异维A酸组和维胺酯组治疗痤疮的比较

为了比较分析异维A酸组和维胺酯组治疗痘疮的临床疗效、费用和不良反应,于服药前后观察疗效、不良反应和相关费用.结果显示,异维A酸组治疗痤疮起效快.在治疗中度痤疮,两组总体疗效、医疗费用相当,但雏胺酯组不良反应较轻.而在治疗重度痤疮方面,异维A酸组临床疗效较维胺酯组高,且医疗成本较低.     

异维A酸组和维胺酯组治疗痤疮的比较

为了比较分析异维A酸组和维胺酯组治疗痤疮的临床疗效、费用和不良反应,于服药前后观察疗效、不良反应和相关费用。结果显示,异维A酸组治疗痤疮起效快。在治疗中度痤疮,两组总体疗效、医疗费用相当,但维胺酯组不良反应较轻。而在治疗重度痤疮方面,异维A酸组临床疗效较维胺酯组高,且医疗成本较低。     

EGFR突变NSCLC二线TKIs治疗优化选择

恶性肿瘤的治疗已经进入驱动基因指导下的个体治疗时代,肺癌患者应该进行多基因检测,特别是表皮生长因子受体（EGFR）基因突变。EGFR基因突变的非小细胞肺癌（NSCLC）患者,如果一线接受了化疗,二线应该选择表皮生长因子受体一酪氨酸酶抑制剂（EGFR—TKIs）。EGFR基因突变的NSCLC患者一线EGFR—TKIs治疗失败后,二线治疗应该是个体化合理选择,包括局部放疗、化疗和继续EGFR—TKIs。目前一代和二代EGFR—TKIs药物之间未见到显著疗效差别。第三代EGFR—TKIs是目前的EGFR—TKIs耐药后的最有希望的选择,特别是针对T790M突变耐药。     

癌症疼痛规范化治疗对肿瘤化疗效果的影响

为了探讨癌症疼痛规范化治疗对化疗疗效的影响,本文回顾分析了2012年1月~2013年12月大连医科大学附属第一医院收治的具有明显癌症疼痛并接受含铂两药联合方案化疗的肺癌患者312例,分为癌症疼痛非规范化治疗组和癌症疼痛规范化治疗组,结果显示:两组治疗后的生活质量均有所提高,规范化组更为显著,两组mOS有显著差异,在亚组中,有骨转移的患者的效果更好。提示癌症疼痛规范化治疗可提高化疗疗效,改善患者生活质量,延长生存期,与是否有骨转移无关。     

EGFR基因突变NSCLC全程管理

表皮生长因子受体（EGFR）基因突变的非小细胞肺癌（non-small cell lungcancer,NSCLC）是一类具有独特病理和临床特征的恶性肿瘤。目前由于针对EGFR基因突变阳性NSCLC治疗中TKIs的应用,患者的生存期已超过三年,所以此类患者从诊断到治疗应进行全程管理。首先要进行分子检测,发现EGFR基因突变NSCLC,以避免失去EGFR—TKIs的治疗机会。研究证明,EGFR基因突变NSCLC任何线接受第一代抑制剂治疗,患者疗效及生存获益且耐受性良好。一代EGFR—TKIs耐药后根据失败模式选择后续局部或全身治疗,或根据耐药失败分子机制给予新的分子靶向治疗。对EGFR基因突变NSCLC应实施科学、有序的全程管理。     

慢性乙型肝炎的联合抗病毒治疗

抗病毒治疗是控制乙型肝炎病原进而防止肝硬化、肝癌等并发症的重要手段。就目前的抗病毒药物而言,单一药物的疗效不能令人满意,越来越多的研究数据表明联合抗病毒治疗,包括干扰素α和核苷（酸）类似物联合治疗以及两种核苷（酸）类似物联合治疗可以减少耐药发生,提高抗病毒疗效。联合抗病毒治疗可能是控制乙肝的有效策略,值得进一步研究。     

利奈唑胺治疗ICU革兰阳性球菌感染的疗效及安全性观察

为了评估利奈唑胺治疗ICU革兰阳性球菌感染的疗效与安全性,回顾性分析了我院中心ICU接受利奈唑胺治疗的28例革兰阳性球菌感染患者的临床资料.结果显示治疗的总有效率为75%(21/28),耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌感染惠者有效率73.33%(11/15),表皮葡萄球菌感染患者有效率66.67%(4/6),屎肠球茵感染患者有效率80%(4/5),溶血葡萄球菌感染患者有效率100%(2/2),人葡萄球菌感染患者有效率100%(2/2).治疗过程中不良反应发生率为25%.不良反应经对症处理后好转,无需停药.故得出结论,利奈唑胺是治疗革兰阳性球菌感染有效、安全的药物,值得进一步临床验证.     

慢性乙型肝炎抗病毒治疗的策略

抗病毒治疗是慢性乙型肝炎治疗的关键,有效的抗乙型肝炎病毒药物主要有干扰素和核苷（酸）类似物。单药抗病毒治疗可获得较好的疗效,便于监测、管理;联合抗病毒治疗增加抗病毒疗效尚难肯定,更无法避免耐药发生,并可导致多药耐药、增加药物副作用和治疗费用。因此,优选单药进行抗病毒治疗才是目前理想的方案。     

创新药物埃克替尼临床研究进展及研究方向

晚期非小细胞肺癌（NSCLC）是全世界范围内主要的癌症死亡原因之一。晚期NSCLC的治疗主要是姑息性治疗和以铂类为基础的化疗,但上述治疗手段近几年已逐渐进入平台期。表皮生长因子受体酪氨酸激酶抑制剂（EGFR～TKIs）,如吉非替尼,厄洛替尼和阿法替尼的出现延长了患者的无进展生存期,与化疗相比具有较好的安全性,明显改善了患者生活质量,特别是对EGFR基因突变的晚期NSCLC患者获益更加明显。盐酸埃克替尼是我国自主研发的口服高选择性EGFR—TKIs抑制剂,属1．1类新药。其Ⅲ期注册性研究（ICOGEN）结果表明对于既往接受过化疗失败的患者,埃克替尼疗效与吉非替尼相似,且安全性更优。基于该研究,2011年6月CFDA批准埃克替尼用于既往化疗失败的晚期非小细胞肺癌。本文将探讨埃克替尼相关临床研究进展,以及其未来研发等几个方面。     

榄香烯联合替莫唑胺与单药替莫唑胺在 NSCLC 脑转移放疗后维持治疗中的比较研究

探讨榄香烯注射液联合替莫唑胺在非小细胞肺癌（NSCLC）脑转移患者放疗后维持治疗的疗效,将46例NSCLC脑转移放疗后患者,随机分为联合治疗组和对照组,分别采用榄香烯联合替莫唑胺和单药替莫唑胺维持化疗,观察两组疗效、免疫指标、不良反应及生存分析。结果显示两组无进展生存期（PFS）、总生存期（OS）差异无统计学意义（P＞0．05）。总缓解率及卡氏功能状态评分（KPS）两组比较差异有统计学意义（P＜0．05）。联合治疗组免疫功能提高,化疗不良反应减轻。榄香烯联合替莫唑胺维持治疗可以提高NSCLC脑转移患者放疗后的总缓解率,改善生活质量,减轻化疗的不良反应,应用安全。     

Method and Explanation in History and in Social Representations

A commonly held point of view defines a discipline as a science if it uses inductive and/or deductive methods in studying phenomena in question, because these methods, it is believed, will enable generalization of findings. Both history and theory of social representations study unique phenomena and therefore, for these disciplines, induction and deduction are unsuitable methods of exploration. History and theory of social representations treat a historical event and a social psychological phenomenon, respectively, as dynamic, systemic and one of its kind. Using relational epistemologies, these disciplines produce context-dependent and context-specific knowledge. Whilst similarities among historical, as well as among social psychological occurrences do exist, they do not yield themselves to inductive generalization. Studies of unique cases require different kinds of generalization; rather than generalising to populations, they pose questions about generalizability, or transferability, with respect to theories of other historical events or social psychological phenomena.     

Idealizations and Concretizations in Laws and Explanations in Physics

The paper tries to provide an alternative to Hempel’s approach to scientific laws and scientific explanation as given in his D-N model. It starts with a brief exposition of the main characteristics of Hempel’s approach to deductive explanations based on universal scientific laws and analyzes the problems and paradoxes inherent in this approach. By way of solution, it analyzes the scientific laws and explanations in classical mechanics and then reconstructs the corresponding models of explanation, as well as the types of scientific laws appearing in it. Finally, it compares this reconstruction with the approaches of J. Woodward and C. Hitchcock, C. Liu and with the views of M. Thalos on analytic mechanics.

Conceptual combinations and relational contexts in free association and in priming in lexical decision and naming

Words known to have strong associates of a particular relational type were embedded in lists of other words with relations of the same type or in lists of words with relations of a different type (e.g.close-far in a list of other opposite pairs or in a list of synonym pairs). In free association, the probability of a response consistent with the relational context was higher than the probability of a response inconsistent with the context. In lexical decision and naming, significant priming was obtained for related pairs of words only when their relation was consistent with the relational context of the list in which they were embedded. The priming effects were obtained when the stimulus onset asynchrony between prime and target words was short (250 msec for lexical decision and 300 msec for naming), indicating that the effects were due to automatic retrieval processes. These findings point to the importance of the particular relations between words in the retrieval of information from memory, an aspect of processing overlooked by current memory models.     

Separation of Religion and State and Secularism in Theory and in Practice

Abstract

This study examines whether states follow the religion policies they declare in their constitutions. It identifies four types of policies which officially seek to limit religion's role in government: absolute separation of religion and state (SRAS); neutral political concern; exclusion of ideals; and secularism–laicism. I determine whether states follow these policies using the religion and state (RAS) dataset and compare this to constitutional declarations that the state is secular and declarations of separation of religion and state. The results show that a majority of states which make both types of declaration do not follow these policies based on any of the four standards used in this study. However, the presence and wording of these clauses are correlated with state religion policy.     

Organisation and Recall in Verbal Tasks and in Subject-performed Tasks

In memory for subject-performed tasks (SPTs), subjects encode a list of simple action phrases (e.g. "lift the pen", "open the book") by performing these actions during learning. Performing tasks has proved to be a much more efficient type of encoding than verbal tasks (VTs), in which subjects only listen to the action phrases in order to memorise them. It is assumed that good item-specific encoding after SPTs plays an important role in the SPT effect. The role of relational encoding for the SPT effect is less clear, as is the question of whether SPT encoding is automatic or controlled. Two experiments were conducted to address these issues. Subjects learned lists which were categorically structured in VTs and SPTs, under focal attention or divided attention. The results indicated that relational encoding does not differ between VTs and SPTs, and that free recall is impaired in both cases by divided attention, more so in VTs than in SPTs. It is concluded that the SPT effect is primarily based on item-specific information rather than on relational information, and that VTs are more dependent than SPTs on active encoding.     

Anxiety and depression in adolescents in urban and rural China

The goal was to assess rates of anxiety and depression in adolescents in two areas of Zhejiang Province, China. A cross-sectional survey was carried-out using a self-report questionnaire developed for this study. Participants were middle school students (age range 13-16 years) in an urban and a rural setting. There were 1576 completed questionnaires. Symptoms of anxiety sufficient to interfere with enjoyment of life, relaxation, and sleep were common (48%, 40%, and 27%, respectively). School-related problems were the predominant sources of worry. One third reported a history of depression, 16% had at times felt life was not worth living, and 9% reported that they had attempted suicide. Girls were more likely to report symptoms of depression. Patterns of help-seeking showed reliance on friends and parents; only 1% had sought professional help. There were no significant differences in anxiety and depression between one-child and multisibling families.     

Change and Stability in Religiousness and Spirituality in Emerging Adulthood

The author investigated the change and stability of different aspects of religiousness and spirituality, as well as whether personality traits may help explain why individuals increase or decrease in religiousness and spirituality during emerging adulthood. Self-report measures of childhood and current religiousness were completed by 224 college-aged participants. A subset of participants also completed a measure of personality and measures of religious and spiritual belief trajectories by rating the importance of each belief at successive age brackets across their lifespan. Analyses of mean-level, rank-order, and individual-level stability and change in religiousness indicated that while average religiousness scores decreased, there was still moderate to high rank-order stability in scores. Additionally, service attendance was less stable and decreased more than importance of religion in daily life. Examination of the trajectories of religiousness and spirituality over time showed similar differences: religiousness decreased, on average, whereas spirituality increased slightly, but significantly, across successive age brackets. Personality traits did not significantly predict change in religiousness over time, although openness predicted change in spirituality. Conclusions include the idea that religiousness in emerging adulthood is comprised on different components that change at different rates.     

Sensitivity and specificity in affective and social learning in adolescence

Adolescence is a period of heightened affective and social sensitivity. In this review we address how this increased sensitivity influences associative learning. Based on recent evidence from human and rodent studies, as well as advances in computational biology, we suggest that, compared to other age groups, adolescents show features of heightened Pavlovian learning but tend to perform worse than adults at instrumental learning. Because Pavlovian learning does not involve decision-making, whereas instrumental learning does, we propose that these developmental differences might be due to heightened sensitivity to rewards and threats in adolescence, coupled with a lower specificity of responding. We discuss the implications of these findings for adolescent mental health and education.