能力测验的本质新论

长久以来,人们迷信于能力测验,常凭测验的结果对一个人的能力做出判断,并用它预测一个人未来成就的高低。而斯腾伯格(R．J．Sternberg)最近却提出了一个批判性的观点,认为所谓的“能力测验”和任何学业或职业成就测验是一样的,它测的也是个体正在发展中的某种专门知识技能的暂时水平,其测验结果并不能说明一个人的能力,也不能用作预测。并由此提出此观点对教育的几点启示。     

不用1Q测验的智力测验

多年来,智力测验预测学校教育成就或工作成就的能力未发生多大变化。这是由于现有智力测验遗漏了有些因素,如个性或动机等。但是测验在教育和管理中占有的地位至关重要,所以对现有测验进行补充也就越来越迫切了。在本文中斯登伯格提出了一些可能出现的补充内容,将来它们或许会取现在的测验而代之。斯登伯格还提出了一套智力测验的新标准:测验材料的推论性、应答速度的选择而不是简单的速度、最大限度地降低对已有知识的要求、最大限度地减少测验的焦虑。     

鉴别能力倾向测验简介

二次大战后,多重能力倾向测验在美国发展较快。此种测验强调的是对能力的不同方面的测量,测量的结果不是得到单一的智商分数,而是产生一组不同的能力倾向分数,从而提供表示个体长处和短处的能力轮廊。多重能力倾向测验之所以在近几十年得到较快发展,有以下几个原因:1)许多心理学家认识到,用智商来描述智力过于简单,因为即使单项智力测验所测得的也不止一种能力;2)心理咨询以及工业和军队部门选择与安置人员,均要求了解人的不同能力;3)因素分析理论的发展和应用,使多重能力倾向测验的编制成为可能。     

测验和认知心理学

认知心理学是关于人怎样在心理上呈现和加工信息的科学。知觉、学习、记忆、推理、解决问题和做决定等诸种心理能力都属于它的研究范围。认知心理学既研究智力测验所测得的能力,也研究由较为特殊的能力倾向测验所测得的能力。因此看来,我们有理由相信当代认知心理学的发展将会影响到心理测量学的心理能力测验。大部分心理能力测验的内容是从差异心理学的研究中得到的,虽然认知心理学家倾向于强调刺激变异的重要性,差异心理学家倾向于强调个体变异的重要性,但它们都研究类似的、在有些情况下是     

对传统智力测验的反思和评价

长期以来,作为心理学的一个研究方面的智力测验(IQ测验)在我国一直被视为禁区而无人问律,它的研究和应用在我国停顿了几十年。自1978年以来,部分心理学工作者开始进入这个禁区,但工作甫始,就有人武断宣称,实践已宣告传统智力测验的破产。现在10年时间过去了,笔者以为,对传统智力测验进行科学的反思和准确的评价既是必要的也是可能的。其理由如次:测验热目前在我国已经形成,在这时适时地对智力测验进行分析将有助于它的正确使用和健康发展;智力测验作为一个在历史发展中有争议的事物对它的分析和评议无疑是具有现实意义的。     

儿童认知发展动态测验

动态测验是一系列有着共同基本假设的多种能力测验的统称,是以维果茨基的最近发展区理论和实验为基础,针对传统静态测验低估弱势儿童能力、缺乏对教育实践的有效指导而提出的测量范式。它采用与智力测验相似的项目,以学习率、迁移能力和认知改变为指标,通过在测验中提示和干预的方法考查个体潜在的认知发展水平。该着重介绍了当代动态测验影响较大的几种方法或技术：Feuerstein的中介学习、Budofr的训练测验、Campione和Brown的逐步提示法、Guthke的学习测验、Carlson和Wiedl的极限探测法,并试图对动态测验进行整体评价。     

论智力对专长获得的非决定性

个体获得某领域杰出能力(专长)并非由其智力简单决定.一方面,智力测验无法预测个体未来成就以及"SOC、智力、专长三角关系理论"的提出,似乎表明智力与专长获得无关;另一方面,"特质联合体中介理论"和"模块能力与综合能力中介理论"则说明智力与专长间存在复杂中介机制.专长的获得是多种因素综合作用的结果,在个体一生发展的历程中,智力对专长获得并不具有显著的决定性.     

西方智力测验的现状与趋势

随着认知科学与脑科学的深入研究,以及各种测量分析技术的不断发展和新理论的不断提出,西方最近十几年出现了许多新的智力测验,而经典的一些测验,如韦克斯勒智力量表等,在结构和内容上也都有了较多的变化与更新。１智力测验内容的发展从智力测验应该测什么这一角度,可将现有的智力测验分为三大类：基于心理测量学的智力测验,基于神经心理学的智力测验,以及基于智力系统观的智力测验。１．１基于心理测量学理论的智力测验这类智力测验的理论主要建立在因素分析的基础上,通过对不同认知任务进行因素分析,从而划分出不同的智力因素．…     

婴儿智力测验的历史及评价

婴儿智力测验和其它心理测验一样,也是来源于十九世纪末期和二十世纪初期的智力测验运动。一开始,德国、法国、英国、美国等的测验各有不同的特色,以后由于学术的交流,不同的观点渐渐集中,人们很快承认了比纳(A.Binet)1905年的智力测验。在智力测验运动的早期,婴儿不是重点。在比纳1905年的第一个智力测验的量表中曾     

智力及智力测验研究的新动向

近年来,美国心理学界在智力和智力测验研究方面出现了许多新动向,并产生了许多新观点,其中有些是很有参考价值的。一,普遍认为应该把心理测验看作是一种工具,如同所有的工具一样,它们的效用依赖于使用者的知识、技能。因为心理测验是对行为的测量,因此,对测验结果的解释就需要关于人类行为的知识。脱离开心理科学的知识就不能正确地应用心理     

"EQ"在医学科研工作中的重要性

结合医学工作实际,讨论EQ(情商)的意义,医学工作者在开展科研工作过程中,能否做出成绩,能否成功均与其EQ之高低有密切关系,可以说情绪智商与情绪能力是制约医学工作者工作业绩的重要因素之一.基于上述认识,提醒医学工作者,在具备天生的IQ(智商)后,要注意对自己的EQ多加培养,以便在医学科研工作中能做出更大成绩.     

白马藏族初中学生文化适应和智力水平的关系

从实证的角度探讨了白马藏族初中生的文化适应程度与其智力水平之间的关系,结果表明：自编的文化适应问卷包括的三个维度（主流文化认同、学校教育认同、对教学语言的熟悉和理解程度）与智力、学业成绩均存在显著的相关;在剔除学业成绩对智力的影响后,文化适应对白马藏族初中生的智力水平有显著的预测力。这一结果有助于人们对智力本质的理解,也为发展民族教育、促进民族现代化进程提供了理论依据。     

What my parents make me believe in learning: The role of filial piety in Hong Kong students' motivation and academic achievement

Chinese students are well‐known for their academic excellence. However, studies that explore the underlying mechanism of how cultural factors relate to the motivational process and academic achievement of Chinese students have been limited. This study aimed to examine the role of filial piety in shaping Chinese students' theories of intelligence so as to obtain a clearer understanding of the process by which parent–child connectedness is linked to Chinese students' academic achievement. A sample of 312 university students in Hong Kong were assessed concerning their filial piety beliefs, theories of intelligence and academic achievement. Data were analysed using structural equation modelling. The results indicated that different filial piety beliefs relate to students' academic achievement by shaping different theories of intelligence. Reciprocal filial piety beliefs were found to facilitate an incremental view of intelligence, which in turn contributes to students' academic achievement. Authoritarian filial piety beliefs were shown to be associated with an entity view of intelligence, which consequently deteriorates students' academic achievement. Cultural views of motivational processes can shed light on how motivational beliefs are developed as a product of cultural or socialization processes, which, in turn, contribute to students' academic success.     

Noncognitive predictors of intelligence and academic achievement: An important role of confidence

Recent evidence about the relationship between cognitive tests and psychological noncognitive variables is reviewed. Noncognitive measures can be ordered with respect to their predictive validity. Many are poor predictors of intelligence and achievement. Measures of rationality, self-assessment of intelligence, Openness to Experience and self-concept correlate up to .35 with cognitive performance. Some domain-specific self-beliefs (self-efficacy and anxiety) have correlations with appropriate achievement tests that can reach .45. The best predictors of any kind of cognitive performance are measures of confidence (frequently reported correlations of .45 and above) that can capture a major part of predictive validity of the three self-beliefs. The role of self-beliefs has attracted much interest in education but their role in predicting performance on tests of fluid intelligence is likely to be low. However, self-beliefs and confidence in particular may prove to be the most potent noncognitive influences on the development of acculturated knowledge that is captured by measures of crystallized intelligence.     

Gender and task confidence as predictors of the Domain-Masculine Intelligence Type (DMIQ)

This study investigated the relationship between gender, ability tests and task confidence as predictors of self-estimated intelligence. Participants estimated their mathematical and spatial intelligence before and after completing various ability tests which they also rated for their probable success. Males rated their intelligence higher than females on both before and after measures, as well on their task estimated probably success. There was no sex difference on the ability test. Gender and actual task success scores were predictors of self-estimates, with the former being twice as powerful as the latter. The results are discussed in terms of gender differences in confidence and expectations when approaching ability tests and their effect on self-estimated intelligence.     

智力理论的新进展及其教育涵义

当代智力研究取得了不少新的进展：从静态智力观走向动态智力观、从纯智力观走向文化智力观、从单维智力观走向整合的智力观。这些新进展给予教育新的启示：智力开发能成为教育的现实的目标;正确认识个别差异,实施多元评价;要在具体的情境中开发智力;将智力开发当作系统工程。     

中小学生创造性倾向、智力及学业成绩的相关研究

本研究采用威廉斯创造性倾向量表和瑞文标准推理测验,结合中小学生语文、数学成绩,对524名中小学生进行创造性倾向、智力和学业成绩的相关研究.研究发现:(1)中小学生创造性倾向从小学到初中都处于发展阶段,高中以后基本趋于稳定,中小学生的智力一直处于发展增长趋势;(2)小学生的语文、数学成绩与创造性倾向总分有显著相关,初中生的数学成绩与创造性倾向总分以及四项行为特质都有显著相关,小学、初中和高中学生的语文、数学成绩与智力有显著相关;(3)小学中、低分段语文成绩和低分段数学成绩与其创造性倾向有显著相关,初中学生的语文成绩只有高分段与创造性倾向有显著相关,小学和高中语、数成绩三个分段学生的学业成绩跟智力显著相关.     

The effects of cooperative learning on trait emotional intelligence and academic achievement of Spanish primary school students

Increasing the students' academic achievement in the international evaluation arena is a challenge for our country, and cooperative learning and emotional intelligence may be a solution for this problem. The link between cooperative learning, emotional intelligence, and academic achievement has been poorly studied so far. The objective of the present investigation was to examine the influence of cooperative learning on trait emotional intelligence and academic achievement. The methodology used was a quasi-experimental design with pre/post-measurements and experimental/control groups. The participants were primary education students (n = 692) and teachers (n = 24) from eight public schools in Madrid, Spain. The instruments used were the Emotional Quotient-Youth Version questionnaire and internal and external assessment tests. Our results indicated that cooperative learning improved scores of one dimension of trait emotional intelligence, change adaptability, and students' academic achievement (Mathematics and Spanish Language). We discussed the possible implications of these outcomes for educational practice.     

The influence of temporal resolution power and working memory capacity on psychometric intelligence

According to the temporal resolution power (TRP) hypothesis, higher TRP as reflected by better performance on psychophysical timing tasks accounts for faster speed of information processing and increased efficiency of information processing leading to better performance on tests of psychometric intelligence. An alternative explanation of individual differences in psychometric intelligence highlights individual differences in working memory (WM) capacity which has been found to be closely associated with psychometric intelligence. A latent variable approach was applied on the data of 200 participants ranging in age from 18 to 30 years and spanning a large range of levels of psychometric intelligence. Functional relationships were examined among TRP, WM capacity, as well as reasoning and speed of processing as two important aspects of psychometric intelligence. As predicted by the TRP hypothesis, the relation between TRP and psychometric intelligence was mediated by WM capacity supporting the view that higher TRP leads to better coordinated mental operations which, in turn, result in higher psychometric intelligence. The results are discussed against the background that WM capacity and psychometric reasoning are hardly dissociable from each other and that the specific factors limiting WM capacity and accounting for the mediation effect need to be identified in future research.