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本研究以汉语单字词灰材料,使用反应时技术,考察在归类任务中分心物的位置因素是否也与分心物特性因素一样,影响被试对探测显示中目标的反应时间,结果表明,RTDT不随主物位置数目变化而变化。只随着分心物特性数目变化而变化。由此得出,象归类这种属于语义表征的、与位置无关的任务 并不抑制分心物出现的位置,并可进一步推论,分心物抑制可能是一种灵活机制。 相似文献
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选择性注意的分心物加工机制对工作记忆的影响 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
通过实验法严格筛选被试,探讨了在有无分心物干扰的条件下,选择性注意的分心物加工机制(分心物抑制机制、分心物习惯化机制)对工作记忆的影响。结果揭示了,分心物抑制机制不仅能影响工作记忆的储存而且还影响工作记忆的加工;而习惯化机制只影响工作记忆的储存,不影响工作记忆的加工。 相似文献
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本研究采用双任务范式, 通过定向遗忘任务操纵工作记忆表征状态, 分别在目标无关和目标相关条件下考察工作记忆激活与抑制状态对视觉搜索早期注意引导效应的影响。实验1与实验2发现当工作记忆表征只可能与视觉搜索分心物匹配时(目标无关条件), 处于激活状态的工作记忆表征会引导视觉注意偏向到与之匹配的分心物, 表现出注意引导效应, 而处于抑制状态的工作记忆表征则没有观察到注意引导效应。实验3与实验4发现, 当工作记忆表征有可能与视觉搜索目标匹配时(目标相关条件), 处于激活状态的工作记忆表征能捕获注意, 而处于抑制状态的工作记忆表征只有与视觉搜索目标匹配时, 才表现出对该搜索目标反应的延迟。这些研究的结果表明(1)处于激活状态的工作记忆表征能有效地引导注意偏向到与之匹配的搜索目标或分心物, 并且这种注意引导效应并未受到抑制动机的影响而被消除或反转; (2)处于抑制状态的工作记忆表征能将抑制状态传递到视觉搜索阶段, 并延迟对与之匹配的搜索目标的反应。 相似文献
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通过两个实验验证了客体工作记忆内容对注意的导向过程是灵活可控的; 与客体工作记忆内容匹配的刺激既可以捕获注意, 也可以被抑制。实验1通过操作匹配试验概率来诱发不同水平的抑制动机, 考察在客体工作记忆内容对注意的导向作用中抑制动机的影响。匹配试验中有分心物与客体工作记忆内容相同。控制试验中所有搜索项目均与客体工作记忆内容不同。实验2保持实际匹配试验概率恒定, 仅通过改变指导语来调节抑制动机水平, 以排除练习的干扰。两实验结果均表明, 当抑制动机水平较低时, 匹配分心物会捕获注意; 而当抑制动机水平足够高时, 匹配分心物会被抑制。并且, 抑制动机水平的高低还会影响认知控制的效应量和时程。 相似文献
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为探究分心抑制和关系整合对学前儿童类比推理的影响,实验一先初步探究分心抑制和关系整合对25名3~4岁和26名5~6岁儿童完成含有知觉分心的类比情景任务的影响。其次,揭示知觉分心与关系整合在类比推理中的具体作用模式。实验二先初步探究分心抑制和关系整合对30名3~4岁和28名5~6岁儿童完成含有语义分心的类比情景任务的影响。其次,揭示语义分心与关系整合在类比推理中的具体作用模式。结果表明,抑制控制能显著预测儿童完成各种类型类比推理成绩,工作记忆能显著预测儿童完成含有语义分心的类比推理成绩而不能显著预测含有知觉分心的类比推理成绩。儿童完成类比情景中的分心抑制是在关系整合中完成的,当类比情景中的关系整合没有超过儿童的工作记忆容量时,知觉或语义分心才能造成对儿童类比推理的影响。 相似文献
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使用Reed设计的有意遗忘研究范式,以194名小学二、三、四、五年级学生和大学生为被试,考察不同年龄阶段被试工作记忆中有意抑制能力的差异,探索抑制机制随年龄增长的发展趋势及儿童工作记忆中有意抑制能力发展的敏感期。结果表明:1)大学生被试和儿童被试之间的有意抑制能力存在显著性差异;2)随年龄的增长,工作记忆中有意抑制能力呈递增趋势;3)儿童的有意抑制能力发展在三年级,9、10岁可能存在一个敏感期。 相似文献
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Hideya Koshino Glenna A. Boese F. Richard Ferraro 《The Journal of general psychology》2013,140(4):372-382
The authors examined whether stimulus activation and inhibition in the identity priming task are related to the temporal lobe, and whether these processes in the spatial priming task are related to the parietal lobe. Forty participants performed spatial and identity positive and negative priming tasks, the Vandenberg Mental Rotation task, and the Digit Span task. Both men and women showed significant positive and negative priming in the identity and spatial tasks with no gender difference. The magnitude of identity positive priming was predicted by the Digit Span task, and the magnitude of spatial positive priming was predicted by the mental rotation task. Only women showed a correlation between spatial ability and spatial negative priming. The results are partially consistent with the dorsal-ventral model of cognitive inhibition. 相似文献
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Recently we showed that maintaining a location in spatial working memory affects saccadic eye movement trajectories, in that
the eyes deviate away from the remembered location (Theeuwes, Olivers, & Chizk, 2005). Such saccade deviations are assumed
to be the result of inhibitory processes within the oculomotor system. The present study investigated whether this inhibition
is related to the phenomenon of inhibition of return (IOR), the relatively slow selection of previously attended locations
as compared with new locations. The results show that the size of IOR to a location was not affected by whether or not the
location was kept in working memory, but the size of the saccade trajectory deviation was affected. We conclude that inhibiting
working memory-related eye movement activity is not the same as inhibiting a previously attended location in space. 相似文献
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选择性注意的两种负启动效应研究回顾及比较 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
通过比较特性负启动和位置负启动两种实验范式.对选择性注意的负启动研究进行回顾与总结:从研究方法、行为及脑成像结果等方面对特性和位置负启动研究进行比较分析;简要介绍负启动机制,并从客体与空间选择性注意的分离、视觉加工神经通道和工作记忆等方面对特性和位置负启动异同的原因进行初步探讨。对特性和位置负启动及其脑机制的差异研究将有利于对负启动效应及其机制的进一步考察.并指出负启动范式在分心抑制等研究方向具有广泛的应用前景。 相似文献
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工作记忆对基于颜色的注意返回抑制的影响 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
前人研究发现返回抑制与工作记忆间存在特异性关系,即某种特定类型的返回抑制只依赖于此种工作记忆。然而,这些研究都只考察了空间和客体返回抑制。为了验证两者间的这种特异性关系在其他类型的返回抑制中仍然存在,本研究考察了工作记忆对基于颜色的返回抑制的影响。结果发现颜色返回抑制只受颜色工作记忆任务的影响,不受形状工作记忆任务影响,这为返回抑制和工作记忆特异性关系的普适性提供了进一步证据。 相似文献
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Participants have difficulty in reporting the second of two masked targets if the second target is presented within 500 ms
of the first target—an attentional blink (AB). Individual participants differ in the magnitude of their AB. The present study
employed an individual differences design and two visual working memory tasks to examine whether visual working memory capacity
and/or the ability to exclude irrelevant information from visual working memory (working memory filtering efficiency) could
predict individual differences in the AB. Visual working memory capacity was positively related to filtering efficiency, but
did not predict AB magnitude. However, the degree to which irrelevant stimuli were admitted into visual working memory (i.e.,
poor filtering efficiency) was positively correlated with AB magnitude over and above visual working memory capacity. Good
filtering efficiency may benefit the AB by not allowing irrelevant RSVP distractors to gain access to working memory. 相似文献
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Kathleen Albertson 《Journal of cognition and development》2013,14(4):390-410
Preschoolers' recall of the true and pretend identities of an object in pretense was examined along with a battery of executive functioning and working memory tasks. We expected that children would retain separate identities, as well as a link between them, after observing episodes of pretense, and that memory for pretense would be related to executive functioning and working memory. Children (aged 37–59 months) recalled the true identity of an object better than its pretend identity. Children's recall of at least one identity was correlated with executive functioning and “dual” working memory tasks, independent of age and verbal ability. Memory for both identities was only correlated with executive functioning. The findings are generally supportive of the claim that children form separate representations of the true and pretend identities of objects. The results extend findings of well-established relations between false belief tasks and executive functioning and working memory. 相似文献
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