情绪代理变量对投资者决策的影响

情绪代理变量是指影响投资者对市场判断的非经济变量,主要包括天气、人体生物钟、月运周期、信念、社会事件、资本形象等。与蝴蝶效应类似,其影响在现实中往往被忽略了,但研究表明它们却会使股票市场出现巨大的波动。文章总结了两类情绪代理变量（“错误归因”情绪变量和“启发式”情绪变量）对投资者决策产生影响的研究,这些研究结果可以使投资者从认识自己的情绪中获益,也可为我国决策层和监管层制定出合理的政策提供依据     

杏仁核参与加工认知与情绪相互作用的机制

认知与情绪是如何相互作用的已经成为心理学研究领域一个热点话题。自上而下观点将情绪看作一种评价过程,个体需要对动机及所处社会背景信息做出评价,以产生合适的情绪;自下而上观点将情绪看作对刺激特征的感知过程,.并促进随后的再认、记忆和注意等加工过程。社会性情绪、恐惧情绪效价获得与再认、情绪性记忆与注意的研究表明,情绪是一种受到社会背景所影响的自下而上加工(刺激驱动)和自上而下加工(概念驱动)过程交互作用的结果,而杏仁核则是参与这两种加工过程最重要的神经基础。     

知情交互作用的实证研究现状与展望

知情交互作用(the interaction of cognition-emotion)是指认知与情绪之间相互作用,相互影响,二者密不可分.当前,知情交互作用的研究主要涉及两个方面:一是认知对情绪的影响,即认知对情绪的产生和情绪调节的影响;二是情绪对认知的影响,即情绪对感知觉、记忆和思维的影响.本文从实证角度,综合相关文献选取各自领域具有代表性的最新研究成果进行了概要述评,并进一步指出未来的研究应该在无意识情绪的脑机制、情绪-想象的交互作用、情绪-语言的交互作用,以及知-情-行的整合等方面进一步探讨.     

人类为什么会好奇?人际好奇的概念、功能及理论解释

人际好奇是个体对他人的信息产生的好奇,其中包括对他人的生活经历、生活习惯和细节,以及想法、感受、动机产生的好奇。人际好奇受到个体性别、年龄、个体状态、人格和文化价值观等因素的影响,而且人际好奇在人际关系的建立与维持、人格判断、文化学习和维护社会规范等方面有积极影响。人际好奇可以用本能论、信息缺口理论、兴趣?剥夺理论和社会比较理论加以解释。目前对人际好奇研究较少,未来需从毕生发展的角度探索人际好奇,研究网络中的人际好奇现象,进一步完善人际好奇的测量方式,加强基础研究和实证研究,考虑文化因素的影响等。     

从好奇发生到满足：好奇反馈循环的神经生理机制

好奇是驱动信息寻求行为最主要的内部动机。从感知信息缺口使好奇发生,到对控制进行价值评估,信息寻求行为发生,再到目标信息获得使好奇满足,每一环节都受到当前信息输入和上一环节反馈输出的影响,它们构成了一个反馈循环。该循环还嵌入在个体的终生发展过程中,随着经验积累和脑的发育不断变化。好奇反馈循环模型融入了控制的期望价值模型和贝叶斯强化学习框架,整合了来自监控系统、奖赏系统、控制系统等多个脑功能系统的研究证据,为理解好奇的神经生理机制提供了新思路。     

情绪Stroop效应：威胁驱动还是反应偏差？

为了考查情绪Stroop效应的产生机制是威胁驱动还是反应偏差,本研究进行了两个实验.实验一用一般负性情绪词语和中性词语作为实验材料,实验二用威胁性的情绪图片和中性图片作为实验材料.每个实验均要求一组被试做按键反应,另一组被试做摇杆反应.结果发现,当实验材料为词语时,未出现情绪Stroop效应;当实验材料为威胁性图片时,无论是趋向性反应方式还是回避性反应方式,都出现了情绪Stroop效应.本研究结果支持威胁驱动机制.     

团队行动中反思与团队创新关系研究的动态视角——认知与情绪的双元路径

在复杂变化的市场环境中, 在我国实施创新驱动战略的背景下, 企业的长远发展需要依赖于团队创新以建立独特竞争优势。通过对已有团队反思与创新关系研究的梳理, 发现了二者间关系的黑箱, 理论认为回顾过去能够带来新思想和新变化, 然而针对其如何实现的过程机制的实证研究却十分匮乏。基于此, 在传统的行动后反思的思想基础上, 本研究提出团队行动中反思在概念内涵和实证测量上的区别, 检验行动中反思和行动后反思在不同创新阶段的差异性作用, 动态性分析创意形成和创意实施的行为结果, 通过整合动机性信息加工理论和情绪的社会功能视角, 提出认知层面的信息处理和情感层面的团队情绪这两种机制的耦合方式, 构建团队反思影响创新的整体模型, 并深入探讨影响作用的过程机制和边界条件, 以及对各阶段关系上情境因素的调节作用进行全面的分析, 为反思与创新理论和实践做出贡献。     

灵感的激活与捕捉

人们崇尚灵感,渴望它的君临.因为灵感是创造力的爆发、思维力的升华和表现力的高涨.君不见,灵感来的,“思如风发,言若泉流,摇笔挥洒,骏利无状.”(陆机《文赋》)郑板桥也赋诗描述过灵感的有无对创作的影响,“十日不能下一笔,闭门静坐秋萧瑟.忽然兴至风雨来,笔飞墨走精灵出.”灵感是人的高度积极的精神力量,是一种思维加工的高层次功能,是用脑艺术的最高境界.普希金说,灵感是“一种敏捷地感受印象的情绪”.它是思维云层的闪电,能够照彻幽冥的思维穹宇,接通“短路”的思维导线,高度激活思维的创造活性.所以,灵感便因其令人惊异的创造魅力,赢得了人们的神往和赞叹.     

资源、机制与制度:美国创新驱动发展研究与启示

创新是国家持续发展的根本动力。美国从技术赶超到创新强国,有着独特的创新历程与治理特征。本文聚焦政府职能,梳理美国科技与产业创新政策,考察政策执行下的创新资源形成、运行机制演变与宏观制度影响。美国创新资源由单一到丰富、由政企提供到多元提供,运行机制经历企业为主学研为辅、产学引领市场培育、企业主导多元参与、市场与社会环境广泛发展的历程,体现了政府以市场为核心,引导资源配置与建构运行机制的职能。国家干预型经济自由主义制度为美国创新发展提供了必要政策与法律基础以及自由独特的资本市场。这些对中国创新驱动发展形成重要启示。     

考虑能力差异与心理因素的企业低碳化发展激励机制分析

按照企业发展与环境相容的原则,低碳经济是应对全球变暖的最佳经济模式.鉴于当前文献关于企业低碳化发展的激励机制研究还略显不足,在考虑企业能力差异和心理情绪波动等因素的基础上,构建了政府激励企业发展低碳经济的博弈模型并进行系统分析,结果发现:(1)企业碳减排的均衡努力水平受到政府设置奖金差距、企业碳减排能力和获胜或失败时心理情绪波动的影响;(2)企业均衡努力水平与奖金差距、企业自身能力和心理情绪波动成正比,但是与对手能力和心理情绪波动之间不存在单调关系,努力水平的高低取决于企业之间竞争的均衡性;(3)政府在设置最优奖金差距时要综合考虑企业能力和心理情绪波动等因素,如果企业能力越强,政府需要设立较大的奖金差距;如果企业获胜或失败时产生的积极情绪和消极情绪越大,政府也需设立较大的奖金差距.     

创造发明中顿悟的原型启发脑机制

科学界关于“原型启发”催化创造发明中顿悟发生的事例十分普遍, 从中国的“鲁班从带齿边的茅草中得到启发而发明锯子”的传说, 到“瓦特从沸腾的开水壶上受到启发而发明蒸汽机”的经典故事, 都说明“原型启发”是创造发明的一种重要思维方式。然而, 由于创造发明思维过程的复杂性, 国内外关于创造性思维脑机制的研究还停留在非科学问题解决的研究上。依据科学家运用原型启发而成功发明创造的最新实例, 项目组编制了《创造发明实验问题材料库》, 并计划以功能性磁共振成像(fMRI)和事件相关电位(ERP)作为技术手段系统探讨原型启发催化创造发明中顿悟发生的脑机制, 例如, 原型激活和启发信息利用的脑机制、问题意识下灵感捕捉的脑机制以及原型知识表征、动机与情绪状态、大脑工作状态等因素对原型启发影响的脑机制。该研究的开展, 对理解人类的创造性本质具有重要的理论意义, 对培养和激发人的创造力具有一定的实践价值。     

Understanding the Role of Cultural Intelligence in Individual Creativity

Employing creative cognition theory, this study investigates the relationship between cultural intelligence (CQ) and creativity. Using data from 394 full-time employees, metacognitive, cognitive, and motivational forms of CQ were found to have positive relationships with individual creativity. In addition, the positive effect of cognitive CQ on creativity was more pronounced when curiosity was high. However, the influence of metacognitive CQ on creativity was enhanced when curiosity was low. Several contributions to the multicultural creativity literature are offered.     

人类对知识的好奇:认识性好奇心

认识性好奇心是个体对新知识的好奇,可从状态和特质角度理解,其中特质认识性好奇心又区分为兴趣型和剥夺型两种类型。近年来众多证据表明,认识性好奇心受知道感、性别、对信息的偏好模式等因素影响,并在学习、记忆及创造性方面起到积极作用。未来研究有必要着眼于毕生发展的角度进行纵向考察,完善其测量方式,并深入考察认识性好奇心对学习的影响机制,从而为教育实践提供一定启示。     

The Antecedent Impact of Culture and Economic Growth on Nations` Creativity and Innovation Capability

Even though the literature has widely examined culture’s effect on nations’ creativity and innovation level, it has done little to address the system theory’s perspective. However, as proponents of the system theory have argued, nations’ creativity and innovation is the cumulative effort of the various stakeholders who operate as a system, so any assessment of a nation’s creativity and innovation must consider these stakeholders’ role. This study examines the overlooked effect of culture on the broader system aspect of eighty nations’ creativity and innovationto ensure representation by both developed and developing countries. Structural equation modeling using partial least squares software is applied to analyze the data. The study found out that nations with individualist and low power distance cultural values have the highest creativity and innovation, and that a nation’s economic growth level moderates the impact of the individualist cultural value. Policymakers who seek to develop a strategy that promotes creativity and innovation at the national level benefit from these findings. Future research directions are suggested.     

Creative Self-Efficacy: An Exploration of Its Antecedents,Consequences, and Applied Implications

Creativity and innovation are at the core of important outcomes such as economic and sales growth, production of articles and students' learning. Thus, it is not surprising to find research articles on creativity and innovation across different disciplines such as business, psychology, and education. Given the importance of understanding creativity and innovation, we reviewed the empirical literature examining the antecedents and consequences of creative self-efficacy in the work domain. Our review used the theory of individual creative action and social cognitive theory as guiding frameworks to place creative self-efficacy in the creativity and innovation process, define creativity and innovation, explore how creative self-efficacy has been measured, examine the antecedents and consequences of creative self-efficacy, point out gaps in knowledge and offer suggestions for future research and provide some applied implications. One important finding was that creative self-efficacy has made a significant contribution as a process variable explaining how several organizational and personal factors influence creative outcomes via their influence on creative self-efficacy.     

Teaching Creative Writing Skills to Primary School Children in Hong Kong: Discordance Between the Views and Practices of Language Teachers

Although creativity has been valued in ancient and contemporary Chinese literature, the degree to which creativity is valued and incorporated into teaching by Chinese language teachers is not known. This information is important given that creativity has been increasingly recognized in the education literature as a component of effective writing. The purpose of this study was to compare the views of Chinese language teachers in Hong Kong about creativity and the acquisition of creative writing skills by primary school children, and their teaching practices. A total of 449 Chinese language teachers, employed at primary schools throughout Hong Kong completed a survey questionnaire. The 14‐item questionnaire focused on teachers' views of creativity, their perceptions of how to develop students' creativity, their awareness of creative writing strategies, and teaching practices related to creative writing. With respect to the definition of creativity, teachers identified imagination foremost, followed by inspiration, and original ideas. Teachers identified developing students' confidence, and providing an open atmosphere as essential means of fostering creativity. Despite the apparent value of creativity expressed by the teachers and their familiarity with methods for enhancing creativity, the majority reported using traditional methods of teaching writing. Strategies are recommended for reconciling this discrepancy, and promoting creative writing skills by primary school teachers in Hong Kong and other Chinese speaking societies.     

The Influence of Creativity on Incongruity-Resolution and Nonsense Humor Comprehension

Both creativity and humor are high-level cognitive functions and complex concepts. Although creativity and humor are generally deemed positively correlated, it has been difficult to explicitly identify their relationship with each other. The cognitive process of creativity includes divergent thinking, insight, and remote association, whereas humor comprehension includes incongruity resolution and nonsense humor. The difference between the 2 types of humor is in whether individuals can understand the content of jokes through logical deduction. This study explored the relationship of the different dimensions of cognitive creativity and incongruity-resolution and nonsense humor comprehension. Furthermore, we examined the influence of divergent thinking, insight, and remote association on incongruity-resolution and nonsense humor comprehension. The scores from 103 participants on a divergent thinking questionnaire, an insight problem-solving task, and the Chinese compound remote associate problems test were used to analyze their comprehension of incongruity resolution and nonsense humor. The results showed a positive correlation between remote association and incongruity-resolution humor comprehension, as well as a positive correlation between insight and nonsense humor comprehension. These findings indicate that each dimension of cognitive creativity has a particular way of connecting to various types of humor comprehension.     

问题解决中顿悟的原型位置效应的fMRI研究

科学发明创造中, 人们往往对一个问题百思不得其解, 但在看到某一启发性事物(原型)时, 突然产生顿悟, 继而发现解决问题的新思路。本研究以科学发明创造问题为实验材料, 采取“先呈现问题、后呈现原型”和“先呈现原型、后呈现问题”两种范式, 探讨问题解决中顿悟的原型位置效应, 并采用fMRI技术记录大脑的BOLD信号变化。结果发现：行为结果上, “问题在先”条件下正确率显著高于“原型在先”条件; 大脑激活结果上, 问题先导条件下的原型启发的大脑机制主要表现为左侧颞中回(left middle temporal gyrus)和左侧额中回(left middle frontal gyrus)的显著激活, “原型在先”条件下, 主要激活左侧扣带回(left cingulate gyrus)、左侧中央前回(left middle frontal gyrus)。     

绩效薪酬对员工突破性创造力和渐进性创造力的影响

研究分别从认知评价理论和习得性努力理论视角考察了绩效薪酬对员工突破性创造力和渐进性创造力的影响及其作用机制, 并检验了变革型领导和交易型领导对上述两条路径的调节效应。基于24家企业的364对上下级匹配数据的研究结果表明：绩效薪酬对内在动机和突破性创造力没有显著的影响, 对外在动机和渐进性创造力有显著的正向影响。变革型领导调节绩效薪酬与突破性创造力的关系：高变革领导情境下, 绩效薪酬通过正向影响内在动机间接对突破性创造力产生正向影响; 低变革领导情境下, 绩效薪酬通过负向影响内在动机间接对突破性创造力产生负向影响。交易型领导调节绩效薪酬与渐进性创造力的关系：交易型领导通过强化绩效薪酬对外在动机的影响进而放大了绩效薪酬对渐进性创造力的正向效应。针对上述结果, 讨论了本文的理论与实践意义。     

Differences in Mathematical Performance,Creativity Potential,and Need for Cognitive Closure between Chinese and Australian Students

Research has shown that Chinese students outperform students from several Western countries on mathematics performance while some evidence has suggested that Western students perform more strongly on tests of creativity. One potential mechanism for these differences may be a higher need for cognitive closure among Chinese students. The current research compared performance on tests of mathematics and creativity among 50 students of Chinese background and 49 Australian students of Anglo‐Saxon background. As predicted, Chinese students performed better on mathematics while Australian students performed better on the measure of creativity. Australian students also had a lower score on one subscale of the need for cognitive closure, preference for predictability. Across the sample, preference for predictability showed small but significant negative correlations with several measures of creativity and positive correlations with several measures of mathematics. These findings were interpreted with respect to characteristic educational practices in both nations.