右脑形象思维与思维本质的探索

自然界的重大发现总是推动科学前进的巨大动力。六十年代美国科学家斯佩里（Ｒ·Ｗ·Ｓｐｅｒｒｙ）发现大脑的半球功能不对称的许多事实，即右半球在音乐、形象直觉上等存在优势，左半球在语言、书写、计算等功能上具有优势。这就是时下流行的右脑专司形象思维，左脑专司语言、逻辑思维的热闹话题。这个重要发现自然引起以大脑思维活动为对象的各门科学的密切关注，是合乎逻辑的。思维本质到底是什么？思维本质问题似乎已有定论。心理学教科书说：思维的本质是抽象。这可能是心理学界的共识。众所周知，大脑是思维器官，有抽象功能。因此，…     

再论思维的可训练性

本文从思维的可逆性、思维过程的操作化和思维训练的实践效果等方面论证了思维的可训练性,提出了将思维的可逆性与思维的认知过程相结合而产生的可逆性思维过程理论。该理论认为,可逆性是思维的本质属性,思维过程因其可逆性而具有可训练性,思维训练本质上是在训练思维的可逆性。实践表明,可逆性思维过程可操作化为各种具体的思维训练项目,进而可编制适合普通儿童、学习困难儿童、轻度智力落后儿童等各类儿童的实用思维训练教程,运用这些教程开展的思维训练能够有效地促进各类儿童的智力（思维）发展。     

儿童语言和认知（思维）发展的关系

在对幼儿从出生到３岁语言发展追踪研究和有关实验研究结果的基础上,比较、分析儿童语言和认知（思维）发展的各阶段及起作用的因素,探讨语言发展和认知发展的关系,提出以下几点看法：（１）儿童在１岁前（前语言期）的具体思维阶段有认知（有感知、记忆、表象和思维）,但还没有真正的语言。这说明语言不是先于思维,也不是所有的思维都与语言相联系。但是,人类特有的抽象思维却与语言有着密切的联系。（２）认知（思维）发展是语言发展的基础。（３）认知（思维）发展和语言发展的关系是双向的,辩证的,是复杂地交互作用的。（４）应以辩证的唯物主义的观点来看语言和认知（思维）的产生。人类所以有语言,有高度抽象概括的思维,都源于人类的实践活动。     

展示思维过程 提高思辨能力

现代教学要求教师要让学生从“学会”到“会学”,而要培养学生“会学”,最根本的途径是在传授知识的过程中向学生展示思维过程。思维过程是教学的核心,著名数学家斯托利亚尔指出：“数学教学是数学活动（思维过程）的教学,而不仅是数学结果（数学知识）的教学。”只有在教学中充分暴露思维过程,才是真正把握了教学的本质。那么,如何使思维过程在教学中充分展示呢？笔者认为有以下有效的途径。     

“‘笑话’的笑话”——谈谈鲁迅对不矛盾律的运用

不矛盾律是一条重要的逻辑基本规律。不矛盾律的基本内容是:在同一思维过程中,一个思想及其否定不能同时都真。它要求人们在同一思维过程中,不能出现两个互相矛盾或互相反对的思想。如果违反了这个要求,就不能正确地认识事物和表达思想,就要犯自相矛盾的错误,或者说就会存在逻辑矛盾。人们通常所说的“出尔反尔”、“自己打自己的嘴巴”等,都是在思维中存在有逻辑矛盾而在语言或行动上的表现。     

聋人唇读的大脑机制研究

特定区域整合模型与信息传输接替模型提供了聋人唇读不同的大脑机制,前者认为聋人唇读是由特定大脑皮层(如TSS．后扣带回等)加工的结果,听觉皮层并未参与视觉语言认知加工;后者认为聋人唇读的大脑机制与正常人无声唇读的大脑机制基本相似,是通过皮层下的连接区域(如屏状核)激活了视觉皮层、听觉皮层等。但更多的证据支持信息传输接替模型。聋人的听觉皮层具有可塑性,早期的语言经验对言语加工神经通路的建立具有很大的影响。     

人类工作记忆的某些神经影像研究

采用神经影像技术研究人类工作记忆的脑机理是目前一个十分活跃的研究领域。研究表明存在负责不同信息加工的工作记忆系统 ,如词语工作记忆、空间工作记忆等 ,其中词语工作记忆主要由大脑左半球参与 ,空间工作记忆主要由大脑右半球参与。前额叶在工作记忆中的作用相当复杂 ,包括对记忆信息的注意和抑制、管理、整合等功能。合理巧妙的实验设计、多种研究手段的综合应用必将使人类工作记忆的脑机理得到充分阐明。     

情绪自动化加工的证据与争议

情绪信息对人类的生存非常重要, 研究者一直在探讨情绪产生的本质问题：情绪的产生是“自动”的吗？已有的大量实验证据表明, 情绪可以被快速识别, 甚至在非注意条件下或者无意识条件下, 情绪信息也可以被大脑(尤其是杏仁核)识别。大量实验结果分析了情绪自动化加工的表现, 并探讨了情绪自动化加工的大脑机制：皮层下通路。视觉信息在视网膜接受后, 经上丘脑与枕核传递至杏仁核, 这条通路被称为皮层下通路, 负责情绪信息的快速化加工。但是新的研究对已有的实验范式与技术手段进行了质疑, 反驳情绪的自动化加工, 并质疑皮层下通路存在的可能性。为了进一步理清情绪加工的本质与大脑机制, 今后的研究应当采用更为严格地控制意识、注意资源的实验范式, 以及采用更精确、更高时间与空间分辨率的技术手段。     

语言是思维的工具

开展思维理论的讨论以来,关于思维与语言的关系问题已经研究得越来越深透了。哲学家、语言学家和心理学家们,都对这个问题发表了许多启迪性的好见解。他们从思维的种系与个体发展、正常成人与非正常的聋哑人的思维过程、语言对思维方式的影响、以及动物是否存在思维活动等方面,来论述了思维与语言的关系。概括地说,目前仍存在两种完全对立的观点:一种观点认为,思维与语言的发生是非同步的,即语言不是思维的物质外壳、直接现实;另一种观点认为,思维与语言是同步发生的,即语言是     

左侧前额叶语言加工功能研究综述

1 引言 探讨左前额叶的认知功能是目前脑成像研究的焦点之一。前额叶皮层占人类大脑的1/3。70年代初,鲁利亚提出大脑的三个机能系统时认为,额叶属于第三机能系统,负责编制行为程序,调节、控制行为,它对于完成很多高级认知加工,如计划、控制、问题解决等有着重要作用。近年来不断有研究发现,左侧前额叶还参与了许多和语言加工有关的活动,特别是额下回、Broca区等大脑区域被研究者进行了广泛地探讨。     

Analyse de l'activité et mouvements dialogiques dans le cadre de l'instruction au sosie

In this paper, the author is interested in two questions: how to impulse the analysis of the activity in a developmental way for the subjects involved? Which scientific knowledge is useful to explain and understand such a process? Based on Vygotski's work, for whom thought undergoes many changes as it turns into speech, we will first suggest to transform the point of view on “what is difficult to say” for the subjects in work analysis to consider it as resources for the analysis. In the continuity of Vygotski's work, we try to understand what constitutes the heart of this development process, in particular the nature of the changes between internal and external language. We will then present the method called “instructions to the double” as it is taken up in our research team “Clinique de l'Activité”. Finally, analyzing a piece of instructions to the double realized by an employee in a group of social workers dedicated to professional integration, we will identify the dialogical movements present in the analysis process. Bakhtin becomes then an essential reference to understand the migrations of the thought.     

Gender constructions from a project on sex offenders

Abstract

The four-year group therapy of 16 sex offenders in prison was videotaped, and 21 sessions were carefully transcribed and analysed by means of conversation analysis and analysis of metaphor and narration. These qualitative methods are apt for verbal data and can be combined with psychoanalytic thinking in a productive way. New forms of process analysis can be developed. The results presented here are selected to relate to the topic of how the imprisoned group therapy participants constructed “gender” by ways of speaking about themselves, women, and their victims, young girls. The results show that it would be a mistake to think of these ways of speaking as if they could be ignored in favour of “deeper” motives, lying “behind” the words. Our results show how unconscious constructions of gender are not beyond language, but in language. “Doing gender” is a conversational practice.     

On the mathematical representation of phenomena of emergence

This paper is a philosophical enquiry into the role that mathematics play in the articulation of science. It is conducted, in its essentials, in the spirit of Wittgenstein's views on the nature and function of philosophy, which are to lay bare, as it were, the manner in which we do whatever it is that we do, and then to examine the claims that we make for the deed. My conclusions should be easily accessible to those familiar with his thinking on the subject of science.

The case that has inspired the writing of this paper is not that of biology, nor is it the biological theory of evolution; rather, the case I have kept in mind while writing this paper is that of cognitive science, sometimes presented as a “science of mind” by its practitioners. It is primarily a computational theory characterized by two distinct approaches, one internal, the gist of which is that the brain/mind distinction is definitely passé; the other external, based on the view that the mark of human mentation is to be found in the ordinary use of old expressions to convey new meanings, i.e. in the Cartesian test for the existence of other minds, and its simpler computational version, the Turing test. Two intuitions underlie the paper: one, that language is obviously an adaptive characteristic of human organisms: one learns one's own mother's tongue, and feral children cannot conceptualize if first exposed to language after reaching puberty; two, empirical evidence supports the view that the “knowing brain” is different architecturally from the “untutored” one. These intuitions warrant regarding man's cognitive apparatus as an evolutionary system, and the “mind” as an emergent property.     

《周易》对探索潜意识启示

隐喻是一种语言现象,也是一种认知方式。《周易》是一套复杂的隐喻认知系统,“象”与“理”都是认识事物的思维方式。潜意识通过心理表征以隐喻的方式呈现,精神分析师借助隐喻方法来分析潜意识。将潜意识的呈现形式(如梦、口误等)理解为某种“象”,把“象”作为表征潜意识的符号与工具,通过“观象、取象、辨象、立象、尽意”这个认知过程,实现对“理”(潜意识)的理解。通过“象思维”来探索潜意识对中国人来说具有文化上亲和性,克服精神分析中的“无结构性”与“语言的限制”。     

Mixing against culture vs mixing against nature: ontologization of prohibited interethnic relationships

In this paper, we develop the theory of ontologization: Social representations that prevent members of minority and majority groups who are living in contact with each other to mingle. The process of ontologization consists of separating some humans from their own species, and anchoring them in another environment, that of an animal, for example. We propose that underlying the famous slogan “equal but separate” is the social representation of interracial mixing as a “counter‐nature” phenomenon. It is predicted that a sexual relationship between people of different “races” leads to a greater degree of ontologization, and, as such, this miscegenation will be explained in terms of biologistic thinking, like an instinctive nature or atavistic animal impulse. An experiment (N = 360) features the case of a woman who, though already in a stable relationship, is unfaithful to her partner. In a 2×3 factor design, the ethnic‐national identity of this woman (in‐group: Spanish/Italian vs out‐group: Senegalese) and the ethnic‐national identity of her lovers (in‐group: Spanish/Italian vs out‐group: Rumanian vs out‐group: Senegalese) were manipulated. In general, results fit the hypothesis of ontologization in interracial conditions better, rather than the customary in‐group favouritism and/or out‐group discrimination bias. We then go on to discuss the way in which a biologistic way of thinking enables a differentiation at the human level, in terms of culture groups and nature groups, in “races,” so that an interracial sexual relationship is seen as evidence of a wild and irrepressible impulse, which stigmatizes the people involved in these relationships.     

Intelligence analysts’ strategies for solving analytic tasks

Analytic performance may be assessed by the nature of the process applied to intelligence tasks and analysts are expected to use a “critical” or deliberative mindset. However, there is little research on how analysts do their work. We report the findings of a quantitative survey of 113 intelligence analysts who were asked to report how often they would apply strategies involving more or less critical thinking when performing representative tasks along the analytic workflow. Analysts reported using “deliberative” strategies significantly more often than “intuitive” ones when capturing customer requirements, processing data, and communicating conclusions. Years of experience working in the intelligence community, skill level, analytic thinking training, and time spent working collaboratively (opposed to individually) were largely unrelated to reported strategy use. We discuss the implications of these findings for both improving intelligence analysis and developing an evidence-based approach to policy and practice in this domain.     

Power and Freedom in Heidegger’s First Notebook

ABSTRACT

In the first notebook published in Überlegungen II-VI, which covers the years 1931 and 1932, Martin Heidegger uses a conception of power that is different to that found in his later work. Rather than power being the expression of the will to will and source of ruin for humanity, he says that humanity can only be saved from ruin if it can pave the way for an “empowerment of being” (Ermächtigung des Seins). This article will show that this early understanding of power is related to Heidegger’s conception of freedom as the essence of truth, developing his thinking on this topic from the period of 1927–1930. It will show that the terms “empowerment of being” and “letting be” (Seinlassen) are akin, and that Heidegger uses the former to distance his thinking from potential misinterpretations of the essay “On the Essence of Truth”.     

HUMAN PHENOTYPIC MORALITY AND THE BIOLOGICAL BASIS FOR KNOWING GOOD

Co‐creating knowledge takes a new approach to human phenotypic morality as a biologically based, human lineage specific (HLS) trait. Authors from very different backgrounds (anthropology and biology, on the one hand, and astronomy, philosophy, and theology, on the other) first review research on the nature and origins of morality using the social brain network, and studies of individuals who cannot “know good” or think morally because of brain dysfunction. They find these models helpful but insufficient, and turn to paleoanthropology, cognitive science, and neuroscience to understand human moral capacity and its origins long ago, in the genus Homo. An unusual narrative capturing “morality in action” takes the reader back 900,000 years, and then the authors analyze the essential features of moral thinking and behavior as expressed by early and later species on our lineage. In what has primarily been the province of philosophers to date, the authors’ morality model is presented for further scientific testing.     

Inherent directionality of “even if” counterfactual conditionals

In this research, we investigate whether semifactual conditionals such as “even if there had been an A, there would have been a B” are understood by thinking initially of the antecedent “A”, as was found with factual conditionals. The “inherent directionality” hypothesis assumes that for the comprehension of most relational statements, a presuppositional element (i.e. the “relatum”) is initially established. For “even if”, both terms could work as “relatum”. This is because on the one hand, people tend to infer “B” from “A” and “not-A” and, on the other hand, “B” could work as a pragmatic presupposition. In the present experiment, semifactual and factual conditionals were tested with a sentence-picture verification task. Results were consistent with the “inherent directionality” hypothesis: only “if then” factual conditionals, but not semifactuals, showed a preference for reasoning from the antecedent, with faster verifications.