围手术期血糖控制

糖尿病患者围手术期血糖控制是临床糖尿病处理的一大难题,围手术期血糖控制状况对术后病死率及感染等并发症有重要影响。良好的血糖控制可以改善患者预后,但严格控制血糖也会增加低血糖和多项不良事件发生的风险。目前对围手术期血糖控制的目标尚无统一标准,缺乏充分的前瞻性对比研究和循证证据。本文作者对近几年关于围手术期血糖控制相关文献...     

围手术期血糖控制

糖尿病患者围手术期血糖控制是临床糖尿病处理的一大难题,围手术期血糖控制状况对术后病死率及感染等并发症有重要影响.良好的血糖控制可以改善患者预后,但严格控制血糖也会增加低血糖和多项不良事件发生的风险.目前时围手术期血糖控制的目标尚无统一标准,缺乏充分的前瞻性对比研究和循证证据.本文作者对近几年关于围手术期血糖控制相关文献综合整理,结合相关临床经验,就围手术期血糖控制进行探讨.     

心脏病患者非心脏手术风险的规避

社会老龄化,老年人口的相对比例以及绝对值不断增长,外科手术患者中合并心脏病的患者比例也在不断增加。这类患者都具有较高的围手术期心肌梗死、心衰及心源性死亡的危险。如何评价这些患者的围手术期风险,细致调整心脏病用药,使患者获得最佳治疗,保证患者的医疗安全,同时避免术前不必要的检查。     

心脏病患者非心脏手术风险的规避

社会老龄化,老年人口的相对比例以及绝对值不断增长,外科手术患者中合并心脏病的患者比例也在不断增加.这类患者都具有较高的围手术期心肌梗死、心衰及心源性死亡的危险.如何评价这些患者的围手术期风险,细致调整心脏病用药,使患者获得最佳治疗,保证患者的医疗安全,同时避免术前不必要的检查.     

老年糖尿病患者人工髋关节置换术的围手术期处理体会

探讨老年糖尿病患者人工髋关节置换术围手术期的治疗方法。对2000年1月~2006年3月54例糖尿病患者行人工髋关节置换术进行术后随访,利用临床关节功能及放射学检查进行分析。54例手术患者血糖控制满意且顺利度过围手术期。按Harris评分标准,术后髋关节功能优良率分别为人工股骨头置换组74%(14/19),人工全髋关节置换组91%(32/35)。未发现感染及假体松动现象等并发症。老年糖尿病患者如果有髋关节置换手术指征,没有严重的并发疾病,在重视围手术期处理的情况下,可以行人工髋关节置换术,且疗效肯定。     

靶控输注舒芬太尼复合丙泊酚在老年直肠癌根治术合并2型糖尿病患者围术期指标的影响

探究靶控输注(TCI)舒芬太尼复合丙泊酚在老年直肠癌根治术合并2型糖尿病患者围术期指标的影响。选取自2015年9月～2016年9月间我院收治的老年直肠癌根治术且合并2型糖尿病患者78例,采用随机数字表法将研究对象分为A组(TCI舒芬太尼复合丙泊酚注射)和B组(多次舒芬太尼复合丙泊酚注射)。观察两组患者围手术期血气指标、血糖指标、麻醉效果和不良反应。TCI舒芬太尼复合丙泊酚对行直肠癌根治术的老年直肠癌合并2型糖尿病患者的麻醉效果较佳,能够稳定血流动力学和血糖指标,减少围手术期不良反应的发生,值得推广应用。     

妇癌患者术前告知的思考

外科手术是癌症治疗的重要手段,术前谈话告知是外科手术不可缺失的必要步骤,也是保障围手术期安全的关键步骤之一。新的医疗环境对术前谈话提出新的挑战,本文就患者、家属和医者三方面进行反思,探讨新形势下术前告知的深层次问题和解题方法。     

妇癌患者术前告知的思考

外科手术是癌症治疗的重要手段,术前谈话告知是外科手术不可缺失的必要步骤,也是保障围手术期安全的关键步骤之一.新的医疗环境对术前谈话提出新的挑战,本文就患者、家属和医者三方面进行反思,探讨新形势下术前告知的深层次问题和解题方法.     

围手术期应激性高血糖管理

由于手术应激原影响,外科大手术围术期发生应激性高血糖屡见不鲜。围手术期血糖监测与控制对临床治疗意义重大。本文概括了围手术期应激性高血糖的发病机制、主要危害,从辩证思维的角度,归纳出灵活掌握控制标准,注意“度”的原则、整体性原则及动态性原则,从而有效控制围手术期发生的应激性高血糖。     

术后镇痛问题的思辨

随着现代医学的进步,外科手术后疼痛管理仍然是医学挑战问题。良好的术后镇痛是加快患者术后康复的前提条件。我们应当正确认识疼痛,建立一个发展良好、专门的急性疼痛服务组织,并在围手术期应用最新的急性疼痛管理指南,了解止痛药和不同的镇痛技术优缺点。总之,以团队为基础、以病人为中心、强调多模式镇痛和预防性镇痛的方法将为患者提供优化的、有针对性的围手术期镇痛体验,从而加快患者术后康复。     

Brief Behavioral Intervention for Distressed Patients Undergoing Cancer Surgery: A Case Series

Preoperative distress is associated with poor postoperative outcomes, such as increased risk of surgical site infection and readmission, and brief psychosocial interventions delivered during the perioperative period may improve postoperative mental and physical health. However, there are few protocols for screening and treating distress in the surgical oncology setting. The current article describes the development and feasibility pilot testing of a four-session intervention (Behavioral Intervention for Wellness and Engaged Living [Be-WEL]) that combines behavioral and self-management strategies to manage preoperative distress and improve postoperative recovery. Data from three patients who participated in an ongoing open clinical trial are reviewed to illustrate the feasibility, acceptability, and potential strengths and limitations of this intervention.     

室间隔缺损合并重度肺动脉高压的外科手术治疗策略

探讨室间隔缺损伴重度肺动脉高压患者手术指征的判断标准和围术期的治疗策略。11例室间隔缺损伴重度肺动脉高压患者,在体外循环下行室间隔缺损修补术,围术期给予吸氧、前列腺素E1等降低肺动脉压力的综合治疗。结果11例手术患者全部治愈出院,经随访肺动脉压力有着不同程度的下降。术前全面检查、综合分析以明确手术指征是室间隔缺损合并重度肺动脉高压患者获得满意疗效的根本,其中肺血管纹理是一个最重要的判断指标。     

Effects of preoperative roommate assignment on preoperative anxiety and recovery from coronary-bypass surgery

This study examined the effect of preoperative roommate assignment on the preoperative anxiety and postoperative recovery of 27 male coronary-bypass patients. Patients were assigned preoperatively to a roommate who was either similar or dissimilar in his surgical status (preoperative vs. postoperative, respectively) and either similar or dissimilar in his type of operation (cardiac vs. noncardiac, respectively). The results indicated that the similarity/dissimilarity of a roommate's surgical status exerted important effects. Specifically, patients who before their operations had a postoperative roommate were less anxious preoperatively, were more ambulatory postoperatively, and were released more quickly from the hospital than patients who before their operations had a preoperative roommate. In contrast, the similarity/dissimilarity of the roommate's type of operation exerted no significant effects either separately or in interaction with the similarity of the roommate's surgical status. Theoretical implications, possible mechanisms, and practical implications for hospital policy are discussed.     

The assessment of surgery-related coping: The coping with surgical stress scale (COSS)

Abstract

Surgery can be regarded as a major stressor for any patient. High preoperative emotional arousal may negatively influence adjustment during surgery as well as the postoperative recovery rate. Consequently, the strategies individuals employ for coping with this stress are of prime importance for the quality of their adaptation. This paper reports the construction and empirical assessment of a new instrument for measuring strategies employed to cope with surgical stress. Factor analysis of this instrument, the Coping with Surgical Stress Scale (COSS), yielded five factors: Rumination, Optimism and Trust, Turning to Social and Religious Resources, Threat Avoidance, and Information Seeking. Internal consistencies of the corresponding subscales were satisfactory. Results concerning external relationships of the COSS with dispositional coping, state and trait anxiety, and indicators of perioperative adjustment showed that the COSS is a useful instrument for measuring surgery-related coping.     

Cognitive function after open-heart surgery: Are postoperative neuropsychological deficits caused by cardiopulmonary bypass?

Despite the many technological developments in arterial perfusion and cardiac surgical procedures, open-heart surgery is still believed to pose a significant risk for cerebral injury. There are several potential causes of brain damage during open-heart surgery, including prolonged or severe arterial hypotension, as well as emboli emanating from the cardiopulmonary bypass circuit or the operative field. This article reviews the available neuropsychological studies of outcome following cardiac valve replacement and coronary artery bypass grafting. Because both procedures are life-saving operations, the research in this area has been quasi-experimental and fraught with methodological problems. Nonetheless, the findings converge to suggest that cognitive dysfunction occurs after open-heart surgery, and that the deficits are attributable, at least in part, to factors specific to the operation or to the patient being maintained on cardiopulmonary bypass. Preliminary findings suggest that embolization is the primary cause of perioperative deficits in uncomplicated operations. Studies have also consistently found preoperative deficits in this population, suggesting that neuropsychological dysfunction is caused by severe chronic cardiac disease as well as open-heart surgery.     

老年患者的外科治疗决策及围手术期处理

泌尿外科老年患者多,老年患者必然手术并发症多,手术死亡率高。虽然现在泌尿外科近70％的手术已进入了微创时代,手术时间大幅缩减,但是老年患者的临床决策仍常常是个非常纠结的问题,手术要达到什么目的？何时要做适当的放弃？除了充分的围手术期准备,医生要敢于承担,家属要充分理解和合作。     

心理干预对肺癌患者围术期的影响

为探讨心理干预对行肺叶切除术的肺癌患者应激反应及麻醉苏醒期的影响。选择60例患者随机分为对照组（A）与干预组（B）。A组常规术前准备,B组增加心理干预,结果A组较B组麻醉前心率快、血压高,苏醒期躁动发生率高,拔管时间长,儿茶酚胺增加;恶心、呕吐发生率无差异。可见心理干预能减少应激反应,利于麻醉手术及术后康复。     

Roles of Religious Commitment,Emotion Regulation and Social Support in Preoperative Anxiety

Surgery is a relatively commonplace medical procedure in healthcare settings. The mental health status of the person undergoing surgery is vital, but there is dearth of empirical studies on the mental health status of surgery patients, particularly with regard to the factors associated with anxiety in surgical conditions. This study investigated the roles of religious commitment, emotion regulation (cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression) and social support in preoperative anxiety in a sample of 210 surgical inpatients from a Nigerian tertiary healthcare institution. A cross-sectional design was adopted. Before the surgery, respondents completed the state anxiety subscale of State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, Religious Commitment Inventory, Emotion Regulation Questionnaire and Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support. After controlling for relevant demographic factors, regression results showed that cognitive reappraisal, social support and interpersonal religious commitment were negatively associated with preoperative anxiety, while expressive suppression was positively associated with preoperative anxiety. The emotion regulation strategies made robust and significant explanation of variance in preoperative anxiety. Appropriate interventions to promote interpersonal religious commitment, encourage cognitive reappraisal and enhance social support quality may improve mental health outcomes in surgery.

     

围手术期麻醉医师的伦理责任

随着医学模式的转变,麻醉医师应了解本专业特殊的伦理要求。本文通过对围手术期不同时间段的伦理要求进行分析,探讨了麻醉医师应遵守的医学伦理学职责,包括：术前查看病人,以最优化原则制定麻醉方案,坚持知情同意原则,杜绝术中知晓,执行保护性医疗制度,保证病人舒适自然的苏醒以及必要的心理抚慰与指导等。