二战期间侵华日军人体实验的伦理审视

本文概述了1932-1945年侵华日军在中国实施残酷人体实验的历史事实,认为侵华日军人体实验践踏了医学伦理和科研伦理,是违反人道主义的罪行,并分析了源于侵华日军人体实验又具有一般意义的"事后同谋"、"非人化"合理化和"权威化"合理化等问题。     

难题、辩护与原则的确定--对"安慰剂对照双盲法人体实验"的医学伦理思考

从技术要求上看 ,针对人的药物或其他治疗方法的人体实验 (即涉及人体的医学实验 )研究 ,往往采取“对照”的方法和原则进行 ,而在各种对照中 ,对受试者通过随机分组、使用安慰剂和利用双盲法的“安慰剂对照双盲法人体实验”是其中常规的技术要求和做法 ,这种做法是为了保证科研结论的客观性和增强人们对科研结论的可信度。但必须十分清醒地认识到其中存在大量医学伦理难题 ,需要对此进行伦理学辩护 ,并确定解决难题的伦理学原则。1　伦理难题的存在◆“安慰剂对照双盲法人体实验”是获取研究结论的惟一手段选择吗 ?可以适应于所有的实验吗 …     

从比较的视角看当代经济伦理研究的兴起及其启迪

从经济伦理思想的发展看,当代经济伦理问题的高度复杂性要求学科化的研究,其研究重心集中于公共领域,关注点在于企业制度与经营的层次.从当代经济伦理研究的兴起看,韦伯提出了经济伦理的概念,但当代西方学科化的经济伦理研究另有缘起.后者发轫于美国,而后欧洲和日本的学科化研究相继启动;由于文化传统和社会经济背景的差异,三者的理论特点有别.通过对照,可以启发我们思考三方面的问题:对经济伦理学学科史的理解问题,中国经济伦理学的自身理论构建及其现实针对性问题.     

医学伦理研究之文化背景关注

医学伦理研究与文化关系密切,医学本身就具有深厚的文化内涵.医学伦理研究与文化的关系可以通过医学伦理的文化纷争与道德陌生者两个事实得到例证.当代中国医学伦理学的发展更多地表现出对西方医学伦理理论的移植,而对中国社会特定文化背景的关注不够.立足民族深厚的文化背景,对外来研究成果进行本土化基础上的借鉴与吸收,将是发展中国当代医学伦理学的良策与必由之路.     

日本医学伦理问题（上）：脑死问题的基点所在

日本医学伦理问题（上）──脑死问题的基点所在日本旭川医科大学教授冈田雅胜一、日本医疗伦理的现状我在这里想探索一下关于围绕日本医学伦理问题的问题是什么,并且通过脑死问题来论述一下构成日本医学伦理的根本问题。日本在把以美国为中心的生命伦理学展开的同时,也...     

论中国特点的经济伦理研究

经济全球化正在推动“全球经济伦理”研究的兴起。在普遍重视“全球经济伦理”之时 ,我们应注意中国特点的经济伦理研究。因为 :( 1 )中国市场经济还处在初级阶段 ,经济全球化并不能改变这一现实。 ( 2 )目前在“全球经济伦理”中占主导地位的西方经济伦理成果是在西方环境中产生的 ,中国经济伦理问题具有不同的特点 ,因而不可能照搬西方对这些问题的规范成果。 ( 3)某些被当代西方经济伦理学否定的价值取向恰正是现在促进中国经济增长的动因 ,我们不能简单地加以否定 ,而有一个如何恰当地肯定和规范的问题。所以 ,弄清中国经济伦理问题的特…     

试析德国纳粹人体实验的道德逻辑

德国纳粹人体实验与德国现代伦理思想中的超人道德和种族主义思想密切相关。超人道德是纳粹人体实验的“意志-伦理”基础,种族主义则是纳粹人体实验的“科学—伦理”依据。     

"父为子隐,子为父隐"再议

拙文<中国传统思想中的父子关系及其诠释的面向--从"父为子隐,子为父隐"说起>(<中国哲学史>2003年第1期)刊出后,引发了一些反响(包括疑问或质疑).其中有的学者指出,该文引述和处理了大量的史料,充分而翔实地展示了问题本身的历史与文化脉络,也扼要地清理出当代视野中几种可能的诠释理路与"面向",但作者本人的观点似乎语焉不详,特别是对于相关讨论在当代伦理与文化建设中的意义,没有展开论述.     

“人体实验中的伦理学问题”学术报告会纪要

20 0 1年 4月 1 2日下午 ,美国威斯康星大学哲学和生命伦理学教授、前任国际生命伦理学学会主席、世界卫生组织高级生命伦理学专家、中国社会科学院应用伦理研究中心名誉教授丹尼尔·维克勒教授和哈佛大学公共卫生学院国际保健伦理项目负责人Ｒ Ａ 卡什教授 ,以及世界卫生组织总干事特派代表陈洁女士 ,应中国社会科学院应用伦理研究中心的邀请 ,访问了中国社会科学院应用伦理研究中心。维克勒教授作了“人体实验中的伦理学问题”的学术报告 ,并与到会的中国学者进行了讨论。维克勒教授首先谈到有关人体实验伦理规则形成的背景。第二次世界大…     

重视德性伦理的研究——杜治政医学美德伦理观浅析

杜治政教授是我国当代医学哲学尤其是医学伦理学学科的主要开拓者和奠基人。他直接而清晰地剖析了我国医学伦理学面临的现实危机和道德困境,提出培养医学道德要促进规范伦理与德性伦理的结合,更要高扬医学美德伦理。杜治政教授强调美德伦理首先是医生的美德,美德具有医学伦理学母德的性质,他的医学美德伦理观为我国当代医学道德发展奠定了基础,为解决当今临床实践中的种种现实伦理问题、建立和谐医患关系提供了重要借鉴和有益启示。     

JAPANESE AMERICAN WARTIME EXPERIENCE,TAMOTSU SHIBUTANI AND METHODOLOGICAL INNOVATION, 1942–1978

A case study of how wartime internment reverberated in the life and work of Japanese American intellectuals, this essay discusses the career and interests of Tamotsu Shibutani, a sociologist who began his training as part of Dorothy Swaine Thomas’ Japanese American Evacuation and Resettlement Study (JERS). Though recent scholarship has noted some of the ethical problems that attended the use of Japanese American participant observers during the war, this essay concentrates instead on how interned intellectuals responded to their double role of both researcher (and intellectual) and object of study. I argue that in the case of Shibutani, his circumstances and identity shaped his scholarship, both as an academic endeavor and a political project. By tracking Shibutani's postwar scholarly activities, I show that his wartime experiences—as an internee, military officer, and participant‐observer—reverberated in his sociological publications long after the war's end.     

Cultural context in medical ethics: lessons from Japan

This paper examines two topics in Japanese medical ethics: non-disclosure of medical information by Japanese physicians, and the history of human rights abuses by Japanese physicians during World War II. These contrasting issues show how culture shapes our view of ethically appropriate behavior in medicine. An understanding of cultural context reveals that certain practices, such as withholding diagnostic information from patients, may represent ethical behavior in that context. In contrast, nonconsensual human experimentation designed to harm the patient is inherently unethical irrespective of cultural context. Attempts to define moral consensus in bioethics, and to distinguish between acceptable and unacceptable variation across different cultural contexts, remain central challenges in articulating international, culturally sensitive norms in medical ethics.     

TIME, (COM)PASSION,AND ETHICAL SELF-FORMATION IN EVANGELICAL HUMANITARIANISM

This article examines narratives, images, and stories that give insight to everyday experimentation and ethical self-formation. I use the case of World Vision and its early leaders to unpack genealogies of American evangelical humanitarianism. Rather than seeking to identify American evangelicalism’s normative ethical stance, I aim to expand the discussion in anthropology of ethics on ethical self-formation through examining the tensions, reflections, and processes of becoming among evangelical humanitarians. In doing so, I examine two focal areas of ethical self-formation among early World Vision leaders. The first is oscillation between and mixing of passion and compassion frameworks in the American evangelical imagination. Second, I identify a range of temporal frames that evangelicals draw on to make sense of and formulate ethical responses to human needs encountered abroad.     

ETHICAL SELF-MAKING,MORAL EXPERIMENTATION,AND HUMANITARIAN ENCOUNTER: Interdisciplinary Engagement with the Anthropology of Ethics

The interdisciplinary group of authors featured in this focus issue contribute to conversations at the intersection of anthropology and ethics by exploring ethical self-making and moral experimentation among faith-based actors in a range of humanitarian settings. Kari Henquinet describes the genealogies of American evangelical humanitarianism by focusing on the ethical self-formation of early World Vision leaders. Rachel Schneider and Sara Williams each explore practices by which relatively privileged individuals seek to cultivate virtue by engaging with those on the margins, in poor, urban neighborhoods in South Africa, and through packaged tours in Israel/Palestine, respectively. Sarah Tobin describes projects of Islamic self-making among displaced refugee women in Jordan. Although they examine a wide range of subjects and settings, they explore a common set of themes, two of which I discuss here: moral experimentation, and engagements with suffering, poverty, and inequality.     

Ebola,epidemics, and ethics - what we have learned

The current Ebola epidemic has presented challenges both medical and ethical. Although we have known epidemics of untreatable diseases in the past, this particular one may be unique in the intensity and rapidity of its spread, as well as ethical challenges that it has created, exacerbated by its geographic location. We will look at the infectious agent and the epidemic it is causing, in order to understand the ethical problems that have arisen.     

Adolescents in Wartime US Military Families: A Developmental Perspective on Challenges and Resources

Adolescents in wartime US military families are a unique group of young people who are experiencing the usual milestones of adolescent development, including establishing their identities and becoming autonomous, while they face the challenges of military life such as multiple frequent moves, relocation, and parent deployment to combat settings. This paper reviews research on adolescents in wartime US military families, within the context of adolescent development, to identify their behavioral, emotional and academic risk status, and challenges and resources. Recommendations for future research and interventions to foster the healthy development of these adolescents are also provided.     

Slaves,Fetuses, and Animals

This essay is an exploration in ethical rhetoric, specifically, the ethics of comparing the status of fetuses and animals to enslaved Africans. On the view of those who make such comparisons, the fetus is treated as a slave through abortion, reproductive technologies, and stem cell research, while animals are enslaved through factory farming, experimentation, and as laborers, circus performers, and the like. I explore how the apotheosis of the fetus and the humanization of animals represent the flipside of the subjugation and animalization of black people. At their ethical best, those who compare aborted fetuses and abused animals with enslaved black people have laudable ethical goals. The anti‐abortion right and the animal rights left, respectively, wish to abolish abortion (and associated reproductive technologies that harm prenatal life) and the unethical treatment of animals. They seek, respectively, to reimagine the ethical‐political status of the fetus and to criticize the animalization of animals, the practice of constructing them as beasts. While sympathetic to these goals, I worry about the comparative diminution of the historical, literal enslavement of black people. To what extent, I ask, does the comparative ethical rhetoric of fetal slaves and animal slaves affect historical constructions of black people as beastly and disposable?     

Messianism’s contribution to political philosophy: peace and war in Levinas’s <Emphasis Type="Italic">Totality and Infinity</Emphasis>

This article examines the impact of messianic thought on political philosophy in the theory of philosopher Emmanuel Levinas (1906–1995). Levinas’s work enables us to consider the political not only in terms of contemplation of the tension between the political and the ethical and of the ethical limits of politics but as an attempt to create ethical political thought. Discussion of the tension between the political and the ethical intensifies in wartime and in the context of militaristic thinking. At the same time, it lends itself to new meanings of peace. At the heart of this article lies an examination of the role of the political discourse articulated in Levinas’s influential work Totality and Infinity and of the possibility of understanding this discourse in light of the Levinasian reading of the Talmud.     

Compassion, Ethics, and Neuroscience: Neuroethics Through Buddhist Eyes

As scientists advance knowledge of the brain and develop technologies to measure, evaluate, and manipulate brain function, numerous questions arise for religious adherents. If neuroscientists can conclusively establish that there is a functional network between neural impulses and an individual??s capacity for moral evaluation of situations, this will naturally lead to questions about the relationship between such a network and constructions of moral value and ethical human behavior. For example, if cognitive neuroscience can show that there is a neurophysiological basis for the moral appraisal of situations, it may be argued that the world??s religions, which have traditionally been the keepers and purveyors of ethical values, are rendered either spurious or irrelevant. The questions point up broader dilemmas in the interface between science and religion, and raise concerns about the ethics of neurological research and experimentation. Since human beings will still arbitrate what is ??moral?? or ??ethical,?? how can religious perspectives enrich the dialogue on neuroethical issues and how can neuroscience enrich dialogue on religion? Buddhist views on the nature of consciousness and methods of practice, especially meditation practice, may contribute to discussions on neuroscience and theories about the interrelationship between consciousness and ethical awareness by exploring the role that karma, intentionality, and compassion play in Buddhist understandings of the interrelationship between consciousness and ethics.     

The Difference Sameness Makes: Objectification,Sex Work,and Queerness

With its implicit vilification of materiality, the notion of objectification has failed to produce a coherent and effective ethical analysis of heterosexual sex work. The concept of derivatization, grounded in an Irigarayan model of embodied intersubjectivity, is more effective. However, queer sex work poses new and different ethical challenges. This paper argues that although queer sex work can entail both objectification and derivatization, the former is not ethically objectionable, and the latter, although the cause for some justified ethical concern, must be analyzed within the context of structural sexual injustice.