的抽象的人的概念会使人感到社会生活不眞实,他脫离了政治和社会問題。他追求一个最高的唯一的世界。他对“存在”一詞有許多怪用法,陷于混乱,又往往把“存在”和“最高的唯一的世界”这两个概念混淆起来,使“存在”变成了本体,变成了神話。实际上,除了經由我們人类对世界的有限的“翻版”以外,还找不到达到“存在”的通路。威尔德认为西方思想史的大錯并不是忽略了“存在”,而正是忽略了“最高的唯一的世界”。他主张在早期和后期海德格尔的两种思想极端之間,找到一个第三者。后边还附了德雷法司的一篇《評威尔德論海德格尔》。德雷法司在批評威尔德时指出,海德格尔一貫认为“存在”不能离开人而独立,在晚期并沒有离开自己早期的主覌唯心主义而轉向“客覌主义”。     

“天人合一”与“主客二分”

中国人有一句口头语:“人生在世”。译成白话就是,人生在世界之中,借用海德格尔的语言来说,即“在世界之中存在”(In-der-Welt-sein)。所谓“在世界之中”,或简称曰“在之中”(In-Sein),究竟是什么意思?人总归是在世界之中,这是不待言的,问题是如何“在之中”?对于“在之中”如何理解?这个问题实际上是人和世界的关系问题。按照海德格尔的说法,有两种意义的“在之中”:一是指两个现成的东西,其中一个在另一个“之中”,例如水在杯子“之     

现象学和形而上学

近来,胡塞尔的若干阐述者给他加上了“形而上学者”的称号。按照这些人的用法,“形而上学者”这个词有一个很明确的和专门的意义。在他们看来,海德格尔是典型的形而上学者,因此他们阐述的意图是让我们注意到胡塞尔的著作和他那位最得意的门生(指海德格尔——译者注)的著作之间的重大相似之处。海德格尔在《存在和时间》一书中提出了“存在的含义”问题,并且因为这个缘故,把他的这部著作描述成一部“本体论”意义下的论著。他的探讨,就其想表明人的存在在种类上不同于桌椅的存在,亦即不同于世界上客体的存在的那些方面而言,是“本体论的”。在整个探讨中,存在含义这一中心     

海德格尔的自然阐释学思想浅论

一、“自在之物”与作为“存在问题”的引论如果说自然这个有待解码的“大文本”在康德那里是用数学、物理学语言写成的,那么在海德格尔那里就可以说是用诗(思)的语言写成的;海德格尔的存在之思在很大程度上是与传统思维格格不入的。但是,一般说来,海德格尔的自然阐释理论是从康德哲学出发的。海德格尔自己把对《纯粹理性批判》的解释视为“存在问题”的引论,而试图把康德建构的现代科学认识论世界还原到“在世界之中存在”的结构。众所周知,自康德划分“现象”与“自在之物”的原则区别以后,自在之物问题就是康德哲学中最费解的问题之一。…     

读不懂的海德格尔

人们读不懂海德格尔的著作有各种原因 :不仅有思想、文化、语言等方面的重大差异 ,而且他本人的许多表述和论述也确实不清楚。但我认为还有一条比较主要的原因 ,即翻译问题。尤其当我们以“存在”来翻译他所说的“Ｓｅｉｎ”时 ,带来的问题非常多。围绕“存在”这一翻译术语的问题有许多 ,本文只想探讨其中一个方面 ,即本来是可以读懂的著作 ,由于我们的翻译而变得无法理解 ①。下面举例加以说明。海德格尔在《存在与时间》的导论第一章第一节论述探讨存在问题的必要性 ,他从过去一直流行的三种看法出发进行论述。这三种看法是 :其一 ,存在…     

形式显示的现象学--海德格尔早期弗莱堡讲座研究

本文讨论海德格尔早期弗莱堡讲座中的现象学。作者从题域和方法两个角度上探讨海德格尔这个时期的形式显示现象学。就题域来说,海德格尔试图突破胡塞尔现象学的“知识”或“理论”局限,深入到“前理论的”层面,即所谓前理论的“原始东西”;就方法来说,海德格尔沉思和实践了他所谓的“形式显示”的思路和言路,以此力求与传统哲学的形式化思想方法划界。作者认为,“形式显示”的现象学方法乃是海德格尔在《存在与时间》之前的现象学哲思的最富特色和创意的成分;而由于这种方法上的探索也影响到后期海德格尔的思想道路,因此一般而言,它也标志着海德格尔全部思想的现象学特质。     

评海德格尔的存在主义

在这篇论文中,作者着重分析了海德格尔哲学思想的核心概念——“在”(sein)。这个古老哲学概念就其含义来说,尽管很玄虚,且极不确定,乍读起来,大有令人不着边际的神秘感(因为在海德格尔看来,“在”是喜欢隐蔽自身的),但是,拨开它的重重的玄虚的迷雾,澄清艰涩语言所造成的混沌,我们还是可以看到,所谓“在”,其基本内容还是指人性(人的本性)而言的。海德格尔的存在主义认为,在科学技术如此发达、人们如此沉醉、迷恋于物质享受的现时代,亦即这个“物化了”的世界面前,对“在”的追问,已全然被现代人忘却殆尽或撤到一边去了。“在功利思想中能够起作用的和可作模范的东西却获得了统治地位”。所以,作为一种哲学思潮,存在主义首先关注的就是现代人的内心支离残破状态、它从“在”的异化和它失去对“在”的接触,亦即对“在”的遗忘,从而唤起人们对现代基本危机的注意。海德格尔哲学所大声疾呼的,正是强调人亟需恢复对“在”的神秘感和家园感。在当代资产阶级社会中,由于资产阶级人的危机感日益紧迫,人们要求返回人性(复性)——追问“在”和回向大自然的呐喊声乃是此起彼伏、相当高涨的。现代瑞士著名心理学家容格(C.G.Jung)的一部名著的题目正好一语道破了这片呼声的实质:《追求一个灵魂的现代人》(Modern Manin Search of a Soul)。在海德格尔看来,“现代人”的悲剧多半就在于科学技术抢占了古老形而上学的地盘,结果便造成了工业时代的“既无历史又无家可归的人”。综观全文的内容,我们可以这样说:海德格尔是以抽象的哲学形式,在存在主义的“纯在”分析的基础上,把20世纪资本主义没落阶段,资产阶级社会对资产阶级的人的人格发展的破坏性反映了出来(比如个人的徬徨、畏惧、忧郁、孤寂感和孤立感,便是这种破坏性的结果)。所以,他的有关“在”的哲学实际上就是一种伤感世界末日来临的救世教义的一部分。此外,本文作者还指出,海德格尔的哲学同人们通过一切科学理论来把握世界的途径乃是绝然对立的;他的哲学只知道一条途径,这就是他称之为诗意思维的途径。我们以为,H.M.格拉赫这个评介还是颇为中肯的,因为企图用诗意思维的方式去把握世界,确实是形而上学的特色,即便是海德格尔“反形而上学的”形而上学也不例外。     

康德与形而上学问题——评海德格尔对康德的解释

本文认为,一方面,海德格尔在他的《康德与形而上学问题》中所发挥的对康德的解释,没有停留在单纯字句,而是带有大胆的探索性质,带有真正哲学探索的标记,它始终让我们置身于问题本身,并使这些问题保持着真正的力量和自身的原初性。然而,另一方面,由于海德格尔的解释在最重要的方面采取了“武力索取”的方法,它没有公正对待康德明确坚持的感性与知性的二元论原则,就此而言,海德格尔的解释无异于是在用武力侵犯康德思想,强行让其屈从于自己的形而上学问题。本文坚持认为,领会康德思想的最确定的出发点就是要坚持康德的认识能力二元论原则,以及由此派生的“现象”与“自在之物”、“感性世界”与“理智世界”和“经验”与“理念”的二元区分。     

大地式的存在——海德格尔哲学中的身体问题初探

“海德格尔哲学中的身体问题”所问及的与其说是海德格尔关于身体的看法,不如说仅仅是一个疑问：“为什么海德格尔的主要著作中缺乏关于身体的研究？”本文将首先对这个极具争议性问题的研究现状作一个全面的评述,并指出当前研究中的最大问题就是身体主题总是不自觉地被现成化了。在这种背景下,本文试图另辟蹊径,不仅仅是去定位海德格尔对身体问题的论述,更是要随同海德格尔一起去揭示身体现象。本文最终表明,身体现象与世界现象处于动态的相互促进的结构中,从这个角度上看,身体维度凭借其大地式的特质成为海德格尔哲学中的一个关键枢纽,其中隐含着重大的思想契机。     

"Good enough stories": helping couples invest in one another's growth

This article utilizes key constructs of the narrative metaphor: that stories organize, structure, and give meaning to events in our lives. When stories are used as a way to understand the lives of couples, they have the potential for enhancing individual and relational growth. It is proposed that knowing both our own and our partner's story and development goals increases the likelihood of making an investment in self/other and relational growth. It is further suggested that helping couples develop narratives with a sense of "We" promotes a more generative perspective. These ideas were developed in a small qualitative pilot study with long-married, middle-class, heterosexual couples, which suggested that the synthesis of each partner's life story into a couple story promoted individual and relational development. Implications for therapeutic work with couples are presented as well as specific recommendations for ways to utilize the life story approach as an aspect of treatment. It is intended to assist clinicians and teachers in translating narrative ideas into therapeutic work with couples.     

"Living with" the past: coping and patterns in families of Holocaust survivors

This exploratory study looks at how families of Holocaust survivors work through the traumatic past by considering the coping patterns adapted by family members. Life-story interviews (Rosenthal, 1993) with 57 individuals from 20 families, in which there were two to three generations, were used in order to learn about the significance they attach to the Holocaust past. The interviews were analyzed using Rosenthal's methods and Danieli's (1988) typology of post-war adaptation (victim families, fighter families, those who made it, and numb families). Results showed that in order to differentiate between the coping styles exhibited by the families, two new categories had to be added to Danieli's typology. These were entitled "life goes on" and "split families." It was concluded that survivor families exhibit heterogeneity in the ways in which they cope with the Holocaust past.     

Instantiated features and the use of "rules."

Classification "rules" in expert and everyday discourse are usually deficient by formal standards, lacking explicit decision procedures and precise terms. The authors argue that a central function of such weak rules is to focus on perceptual learning rather than to provide definitions. In 5 experiments, transfer following learning of family resemblance categories was influenced more by familiar-appearing features than by novel-appearing features equally acceptable under the rule. This occurred both when rules were induced and when rules were given at the beginning of instruction. To model this and other phenomena in categorization, features must be represented on 2 levels: informational and instantiated. These 2 feature levels are crucial to provide broad generalization while reflecting the known peculiarities of a complex world.     

"Enmeshment" and "Fusion"

The paper examines two related concepts utilized by two different schools of family therapy. Any family seen to be "enmeshed" is also seen as "fused," and vice versa. The difference in the level of focus, on the "system containing the individuals" (structural) or the "individual in the system" (fusion), determines the difference in therapeutic approach of these two schools.     

"情"与"智"概念的相关研究及思考

综述了国内外关于“情”与“智”的研究成果,指出,“情”与“智”是相互依赖,相互整合的关系。“智”对“情”有一定的决定作用,合理控制利用“情”也有利于“智”的发挥。处理两者之间的关系应该用整体论的思想进行考察,把二者有效地结合起来,合而为一,这样才能达到整体大于部分之和的功效,才能实现布鲁姆所提倡的教学目标。     

Terrorism Between "Syndrome" and "Tool"

ABSTRACT— Two psychological views of terrorism are described, approaching it as a "syndrome" and as a "tool" respectively. Research thus far found little support for the syndrome view. The heterogeneity of terrorism's users is consistent with the tool view, affording an analysis of terrorism in terms of goal–means psychology.     

"Knowledge by acquaintance" and "Knowledge-about": A psychometrical demonstration

In two studies, students were asked to rate their knowledge of a number of different topics, extracurricular as well as drawn from their textbooks of the history of psychology and philosophy. The score distributions on a scale from "unknown" to "well known" were in all cases distinctly U-formed, as if knowledge were a question of either/or, rather than one of degree. However, when knowledge was rated on a scale from "know nothing about" to "know much about", the U-pattern failed to appear, and the students tended generally to give more cautious ratings. The differences are interpreted as evidence for the philosophical and linguistic distinction between "knowledge by acquaintance" (German: "kennen", French: "connaître") and "knowledge-about" (German: "wissen", French: "savoir").     

The "Natural" and the "Formal"

The paper presents an argument against a metaphysical conception of logic according to which logic spells out a specific kind of mathematical structure that is somehow inherently related to our factual reasoning. In contrast, it is argued that it is always an empirical question as to whether a given mathematical structure really does captures a principle of reasoning. (More generally, it is argued that it is not meaningful to replace an empirical investigation of a thing by an investigation of its a priori analyzable structure without paying due attention to the question of whether it really is the structure of the thing in question.) It is proposed to elucidate the situation by distinguishing two essentially different realms with which our reason must deal: the realm of the natural, constituted by the things of our empirical world, and the realm of the formal, constituted by the structures that we use as prisms to view, to make sense of, and to reconstruct the world. It is suggested that this vantage point may throw light on many foundational problems of logic.     

《管子》"道"、"德"的生命特性及对当代生态伦理建设的启示

在存在论的意义上,《管子》中的“道”、“德”是被作为重要的哲学范畴运用的,指生命产生的根源和生命存在的内在根据,二者是一体共在的关系。《管子》的“道”、“德”论揭示了人与万物在自然本性层面上的内在一体性和生态伦理的存在论维度,启示我们生态伦理应超越人与自然的外在关系,建立于人与自然内在关系的基础上。     

Bipolarity, monopolarity and "dichotomous functional decay" as principles of differential diagnosis and "functional pathology" of endogenous psychoses

On the basis of Leonhard's Classification of the endogenous psychoses an attempt is made to trace the phenomenology of the monopolar and bipolar affective psychoses as well as Leonhard's "unsystematic schizophrenias" to three different functional anomalies. The differential diagnosis between the "cycloid psychoses" and the "unsystematic schizophrenias" as well as the problem of the so-called schizoaffective psychoses connected with them, is of particular interest. The arrangement to "functional areas" seems to be suitable.