心脏病外科治疗之趋势——微创

在近20年间,伴随着科学技术的发展以及医疗水平的提高,微创已经成为了外科医生行使手术的重要选择之一;由于国家生活水平的提高,患者不但追求高生存率,同时提出了更高的要求--低病痛,快恢复期,伤口美观等,微创外科得到了越来越多的人的青睐.本文主要探讨了微创心脏外科的分类(小切口技术,电视胸腔镜辅助心脏外科技术,机器人辅助心脏外科技术)以及各种新技术在心脏外科领域所存在的优势和不足,同时辩证地指出了心脏外科的未来发展趋势以及在发展过程中可能存在的一系列矛盾,同时指出了医疗为患者个体服务的观点.     

先天性心脏病新技术——介入导管术

近20年间,伴随着科学技术的发展以及医疗水平的提高,介入导管术治疗先天性心脏病逐渐成为主要选择。该项技术微创、疗效好、安全、并发症少、住院时间短,深受患者青旺火。本文讨论该项技术的主要适应范围以及今后的发展趋势,同时指出医疗技术的创新必须遵守的哲学性原则。     

先天性心脏病新技术——介入导管术

近20年间,伴随着科学技术的发展以及医疗水平的提高,介入导管术治疗先天性心脏病逐渐成为主要选择.该项技术微创、疗效好、安全、并发症少、住院时间短,深受患者青睐.本文讨论该项技术的主要适应范围以及今后的发展趋势,同时指出医疗技术的创新必须遵守的哲学性原则.     

微创心脏外科的发展与思考

微创心脏外科是心脏外科发展的必然趋势,其中蕴含丰富的人文关怀精神,体现了人文关怀的精神实质。在临床工作中,应该以"以人为本"的人文关怀精神实质为指导,辩证地采用微创心脏外科手术,实现人文关怀。     

微创心脏外科的发展与思考

微创心脏外科是心脏外科发展的必然趋势,其中蕴含丰富的人文关怀精神,体现了人文关怀的精神实质.在临床工作中,应该以"以人为本"的人文关怀精神实质为指导,辩证地采用微创心脏外科手术,实现人文关怀.     

冠状动脉CT血管成像应用中的思考

随着科学技术的发展及医疗水平的提高,冠状动脉CT血管成像（CTCA）已成为诊断冠心病的金标准,该项技术微创、安全、简单、快捷,深受患者青睐。本文讨论该项技术应用中所贯穿的哲学思考与应有的人文关怀。     

从医学人文角度看微创医疗中的危险因素

微创医疗是现代医学的一项新技术和新兴理念,由于具有创伤小、恢复快等特点而风靡全球,人们迷恋于微创技术的绝对化作用,关注的焦点也更多地是在微创技术自身的创新与改进,而对微创技术带给患者及麻醉的附加伤害和危险却很少问津,当今微创医疗技术发展的基础在于直面问题和解决问题,用技术自身发展解决技术缺陷问题,用人文理念改善和解决医学的人性问题。成功的微创技术是多学科协助的结果,务必认清医学的仁学特性,坚持微创发展的人性化方向,科学规避微创中的危险因素,为微创技术的可持续发展奠定基础。     

医疗机器人的研究进展及伦理学思考

随着现代科技的日新月异,医疗机器人被广泛应用于医疗行业,大大推动了医学的发展,并成为机器人研究领域的热门方向之一。在简要介绍国内外医疗机器人研究进展及应用现状的基础上,本文指出该项技术存在的医疗责任追究机制不完善、缺少法律保障和规范、对医疗岗位冲击、无法体现对患者人文关怀等伦理问题;提出积极发展和推广医疗机器人技术的同时,推动人们对医疗机器人观念的更新,进一步制定和完善相关法律法规是解决该项技术伦理问题的关键。     

浅析辅助生殖技术中患者隐私权与配偶知情权的冲突与协调

在辅助生殖技术治疗中,当患者隐私权与配偶知情权出现交集时,二者容易发生冲突,主要表现为患者婚前不洁性史或孕产史、婚前孕育问题、婚外情等隐私与配偶知情权的冲突。利益冲突、权利认识不一致以及权利边界模糊是导致辅助生殖技术治疗中患者隐私权与配偶知情权发生冲突的主要原因。协调二者的冲突,应遵循利益衡量原则与权利位阶原则;优先配置患者隐私权同时兼顾配偶知情权,不断完善相关立法以及提高患者及其配偶的医疗认识与权利认识。     

缺血性脑血管病的血管内治疗热点

缺血性脑血管疾病的血管内治疗目前已成为脑血管病治疗研究的热点之一,并以其微创的理念、较好的疗效得到广泛认可,本文重点介绍缺血性脑血管病中支架辅助狭窄扩张、动静脉介入溶栓以及静脉窦血栓形成的发展现状以及存在的问题,并对介入技术在缺血性脑血管病中应用的未来发展方向,作了简要回顾和展望。     

微创外科与人文关怀

微创技术是医疗技术发展的重大进步。“人文关怀”的哲学思想始终贯穿微创外科发展之中,人文关怀的哲学基础是以人为本和人本主义思想。“以人为本”体现在外科治疗过程中“以病人为主体”,促进医务人员主观能动性的发挥,有利于“以人为本”的目的实现。     

微创外科手术的人文关怀

医学存在自然和人文双重属性,医疗服务必须体现人文关怀。人文关怀的核心是以人为本,强调对人的尊重、理解、关心和爱护,重视人的作用。微创外科是传统外科的一场深刻的技术革命,其哲学基础是以人为本。微创外科手术以患者为主体和中心,提出对患者的主体地位和自由权的尊重;以减少对患者的创伤和痛苦为目的,强调患者的价值和尊严,重视对患者的无限关怀,其开创和发展充分体现了人文关怀的精神实质。     

Health care involvement preferences and social-emotional recovery of male coronary-artery-bypass patients.

Examined how the preferences of male coronary-bypass patients either for information or behavioral involvement, respectively, predicted social and emotional recovery during the year following hospital release. Preferences for health care involvement were assessed prior to surgery. Outcome measures were collected at 1-, 4-, and 13-month follow-ups. Results indicated that patients who preoperatively had a high relative to a low desire for behavioral involvement experienced less ambulation dysfunction, fewer social interaction problems, and less emotional upset during the initial 4 months following hospital release. Also, patients who had a high relative to a low desire for information involvement experienced more social interaction and emotional problems during this period. At the final follow-up, these involvement-group differences for social interaction and emotional status had disappeared, and no differences in cardiac health were found. However, there were systematic differences in use of medical services. Results are discussed with reference to recent considerations about the potential benefits of more active patient involvement in the health care process. Possible mechanisms and clinical implications are also discussed.     

Effectiveness and safety of epilepsy surgery: what is the evidence?

Evidence from a recent randomized controlled trial of surgical versus medical therapy of temporal lobe epilepsy proves that antero-mesial resection is safe and more effective than medical therapy. The number of patients needed to treat for one patient to become free of disabling seizures is two, which is superior to most interventions in neurology. A meta-analysis of non-randomized trials gives almost identical results; about two-thirds of patients become seizure-free, compared with only 8% with medical therapy. The results are remarkably similar among studies from different parts of the world. Quality of life improves early after epilepsy surgery, the improvements are both statistically and clinically significant, and they are sustained. Surgical morbidity with clinically important permanent sequelae is 2%. Epilepsy surgery remains underutilized in developed countries and it does not exist in all but a few developing countries. Current randomized trials are underway to explore the effect of early surgery versus optimum medical therapy on the prevention of disability in patients with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy, and to examine the effectiveness of novel interventions, such as minimally invasive surgery and brain stimulation.     

Health care utilisation in patients with non-cardiac chest pain: A longitudinal analysis of chest pain,anxiety and interoceptive fear

Chest pain can be a frightening experience that leads many to seek medical evaluation. The symptom results in costly health care utilisation. Over half of patients referred for cardiac evaluations of chest pain do not obtain definitive medical explanations for their symptoms; these cases are described as non-cardiac chest pain (NCCP). Some patients with NCCP are not reassured after being informed their chest pain is non-cardiac in origin and seek repeated medical evaluation. Co-morbid anxiety and mood disorders often coexist with NCCP and are associated with health care utilisation. The current study examined chest pain, general anxiety, interoceptive fear and health care utilisation in a sample of 196 chest pain patients near the time of cardiac evaluation (Time 1), and 70 of these patients one year later (Time 2). Results indicate that anxiety and interoceptive fear were significantly associated with health care utilisation at Time 1, and only interoceptive fear (at Time 1) predicted health care utilisation at Time 2. This study develops research in this area by examining the relation of anxiety and health care utilisation longitudinally in patients with NCCP.     

Optimizing preoperative expectations in cardiac surgery patients is moderated by level of disability: the successful development of a brief psychological intervention

Patients’ expectations have shown to be a major psychological predictor of health outcome in cardiac surgery patients. However, it is unclear whether patients’ expectations can be optimized prior to surgery. This study evaluates the development of a brief psychological intervention focusing on the optimization of expectations and its effect on change in patients’ expectations prior to cardiac surgery. Ninety patients scheduled for coronary artery bypass graft were randomly assigned to (1) standard medical care, (2) additional expectation manipulation intervention (EMI), and (3) additional attention control group. Therapists’ fidelity to intervention manuals and patients satisfaction with the intervention were assessed for both active intervention conditions. Patients’ expectations about post-surgical disability, treatment control, personal control, and disease duration were assessed before and after the psychological intervention. Demographical, medical, and psychosocial characteristics and disability were assessed at baseline. Treatment fidelity and patient satisfaction was very high in both intervention conditions. Only patients receiving EMI developed higher personal control expectations and longer (more realistic) expectations of disease duration. The effect of intervention group on patients’ disability expectations and patients’ personal control expectations was moderated by patient’s level of disability. EMI patients with low to moderate disability developed positive expectations whereas patients with high disability did not. This study shows the successful development of a short psychological intervention that was able to modify patients’ expectations, especially in those with low to moderate disability. Given the robust association of expectations and surgery outcome, such an intervention might offer the opportunity to enhance patients’ health following cardiac surgery.     

Computerized encounter registers in primary care research: Is there a gold standard?

Computer technology as well as the need to conduct research in primary care settings, has stimulated the creation in the U.S. of information networks linking private physicians' offices and other primary care practice sights. These networks give rise to several problems which have philosophic interest. One is a “numerator problem” created by the difficulty in primary care of using the more complicated or invasive diagnostic technologies commonly employed in tertiary care research. Another is a “denominator problem” arising from the difficulties in determining which and how many patients constitute the population from which a practice is drawn. Finally, this mode of research raises questions about the social construction of medical reality and how “objective” medical truth is actually based on carefully selected patient experience. All these questions combine to challenge the “gold standard” view on medical research: the idea that some sorts of medical knowledge are epistemologically privileged and can serve as a bench-mark to determine whether new data are valid.