肿瘤治疗新思路——抗血管生成来治疗实体瘤

１　与肿瘤发生有关的“血管形成开关平衡假说”的提出早在１８６３年,Ｖｉｒｃｈｏｗ已注意到恶性肿瘤组织中血管绝对数急剧增多的现象。１９４５年Ａｌｇｉｒｅ又提出肿瘤血管形成（ｎｅｏｖａｓｃｕｌａｒｉｚａｔｉｏｎ）的概念。实体肿瘤形成后,即进入无血管的浸润前期,此时肿瘤细胞主要靠弥散供给营养,这样的肿瘤结节直径一般小于２～３ｍｍ,细胞数在１０７以内。肿瘤超过这样的体积如缺乏新生的毛细血管和小血管长入,肿瘤组织将发生退化。一旦新生毛细管长进肿瘤组织,肿瘤即加速生长,且易发生浸润和转移。近十多年来对实体肿…     

肿瘤的血管生成——平衡与不平衡的统一

所谓血管生成是指从已存在的血管床中产生新的血管系统。正常的血管生成被严格控制于某些短暂的、特定的生理过程 ,如生殖过程、发育过程和伤口愈合过程。而持续的血管生成是某些病理改变如肿瘤生长的特性。事实上血管生成不但是肿瘤生长所必需的 ,而且肿瘤细胞与新生血管系统的接触还是导致肿瘤侵袭和远处转移的原因。在肿瘤形成的早期并没有肿瘤血管的形成 ,这一时期被称为血管前期 (ｐｒｅｖａｓｃｕｌａｒｓｔａｇｅ) ,又称无血管期 ,此时肿瘤细胞处于休眠状态 ,肿瘤主要依靠周围组织的弥散来获取营养物质和排泄代谢产物 ,所以明显限制…     

节拍化疗——转移性乳腺癌治疗的新选择

肿瘤新生血管生成在肿瘤生长、转移等过程中起着重要作用,抗肿瘤血管治疗被认为是一种很有前途的肿瘤靶向治疗。化疗药物如环磷酰胺、甲氨蝶呤等在长期、低剂量非常规给药方式（节拍化疗）下具有显著的抗肿瘤血管生成能力。节拍化疗有望成为转移性乳腺癌一种全新的治疗模式。     

节拍化疗——转移性乳腺癌治疗的新选择

肿瘤新生血管生成在肿瘤生长、转移等过程中起着重要作用,抗肿瘤血管治疗被认为是一种很有前途的肿瘤靶向治疗.化疗药物如环磷酰胺、甲氨蝶呤等在长期、低剂量非常规给药方式(节拍化疗)下具有显著的抗肿瘤血管生成能力.节拍化疗有望成为转移性乳腺癌一种全新的治疗模式.     

肿瘤血管生成与肿瘤治疗的新策略

随着人们对实休斩血管生成依赖性和血管生成过程的认识逐渐深入,通过抗血管生成来治疗实体瘤的治疗策略已成为现实。与传统的治疗策略不同,这一新策略是以肿瘤间质作为治疗的靶组织。抗血管生成治疗的还得助于成功合成了高效低毒的生成抑制剂,本文分析了这一治疗策略的基本理论,发展过程和应用前景。     

Slit2、VEGF和VEGF-C蛋白表达与大肠癌关系的临床研究

研究神经迁移因子(Slit2)、血管生成因子(VEGF、VEGF-C)在大肠癌中的表达及临床意义。检测60例大肠癌组织和36例癌旁组织中Slit2、VEGF和VEGF-C的表达水平。结果三者在大肠癌和癌旁组织中的表达水平均与肿瘤大小、浸润深度、TNM分期、淋巴结转移相关;VEGF和VEGF-C表达水平还与远处转移相关。结果提示Slit2是调节大肠癌血管生成的重要因子。     

Slit2、VEGF和VEGF-C蛋白表达与大肠癌关系的临床研究

研究神经迁移因子(Slit2)、血管生成因子(VEGF、VEGF-C)在大肠癌中的表达及临床意义.检测60例大肠癌组织和36例癌旁组织中Slit2、VEGF和VEGF-C的表达水平.结果三者在大肠癌和癌旁组织中的表达水平均与肿瘤大小、浸润深度、TNM分期、淋巴结转移相关;VEGF和VEGF-C表达水平还与远处转移相关.结果提示Slit2是调节大肠癌血管生成的重要因子.     

活血化瘀药物和抗肿瘤血管生成治疗——中西医对肿瘤血管生成治疗认识的分歧与统一

从“饿死肿瘤细胞”的理论出发,产生了血管抑制剂;瘀血证见于肿瘤患者,活血化瘀方法常用于中医肿瘤的临床治疗;可是活血化瘀治疗可以疏通血液循环,这和抑制肿瘤血管生成、减少血供相矛盾。血管正常化的理论使中西医在抗肿瘤血管治疗上达成一致,这为活血化瘀中药更好应用于肿瘤临床治疗,提供了理论基础。     

活血化瘀药物和抗肿瘤血管生成治疗——中西医对肿瘤血管生成治疗认识的分歧与统一

从"饿死肿瘤细胞"的理论出发,产生了血管抑制剂;瘀血证见于肿瘤患者,活血化瘀方法常用于中医肿瘤的临床治疗;可是活血化瘀治疗可以疏通血液循环,这和抑制肿瘤血管生成、减少血供相矛盾.血管正常化的理论使中西医在抗肿瘤血管治疗上达成一致,这为活血化瘀中药更好应用于肿瘤临床治疗,提供了理论基础.     

淋巴管生成与肿瘤转移间的关系

肿瘤淋巴管生成是肿瘤转移过程的必要环节,肿瘤细胞可以通过表达淋巴管生成的调控因子VEGF-C和VEGF-D诱导淋巴管生成,并且促进肿瘤细胞的淋巴道转移。肿瘤淋巴管生成及其对抗研究是当前肿瘤研究的热点,并有可能成为治疗肿瘤淋巴道转移的靶点。两者之间关系密切,并且相互作用,相互影响。     

Language,politics and dreams: the challenges of building resilience in refugees

This paper describes a case study of a 60-year-old Peruvian refugee in some detail, focusing on the importance of building emotional resilience in a patient in Spanish in order to create a space for learning the English language – the patient did not speak English after 20 years of living in Britain. The work was carried out with an interpreter and some of the literature on working with interpreters is referred to. The paper also briefly outlines the refugee journey in broad terms, which is a journey from the culturally known to the culturally unknown. The question of how well the literature on resilience, which sits firmly within a Western developmental perspective, can be applied to refugees, most of whom come from group and family-based cultures dominated by ideas of honour and shame, is discussed. The paper also touches on the importance of the receiving country enabling or not, as the case may be, a transitional space for refugees who have lost their home and are seeking to find a safe haven in a strange culture.     

Together – apart: in touch in a time of separation

This paper explores the experience of working as a Jungian analyst through the various phases of the global COVID-19 pandemic, examining the importance of the physical containing space alongside the analyst’s internal mind and how technology can both help and hinder understanding. A number of clinical vignettes illustrate the challenge of communicating over a distance, paying particular attention to the way countertransference phenomena can become re-attuned. Reference is made to mythology and symbols of hope, and consideration given to the meaning and purpose of the pandemic.     

Phenotypic plasticity and archetype: a response to common objections to the biological theory of archetype and instinct

Since Jung’s death in 1961, scholars have attempted to integrate growing biological science data into Jungian concepts such as the collective unconscious, instincts and the archetypes. This enterprise has been challenging due to persistent false dichotomies of gene and environment occasionally arising. Recent works by Roesler (2022a, 2022b) for example, have raised objections to the biological theory of archetypes, but the objections are plagued by such dichotomies. The concept of phenotypic plasticity, however, helps to both avoid this problem as well as bridge the gap between competing theories into a more integrated model with solid biological foundations.     

The Possibility of Meaning in Human Evolution

Science undermines the certitude of non-naturalistic answers to the question of whether human life has meaning. I explore whether evolution can provide a naturalistic basis for existential meaning. Using the work of philosopher Daniel Dennett and scientist Ursula Goodenough, I argue that evolution is the locus of the possibility of meaning because it has produced intentionality, the matrix of consciousness. I conclude that the question of the meaning of human life is an existentialist one: existential meaning is a product of the individual and collective tasks human beings undertake.     

When is it time to stop? When good enough becomes bad enough

This article draws on Winnicott’s concept of the good enough mother to discuss how to know whether a therapeutic situation is good enough to continue or bad enough to end. This dilemma is explored in terms of clinical syndromes, such as anorexia and pathological gambling, but focuses mainly on analyst-initiated endings, which are termed the ‘Casablanca dilemma’, based on an amplification of the ending of the film Casablanca. The author goes on to discuss such one-sided endings, drawing on interviews with 40 analysts and therapists about their clinical experience. A typology of bad enough endings is presented. The psychological differences between a good enough analysis as opposed to a bad enough one are explored through the ideas of Winnicott and Neumann.     

Seeing in the Dark: A View into Dissociation and Healing

In this paper, I will explore the role of art-making, the experience of trauma and dissociation, and the process of working with self-states from an analytic and creative frame. Relevant literature on dissociation, trauma, and the use of art will be discussed. A case involving my work with an adolescent girl who had experienced sexual abuse from a family member will be shared, with an emphasis on the meaningful role images played during the therapeutic process. Both Jungian and psychoanalytic models of conceptualizing and working with dissociation are included, following Donald Kalsched’s (2013) recommendation for a “binocular stance” to treatment, including both a focus on the inner, intrapsychic world and the interpersonal, relational realm, and how art images both illuminated and expressed these realms. Within the therapeutic process, art images allowed the therapist a view into the client’s unconscious process, and created a meeting ground for dissociative barriers to be gradually seen, felt and known, by both therapist and client. The experience of dissociation, in images and in session, provided a reference point for myself and my client, Taylor, to develop a shared understanding and a framework for growth.     

The transcendent function in Spitteler’s Prometheus and Epimetheus

In August 2020, John Beebe and Steve Myers met via Zoom to discuss their differing interpretations of psychological typology and the different sources within Jung’s writings that influenced their books: Integrity in Depth: Energies and Patterns in Psychological Type (Beebe), and Myers-Briggs Typology vs Jungian Individuation (Myers). The discussion centred on Spitteler’s epic poem Prometheus und Epimetheus, which forms the basis of chapter V of Psychological Types. This is both the largest chapter and one of two chapters that Jung highlighted in the Argentine foreword as containing the essence of the book. Jung’s book is primarily about the transformation of personality rather than the categorization of people. Although it contains a critical psychology that deconstructs the nature of consciousness, that is only one half of the book and a stepping-stone to the other half, which is the reconciliation of opposites with particular emphasis on the relation of consciousness and the unconscious. Jung assumed that readers were already familiar with Prometheus und Epimetheus, an understanding of which sheds light on the nature of the transformation that Jung described – the development of a new attitude towards attitude itself.     

Kann Es Ein Argument Für Den Skeptizismus Geben? Das Epistemische Problem Der Irrtumsmöglichkeit

Summary  Is there any argument for scepticism? The epistemic problem of the possibility of error. Arguments for scepticism rest on the assumption that knowledge claims are fallible. For this reason the concept of knowledge appears to be questionable. Since it is necessary to distinguish doubts from possible doubts, the arguments for scepticism appear to be unconvincing. If we take it into account that we know something that is immune to doubt, we should draw the conclusion that, contrary to scepticism, knowledge claims have to be compatible with being fallible. Thus any knowledge claim is capable of being doubted.     

Chapter 6: Biblical Foundations for a Practical Theology of Aging

SUMMARY

This article reviews Biblical sources pertaining to the elderly, particularly the frail elderly. Founded on these sources, implications for elderly with Alzheimer's Disease and other forms of dementia are addressed through a personal perspective informed by writings of Christian mystics.