从对立走向统一——生态伦理学发展趋势研究

在生态伦理学研究中,人类中心主义和非人类中心主义围绕自然存在物有无道德地位等问题展开了激烈争论。这种争论的不可调和性及其观点的不可公度性,意味着生态伦理学自身发生了严重的形而上学危机。如何摆脱这一危机,使生态伦理学研究向纵深发展,成为摆在人们面前的一项重要任务。黑格尔关于人的自由意志是一个否定之否定过程的观点为走出这种争论提供了理论依据,马克思关于人与自然界完成本质统一的思想亦为消解这种对立奠定了理论基础。     

环境伦理学中一种“人类中心主义”的观点

在环境或生态伦理学的讨论中,如同“非人类中心主义”有种种不尽相同的观点,“人类中心主义”也可能有各种不完全～样的理论看法。已经有许多作者就其所持的“人类中心主义”观点做了说明,我也曾撰文表明过自己粗浅的看法（见《哲学研究））1995年第4期）。我认为,所谓伦理学,就是研究人际关系的一般规范或准则的学科,而生态伦理学或环境伦理学应该是研究涉及到生态或环境问题的人际关系原则的。这与有的“生态中心主义者”认为环境伦理学研究人和自然环境之间的伦理关系或人对其它生物物种的道德原则的看法是不同的。但是我想,从人…     

略论西方马克思主义的生态伦理价值观——兼论生态伦理的制度维度

生态伦理学是伴随着全球性生态问题而产生于西方学术界的一门研究人和自然环境之间道德关系的交叉性应用伦理学科。对于应该如何研究人和自然环境之间的道德关系 ,西方“人类中心论”和“非人类中心论”的生态伦理学围绕着“走出人类中心论还是走入人类中心论”、“自然是否存在着内在的价值和权利”等价值问题而展开争论 ,这些价值争论有利于人类反思和正确认识人类实践的后果。但是总体看 ,它们都是一种脱离制度维度 ,抽象谈论人类生态问题及其解决方案的“西方中心论”的生态伦理观。西方马克思主义的生态伦理观的突出特点是将生态伦理价…     

论西方环境伦理学对我国生态文明理论研究的影响

以“人类是否对自然承担直接道德义务”的问题为根据,可以将西方环境伦理学划分为非人类中心主义和人类中心主义两种类型。这两种类型的环境伦理学存在尖锐的分歧和激烈的争论背后却具有理论基础、价值立场的一致性。从理论基础的一致性看,它们都割裂自然观与历史观的辩证统一关系,这使得它们不去探讨一定的社会制度和生产方式下人类和自然之间的实际的物质与能量交换关系是如何断裂的,进而把生态危机的本质归结为生态价值观的危机,秉承的都是一种抽象的文化价值决定论;从价值立场的一致性看,它们不仅都是为资本主义制度和生产方式辩护的伦理学,而且漠视人民群众和发展中国家为了消除贫困追求生存的发展权与环境权,是一种以追求“生活质量为导向”的“西方中心主义”的环境伦理学。我国的生态文明理论研究开始于对西方环境伦理学的引进、评介,由此形成借鉴或认同人类中心主义或非人类中心主义两种类型的生态文明理论。随着学术界对西方环境伦理学在理论基础和价值立场上的缺陷的认识更加深入,学术界提出了环境伦理学本土化的理论主张,这也使得学术界开始运用马克思主义关于人与自然关系的理论,在吸收西方环境伦理学积极成果的基础上,建构中国形态的生态文明理论,并由此形成了不同理论谱系的生态文明理论,并最终形成了习近平生态文明思想。西方环境伦理学关于生态本体论、生态价值观等问题的争论,对我国不同理论谱系的生态文明理论都产生了影响,厘清这种影响不仅有利于促进环境伦理学的本土化,而且有利于我们建构一种能够既维护中国的发展权与环境权,又有利于促进全球环境治理的中国形态的生态文明理论。     

对环境伦理学成立依据及其学科地位争论的考察

我国对环境伦理学的研究始于20世纪80年代初,最先是对西方的论著进行评介,随后展开独立的理论建构.因为"环境伦理学"/"生态伦理学"是一个全新的伦理学概念和理论体系,学界对这个概念的及其理论内容的认识还存在分歧,这种分歧导致了对环境伦理学学科地位、学科性质的争论.这种争论促进了环境伦理学研究在我国的发展.     

马克思物质变换思想与生态伦理重构

在人类中心主义和非人类中心主义对人与自然关系所做的道德谋划失败以后,马克思关于劳动首先是人与自然之间的物质变换的思想,既为重新确认生态伦理学存在的合法性提供了正当理由,也为生态伦理以善恶为核心向道德权利以义务为核心的转向奠定了基础.从马克思的物质变换思想出发,生态伦理何以为善的根据不再是人的利益,也不再是自然本身的权利和内在价值,而是人与自然之间的物质变换,正是这种物质变换决定了人类拥有向自然界提取自己所需物质资料以养育自身的道德权利,也规定了人类必须承担反馈自身的能量以养育自然环境的道德义务.     

细说人与自然之间的道德话语——读刘湘溶教授《人与自然之间的道德话语》

20世纪8 0年代,生态(环境)伦理学从西土传来,悄然进入我们的视野之中。从那时开始,人们就对环境伦理学如何可能展开争论,探讨其是否逾越了伦理学的理论界蜮,是否会跌入到“自然主义谬误”的困境中。此后,又围绕着环境伦理的建构是以人类中心主义为基础还是以非人类中心主义为基     

论“人与自然和谐”作为生态伦理学的对象——兼议关于“人类中心主义”的争论

中外学界普遍将生态伦理学的对象归于生态道德,这种流行看法其实并没有抓住生态伦理学对象的基本学理问题。生态伦理学的对象应是"人与自然和谐",本质上是实践的历史的范畴。实现"人与自然和谐",需要在理论研究中摈弃关于人与自然孰为"中心"的不必要争论,在实践中尚须厉行生态道德建设。     

生态伦理的价值定位及其方法论研究

<正>一、对非人类中心主义批判的误区近10多年来,在国内生态伦理学问题的研究中,关于生态伦理学的出发点、立论的基础和评价的标准以及最终实现的目的的阐释等等有很多争论,并形成了人类中心主义、非人类中心主义以及修正、整合或替代上述两种理论的各种学说。(余谋昌、王耀先,第142页)笔者认为,争论中涉及的一些问题,特别是对非人类中心主义生态伦理学的基本概念在学理上的某些质疑,至今仍有讨论的必要。     

西方社会对流产问题的争论

西方社会对流产问题的争论清华大学（１０００８４）肖巍流产问题是近２０年来在西方社会引起激烈争论的社会问题之一，也是方兴未艾的应用伦理学研究的一个重要的现实问题。妇女有无权利终止不期而遇的怀孕？胎儿的道德地位如何？人的生命从何时开始？胎儿与母亲权利的冲...     

Together – apart: in touch in a time of separation

This paper explores the experience of working as a Jungian analyst through the various phases of the global COVID-19 pandemic, examining the importance of the physical containing space alongside the analyst’s internal mind and how technology can both help and hinder understanding. A number of clinical vignettes illustrate the challenge of communicating over a distance, paying particular attention to the way countertransference phenomena can become re-attuned. Reference is made to mythology and symbols of hope, and consideration given to the meaning and purpose of the pandemic.     

Language,politics and dreams: the challenges of building resilience in refugees

This paper describes a case study of a 60-year-old Peruvian refugee in some detail, focusing on the importance of building emotional resilience in a patient in Spanish in order to create a space for learning the English language – the patient did not speak English after 20 years of living in Britain. The work was carried out with an interpreter and some of the literature on working with interpreters is referred to. The paper also briefly outlines the refugee journey in broad terms, which is a journey from the culturally known to the culturally unknown. The question of how well the literature on resilience, which sits firmly within a Western developmental perspective, can be applied to refugees, most of whom come from group and family-based cultures dominated by ideas of honour and shame, is discussed. The paper also touches on the importance of the receiving country enabling or not, as the case may be, a transitional space for refugees who have lost their home and are seeking to find a safe haven in a strange culture.     

Phenotypic plasticity and archetype: a response to common objections to the biological theory of archetype and instinct

Since Jung’s death in 1961, scholars have attempted to integrate growing biological science data into Jungian concepts such as the collective unconscious, instincts and the archetypes. This enterprise has been challenging due to persistent false dichotomies of gene and environment occasionally arising. Recent works by Roesler (2022a, 2022b) for example, have raised objections to the biological theory of archetypes, but the objections are plagued by such dichotomies. The concept of phenotypic plasticity, however, helps to both avoid this problem as well as bridge the gap between competing theories into a more integrated model with solid biological foundations.     

The Possibility of Meaning in Human Evolution

Science undermines the certitude of non-naturalistic answers to the question of whether human life has meaning. I explore whether evolution can provide a naturalistic basis for existential meaning. Using the work of philosopher Daniel Dennett and scientist Ursula Goodenough, I argue that evolution is the locus of the possibility of meaning because it has produced intentionality, the matrix of consciousness. I conclude that the question of the meaning of human life is an existentialist one: existential meaning is a product of the individual and collective tasks human beings undertake.     

When is it time to stop? When good enough becomes bad enough

This article draws on Winnicott’s concept of the good enough mother to discuss how to know whether a therapeutic situation is good enough to continue or bad enough to end. This dilemma is explored in terms of clinical syndromes, such as anorexia and pathological gambling, but focuses mainly on analyst-initiated endings, which are termed the ‘Casablanca dilemma’, based on an amplification of the ending of the film Casablanca. The author goes on to discuss such one-sided endings, drawing on interviews with 40 analysts and therapists about their clinical experience. A typology of bad enough endings is presented. The psychological differences between a good enough analysis as opposed to a bad enough one are explored through the ideas of Winnicott and Neumann.     

Seeing in the Dark: A View into Dissociation and Healing

In this paper, I will explore the role of art-making, the experience of trauma and dissociation, and the process of working with self-states from an analytic and creative frame. Relevant literature on dissociation, trauma, and the use of art will be discussed. A case involving my work with an adolescent girl who had experienced sexual abuse from a family member will be shared, with an emphasis on the meaningful role images played during the therapeutic process. Both Jungian and psychoanalytic models of conceptualizing and working with dissociation are included, following Donald Kalsched’s (2013) recommendation for a “binocular stance” to treatment, including both a focus on the inner, intrapsychic world and the interpersonal, relational realm, and how art images both illuminated and expressed these realms. Within the therapeutic process, art images allowed the therapist a view into the client’s unconscious process, and created a meeting ground for dissociative barriers to be gradually seen, felt and known, by both therapist and client. The experience of dissociation, in images and in session, provided a reference point for myself and my client, Taylor, to develop a shared understanding and a framework for growth.     

The transcendent function in Spitteler’s Prometheus and Epimetheus

In August 2020, John Beebe and Steve Myers met via Zoom to discuss their differing interpretations of psychological typology and the different sources within Jung’s writings that influenced their books: Integrity in Depth: Energies and Patterns in Psychological Type (Beebe), and Myers-Briggs Typology vs Jungian Individuation (Myers). The discussion centred on Spitteler’s epic poem Prometheus und Epimetheus, which forms the basis of chapter V of Psychological Types. This is both the largest chapter and one of two chapters that Jung highlighted in the Argentine foreword as containing the essence of the book. Jung’s book is primarily about the transformation of personality rather than the categorization of people. Although it contains a critical psychology that deconstructs the nature of consciousness, that is only one half of the book and a stepping-stone to the other half, which is the reconciliation of opposites with particular emphasis on the relation of consciousness and the unconscious. Jung assumed that readers were already familiar with Prometheus und Epimetheus, an understanding of which sheds light on the nature of the transformation that Jung described – the development of a new attitude towards attitude itself.     

Kann Es Ein Argument Für Den Skeptizismus Geben? Das Epistemische Problem Der Irrtumsmöglichkeit

Summary  Is there any argument for scepticism? The epistemic problem of the possibility of error. Arguments for scepticism rest on the assumption that knowledge claims are fallible. For this reason the concept of knowledge appears to be questionable. Since it is necessary to distinguish doubts from possible doubts, the arguments for scepticism appear to be unconvincing. If we take it into account that we know something that is immune to doubt, we should draw the conclusion that, contrary to scepticism, knowledge claims have to be compatible with being fallible. Thus any knowledge claim is capable of being doubted.     

Chapter 6: Biblical Foundations for a Practical Theology of Aging

SUMMARY

This article reviews Biblical sources pertaining to the elderly, particularly the frail elderly. Founded on these sources, implications for elderly with Alzheimer's Disease and other forms of dementia are addressed through a personal perspective informed by writings of Christian mystics.