儿童的同伴交往与孤独感:一项2年纵向研究

用提名法和问卷法对小学的3、4年级274名儿童进行两年追踪调查,采用交叉滞后设计,考察了同伴交往4个特征水平上的变量与孤独感的相互预测关系。结果发现：（1）自我报告的同伴交往变量——友谊质量和社交自我知觉与孤独感之间的交叉滞后效应显著;而同伴评定的同伴交往变量——积极提名、消极提名、受同伴欺负、消极退缩与孤独感之间的交叉滞后效应不显著;另外,前测的互选朋友数能显著负向预测后测的孤独感,前测的孤独感不能显著预测后测的互选朋友数。（2）在排除了早期其它变量的效应之后,积极提名分、消极提名分、受同伴欺负得分、消极退缩得分、互选朋友数在两年之间仍然呈现出高度的稳定性;友谊质量和社交自我知觉以及孤独感则表现出中等程度的稳定性

Children's Experiences with Peers and Loneliness: A Two- Year Longitudinal Study

Evidences from researches on both primates and human supported the hypothesis that problems in early peer relationship could lead to subsequent psychosocial maladjustments,including externalizing and internalizing problems(such as feelings of loneliness and depression).While children's experiences with peers can be best understood by referring to(several) levels of social complexity: within individuals,within interactions,within relationships,and within groups.Previous researches had revealed that loneliness was associated with a variety of peer variables at each of the four levels.Most(existing) researches had focused on the influences of peer variables on loneliness.Less examined was the impact of loneliness on peer variables.The present study was designed to explore the interaction between loneliness and peer variables(using) a 2-year longitudinal design. This study examined 274 children from Grade 3 to Grade 4 in 2002 and 2004.This study used the measures auch as the Perceived Competence Scale for Children, the Revised Class Play,Friendship Nomination and Friendship quality Questionnaire,Sociometric Nominations,and Children's Loneliness Scale to assess self-perceived social competence,social withdraw and peer victimization scores,mutual friends number and best friendship quality,positive nomination and negative nomination,and loneliness score,respectively. Cross-lagged regression analysis was conducted to examine the mutual predicative relations between loneliness and peer variables within each of the four levels.The results indicated that(1) there is a mutually predictive relations between peer variables and loneliness during the two-year interval such that(a) at the group level,after controlling other variables at Time 1,no significant cross-lagged effects were found between "liked most" nomination,"like least" nomination,and loneliness;(b) at the relationship level,after controlling other variables at Time 1,there was a significant cross-lagged effect between friendship quality and loneliness,suggesting that early friendship quality significantly predicted loneliness two years later,and early loneliness also significantly predicted friendship quality two years later;additionally,number of early mutual friends significantly predicted loneliness two years later,whereas early loneliness didn't predict number of mutual friends two years later;(c) at the interaction level,after controlling other variables at Time 1,no significant cross-lagged effect was found between passive withdraw,peer victimization,and loneliness;(d) at the individual level,after controlling other variables at Time 1, there was a significant cross-lagged effect of self-perceived social competence on loneliness and vice versa,indicating that early self-perceived social competence significantly predicted loneliness two years later,and early loneliness also significantly predicted self-perceived social competence two years(later).(2) With respect to the stability of peer variables and loneliness during the 2-yealr interval,the "like most" nomination,"like least" nomination,peer victimization,passive withdraw and number of mutual friends were highly stable,while best friendship quality,self-perceived social competence,and loneliness showed moderate stabilitie. Conclusions: Forst,mutual predictive relation between self-reported peer variables and loneliness were more stronger than that between peer-rated peer variables and loneliness.Second,the peer-rated variables(i.e.,"like most" nomination,"like least" nomination,peer victimization,passive withdraw and mutual friends number) were more stable than those of self-reported variables(i.e.,friendship quality,self-perceived social competence and loneliness).Third,once the characters of peer variables merged,they would show continued stability.