大学生性别角色观的差异研究

本研究运用了问卷调查法，结合人格特质词分类法，对安徽师范大学本科生的性别角色观进行了研究。发现：(1)勇敢和善良分别是男女性别角色的第一正价特质；(2)虚伪和自私分别是男女性别角色的第一负价特质，并且其重要性看法没有性别差异；(3)对善良是男女性别角色共有的正价特质、负责是男性角色的正价特质、温柔是女性角色正价特质的重要性看法有显著的性别差异。     

全国大学生性别角色观及其影响因素的调查研究

采用自编问卷,调查了北京、杭州、西安和广州四个地区2000多名大学生的性别角色观及其变迁,以及性别、地区及教育程度等因素的影响作用。结果表明：（1）男性的主要特质是阳刚、负责、稳重、成熟和高大;（2）女性的主要特质是温柔、善良、优雅、细心和漂亮。（3）大学生的性别角色观仍趋向于传统,男生和女生对男性、女性主要特质的看法基本一致,性别差异不显著,但是性别对于男女性的一些次要特质存在一定影响。（4）地区和教育程度因素对大学生性别角色观中男女性的一些主要特质和次要特质存在影响。     

高中生父母教养方式、身体自我认知对性别角色发展的影响

采用问卷法对264名高中生进行调查,探讨了父母教养方式、身体自我认知对高中生性别角色发展的影响作用。结果发现:(1)从总体上,男生比女生更多地呈现出双性化发展的趋势;(2)母亲干涉保护,身体自我的力量、体育活动和自尊对男生的男性气质影响显著,而母亲温暖理解和身体自我的灵活对男生的女性气质影响显著;(3)身体自我的自尊会促进女生的男性气质特点,身体自我的力量对女生的女性气质有负向作用,身体自我的外表对女生的女性气质有正向影响。     

新编大学生性别角色量表揭示性别角色变迁

性别角色代表个人的社会性别, 对个人乃至整个民族素质的发展有重要意义。随着时代的变化, 当代大学生的性别角色观与性别角色也发生着变化。由于已有的性别角色测量工具多年来没有修订, 因此, 对当代大学生性别角色的测量亟需一个对发展变化敏感的有效测量工具。本研究根据性别角色研究的通行原则, 基于1700个相关词汇, 筛选出男女正性词各35个, 中性词20个。在386名大学生中初测结果显示, 男性化量表(16个题目)含领导力、男子气、理性、大度四个因子, 体现出男性的“工具性”特质; 女性化量表(16个题目)含同理心、女子气、勤俭心细三个因子, 反映出女性的“表达性”特质; 中性化量表则有18个题目。之后在全国5008名大学生中的复测表明, 该男性化量表内部一致性系数为0.89, 女性化量表为0.84; 两个量表的重测信度分别为0.82和0.80; 验证性因素分析显示该量表的结构效度良好, 他评效度和专家效度较高。与已有性别角色量表比较, 构成本量表的词汇有较大变化：男性化词汇体现的“理性化”特质反映出当代中国男性的特点; 女性化词汇虽仍以“表达性”特质为主, 但也体现了中国传统“勤俭心细”的特征。大样本调查发现, 当代大学生性别角色双性化、未分化和单性化群体数量各占约三分之一; 传统占优势的单性化已让位于非单性化; 理想的双性化与最差的未分化同步增长; 男性化比例男性高于女性, 女性化比例女性高于男性, 传统性别角色的影响减弱但依然存在。     

周代“男女有别”和“夫妇有别”的方方面面

在流传至今的反映先秦尤其是周代社会生活的古代文献中，“男女有别”是其中较 为常见的名词。周代“男女有别”的繁杂礼节规则，侧重于性别角色的日常养成和维护巩固，同 时也注意到在两性间设置界限，从而塑造出更具内涵的性别角色；而一旦进入了“夫妇有别”的 范围，则步入男女性别角色社会化的过程，也就是为男女的性别角色寻求相应的家庭和社会定 位的阶段。周代的“男女有别”和与之紧密联系的“夫妇有别”，有利于防范和杜绝两性间非法 的性关系，实现男女性别角色正常的生育使命；可以形成男女角色的彼此互补，从而达至“夫妇 有义”的稳定秩序；循着男女夫妇角色分化的思路，男女尊卑也就顺理成章、自然而然了。     

关于性别刻板印象的初步调查

性别刻板印象是一种重要的社会刻板印象。我们在 3 80名大学生中作了性别刻板印象的初步调查 ,并考察了性别和性别角色对性别刻板印象的影响。结果发现中国大学生的性别刻板印象与传统的性别观念比较一致 ,认为男性更坚强能干 ,女性更被动顺从 ,且这一印象不因性别和性别角色而改变。但男女被试的性别刻板印象仍存在明显差异。不同性别角色被试之间的性别刻板印象也有差异。总体而言 ,性别对性别刻板印象的影响比性别角色对性别刻板印象的影响大。     

惊世女强人——伟大的人格魅力,独特的个性特征

以往人们在评价男女两性的个性特征时,总认为女性天生多具有细腻温顺、自私懦弱、胆怯守旧、贤惠服从等特征。而男性则多具有豪爽正直、果敢勇为、善于创新、攻击性强、忠诚守信等个性特征。然而,随着社会的进步,全球经济一体化的发展,     

性别角色和主观幸福感的关系模型：基于中国大学生的检验

在西方文化下,关于理想的性别角色类型主要存在三种观点：一致性模型、双性化模型、男性化模型。按照一致性模型,具有男性化特质的男性和具有女性化特质的女性是最为理想的;按照双性化模型,在男性化特质和女性化特质两个维度上得分都高的个体社会适应性最强而且心理最健康;按照男性化模型,男性化特质才是心理健康和社会适应的主要决定因素。研究运用大样本的网络数据,探讨在中国文化下,上述三个模型在中国的适用性,具体地,在性别角色类型和主观幸福感的关系上的适用性。结果发现：双性化模型得到支持,同时具有男性化特质和女性化特质的个体主观幸福感最高;男性化模型和一致性模型都没有得到支持。这表明在当代西方文化下的理想模型——男性化模型并不适用于中国,理想的性别角色模型具有文化特异性。这一结果不仅增进和丰富了人们对文化对心理和行为的影响的认识,还对我国目前青少年良好个性品质的塑造和培养以及心理健康教育的实践具有重要指导作用     

正负参照点下性别和损益情景对大学生延迟折扣的影响

大量研究表明,延迟折扣受到个体特质性和状态性因素的影响。本研究通过两个实验分别探究正参照点(实验1)和负参照点(实验2)下,特质性因素性别和状态性因素损益情景对大学生个体延迟折扣的影响。实验1研究发现,在正性参照点下,无论男女,收益情景的主观远期价值远高于损失情景。实验2研究发现,在负性参照点下,男女在损益情景的主观远期价值不同;与男性相比,女性的主观远期价值在损失情景中更高,而在收益情景中则无显著差异。本研究结果表明,在不同的参照点下,男女在损益情景中表现了不同的延迟折扣倾向;与男性相比,女性在负性参照点面对损失情景跨期选择时,更愿意选择延迟赔偿。     

书写字体的性别差异研究

从珠海市中小学一年级至初中三年级随机选出５４０名学生,要求他们每个人抄一段４００字左右的短文,收回抄写卷５４０份。４０名有经验的教师,对书写者的性别做出判断,并回答一份关于判断男女笔迹的依据的问卷。结果表明：１．小学低年级男女生的字体没有明显的性别差异,到中高年级以后,性别差异才明显地表现出来。二、三年级之间,五、六年级之间是差异形成的两个加速期。２．判断者对小学低年级书写者的性别的判断不准确,主要是由于将女生的字体误判为男生的字体而造成的。３．男女生字体的差异主要表现在五个方面,即字体大小程度,字的力度、字体的刚劲度、字的工整度和字的棱角度。     

TO NOD OR NOT TO NOD: AN OBSERVATIONAL STUDY OF NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION AND STATUS IN FEMALE AND MALE COLLEGE STUDENTS

Gender studies show that women and men communicate using different styles, but may use either gender style if there are situational status differences. Considering the universal gesture of head nodding as a submissive form of expression, this study investigated head nodding by observing female and male college students in positions of subordinate and equal status. We observed head nodding ( N = 452) in classroom interactions between professor–student and student–student dyads. Overall, women nodded more than men and students nodded more to professors speaking than peers speaking. In addition, female and male students nodded equally to professors speaking, but men nodded less to peers speaking than did women. Thus, both men and women attended to the status and not the gender of the speaker. Future research using varying contexts should further examine the effects of dominance, context, and gender.     

小学生对无性别事物的性别编码

采用拟人化配声和对形容词进行性别倾向评定的方法,对小学生对无性别事物的性别编码进行了研究。结果表明：（1）小学生对无性别事物存在着性别编码倾向,而且相当稳定。这种倾向一年级时已经基本形成,传统文化和生活经验会加强这种倾向。（2）小学生对无性别事物的性别编码总体趋势一致,但也存在一定的年级差异。随年级增长,将雌性倾向事物划分为女性的比率在增长,将雄性倾向事物划分为男性的比率也在增长。（3）小学生对无性别事物的性别编码也具有性别差异。男生和女生存在以自身性别为中心的倾向。男生更多地看到中性事物的男性特征,女生更多地注意到中性事物的女性特征。与男生相比,女生性别编码的倾向更强些。     

Gender associations in the twentieth-century English-language literature

Gender associations may be partly learned from print media, including literature. Using Google Books Ngram corpus, we explored the depiction of male and female characters in the twentieth-century English-language fiction. By analyzing adjective-noun bigrams, we examined adjectives used in association with “man”, “woman”, “boy”, and “girl”. Men were described in more positive terms than women. Girls were depicted more positively than boys at the beginning of the twentieth century, but the tendency reversed in the middle of the century. Boys were described in more masculine terms than girls; however, men were described in similarly masculine adjectives as women. Despite limitations of interpretability of the results, the study presents a possible approach of exploring past characterization of the two genders.     

Gender differences in the pricing of professional services: Implications for income and customer relationships

This study extends our understanding of the effects of gender on both pricing behavior and owner income by examining both relationships in an experimental simulation involving owners of veterinary practices. Consistent with prior research, women owners are found to employ “compassionate pricing” more than men, even when the same services are offered. The process by which gender influences price, however is found to depend in part on one’s relationship orientation. Specifically, women are found to have a higher relationship orientation than men and relationship orientation is found to directly bias women’s transactional pricing towards more compassionate pricing. The relationship between role orientation, pricing, and income, however, is rather complex. While lower prices have a negative relationship with owner income, relationship orientation is found to have a positive direct influence on income. As a result, the influence of relationship orientation on income is found to be both negative, due to lower prices, and positive, due possibly to the resulting customer loyalty.     

Sex role orientations,attributions for achievement,and personal goals of Chinese youth

The role of women in the People's Republic of China has changed dramatically in the last 40 years. This study assesses what impact these changes have had on the attitudes of Chinese youth. The sample consisted of 164 subjects (77 men and 87 women) who completed the Bem Sex Role Inventory, the Objective Fear of Success Measure, a locus of control scale, and a personal goals questionnaire. They also evaluated a painting attributed to artists of different gender and status. The results indicate that the sex role orientations of Chinese students were similar to those of American students. On the Bem inventory, the direction of the sex differences on the sex role scales was the same for U.S. and Chinese students, but the latter had a sex role orientation that, in our culture, is regarded as more “traditional.” Chinese women were significantly more likely to endorse statements expressing fear of success than were Chinese men. On the locus of control measures, Chinese women were more likely than men to attribute their achievement successes to luck and failures to a lack of ability. The women students also attributed affiliation outcomes more to luck than did the men. The most important personal goal cited by both men and women was that of career success. Chinese men placed greater importance than women on achieving wealth, and their expectancy of actually becoming wealthy was higher. Finally, in an evaluation of a painting, Chinese men, but not the women, devalued a painting when it was supposedly the work of a female student artist.     

Baby X

The present study investigated adult behavior while interacting with a three-month-old infant under conditions in which the child was introduced as a boy, as a girl, or with no gender information given. Gender labels did not elicit simple effects, but rather interacted significantly with the sex of the subject on both toy usage and physical contact measures. There was a stronger tendency for both male and female adults to utilize sex-stereotyped toys when the child was introduced as a girl. Most of the findings, however, reflected a differential response of men and women to the absence of gender information. In this condition, male subjects employed a neutral toy most frequently and handled the child least; in contrast, females used more stereotyped toys and handled the child more. All subjects attempted to guess the gender of the child (with “boy” guesses more frequent, although the child was actually female) and all justified their guess on the basis of stereotyped behavioral or physical cues like strength or softness.     

互联网内容偏好与大学生人格特质关系的研究

本研究对2034名在校大学生的上网情况和人格特质进行测试,探讨大学生网络内容偏好程度与接触频率的关系以及不同人格特质的大学生在互联网内容的偏好上是否有显著性差异。结果表明：(1)接触频率最高的是聊天内容,最低的是网上购物,男生显著高于女生的是游戏类内容,女生显著高于男生的是聊天类内容。(2)不同人格特质的大学生在内容偏好上存在显著差异。     

Division of Labor in Student Households: Gender Inequality,Perceived Justice,and Satisfaction

Two studies of households of students sharing flats (Study 1) and cohabitating student couples (Study 2) examined gender inequalities in the division of household labor and related differences in perceived justice of and satisfaction with the division. Results showed that women spent more time and made larger contributions to the majority of tasks in both types of households although male and female students did not differ in time availability and resources contributed to the household. Perceived justice was equally high with both sexes, but women were somewhat less satisfied than men. Both sexes regarded the division of household tasks more just the less it departed from an equal division. Gender role orientation moderated this correlation with men but not with women. Satisfaction ratings were positively correlated with perceived justice and negatively correlated with the relative size of participants' contributions to the household tasks.