从灾难医学的发展看生命的生态文化性——关于医学的“人学”本质的追问

围绕近年来备受瞩目的灾难医学的快速发展,从哲学、文化学的角度出发,就灾难医学的诞生与发展,以及其未来的发展趋势进行了概括和展望;在此基础上,就医学的本质给予理性的反思与论证,提出医学的本质乃“人学”的观点;并就“人学”的三个层次分别给予了阐释,得出医学中“人的知识”不仅是躯体的,而且是复杂的、文化的,医学应回归对生命的终极关怀的文化追求的结论。     

医学本体论的当代转向--医学教育模式改革的前提性问题

医学本体论,是指"关于医学的"最根本的根据、本质和基础的理论,它是医学赖以存在的本质基础和逻辑根据.当代医学本体论的转向是从人体学本体论向人学本体论的转变.实现这一转变的主要途径在于医学教育模式的改革,而其前提性问题,则是建构人学本体论思想.     

医学技术化与人：医学哲学的反思

医学本质上是一门人学，对人的全面关怀为医学应有之意。医学技术主义和医学技术过度商业化导致了医学技术的异化，偏离了对“人”的关怀，加重了患者的负担，恶化了医患关系，破坏了良好的就医环境。医学的出路是实现对“人”的回归，即医学技术人本化和医学技术生态化，通过人本化使医学技术回归到其最初目的———预防疾病、维护健康、延长生命、提高患者带病的生活质量、减少死亡；通过生态化实现自然生态、社会生态和人文生态的有机统一。     

医学本体论的当代转向——医学教育模式改革的前提性问题

医学本体论,是指“关于医学的”最根本的根据、本质和基础的理论,它是医学赖以存在的本质基础和逻辑根据。当代医学本体论的转向是从人体学本体论向人学本体论的转变。实现这一转变的主要途径在于医学教育模式的改革,而其前提性问题,则是建构人学本体论思想。     

论医学人文精神的重塑

重塑医学人文精神是一个无法回避而又必须作出回答的紧迫问题。把现代医学技术放到人文哲学的大视野中去体认,从人学本体论意义上现代医学技术的价值理性,进一步澄清人们对医学技术无限崇拜的工具理性的错误认识;阐述了现代医学人文精神的内涵,认为以人为本,确立科学理性对医学技术的指导地位,适时约束医学技术行为应该成为现代医学人文精神的核心理念;提出了重塑现代医学人文精神的基本原则,即：坚持医学技术进步与人的全面发展相一致的原则,坚持医学技术进步与医学工作者道德健全相一致的原则,坚持医学进步与卫生事业持续、协调、健康发展相一致的原则。     

论医学人文价值

医学的基本价值是救护生命,这是医学特有的、体现医学基本任务和基本目的的内在规定;离开了医学的基本价值,医学就不成其为医学.医学的人文价值是关爱生命,这是医学必有的、体现医学本质和终极目的的内在规定.求真、崇善、尚美、达圣是医学人文价值的本质.离开了医学的人文价值,医学就不成其为人的医学.     

中国医学的四个结合

医学是人学，是仁术。健康是首富。随着社会经济文化的发展，人们对身心健康的要求越来越高。在当今世界大竞赛中，中国医学要发展，我认为应当做到四个结合。１人道与医道结合。医学科学有鲜明的专业性和技术性，无疑需要业务上的精益求精。但医学还有很强的群体性和社...     

关于"医学检验"向"检验医学"转变的思考

"医学检验"伴随着临床化学、临床血液学、临床微生物学、临床免疫学、临床分子诊断学等学科的发展,进一步走向深化与细化.然而检验与临床之间隔阂愈演愈烈的现状,显示出还原论指导思想下的"医学检验"模式将难以适应现代医学的发展趋势,进而向着以系统论为哲学指导思想的"检验医学"模式的转变,其间正经历着一场由还原论到系统论、再实现还原论与系统论辩证统一的演化过程.     

论当代医学异化与医学人化

从哲学的深层次看,医学异化的本质是对人性的背离,是一种异己性力量和一种价值危机,它造成医学与人文、医学科学的真与善的分离,导致"人"的失落.医学人化主要是指医学人文化、人性化、人道化,是对医学异化的克服和抛弃.在医学领域,必须从医学异化走向医学人化,从而实现真正的人的医学.     

人文走进医学究竟路有多长?——医学伦理与医学关系视角的讨论

人文与医学的渐远和分离是生命科学与技术进步过程中的一种必然现象.医学的人文性是医学的本质规定性,人文走进医学本质上是一种相互完成回归的过程.医学道德与医学的关系是人文与医学关系的一个缩影.两者在特定历史阶段的分离,使它们从浑然一体分化为不同学科,如今的回归并非学科重归医学,而是医学道德回归家园.在社会与科学发展的大背景下,寻求回归之路成为可能,但受到多种条件限制,回归之路定很漫长.     

The nature of The Nature of Prejudice

This paper attempts to establish the historical context for the development and publication of Gordon Allport's text, The Nature of Prejudice, and by so doing illustrate the importance of historicizing psychological social psychology. The Nature of Prejudice was, in part, the cumulative result of a decade of Gordon Allport's classroom teaching in a new interdisciplinary unit at Harvard, the Department of Social Relations. This paper chronicles key elements of Allport's course -"Prejudice and Intergroup Conflict"-from 1944 to the mid-1950s.     

试论社会历史规律和自然规律

从古希腊神话故事中的命运女神,到基督教神学关于上帝决定历史,再到维科、康德和黑格尔等关于“天神旨意”、“自然的意图”和“理性的狡黠”,尽管都没有科学地揭示出人类社会历史的内在规律,但都以不同形式承认了社会历史规律的存在。可以说,在19世纪下半叶之前,关于人类社会历史是有规律的思想一直是占主导地位的历史观。但是,在马克思之前,人们普遍认为社会历史规律是绝对必然性,人在这种必然性面前是无能为力、束手无策的。如黑格尔的历史哲学,就具有浓厚的宿命论色彩。     

The Activities of The Scandinavian Societies

Freud's concept of the death instinct has given rise to many different interpretations which have often been contradictory. It is in fact already possible to discern two diametrically opposite meanings of this concept in Freud's work from 1920—Beyond the Pleasure Principle—in which he first introduced the concept of the death instinct. In this paper, it is argued that both these meanings are relevant in describing psychical life, although only one of these meanings actually qualifies for the concept “death instinct”. Beyond the Pleasure Principle was written in order to try to understand some everyday, as well as clinical phenomena which could not be explained by the so-called pleasure principle. Freud postulated something beyond the pleasure principle, which initially seemed to have to do with binding energy. I will preserve this idea and attempt to develop it within the context of a phenomenological analysis of time. The temporalization of the subject involves a very basic affirmation of existence, in that the subject experiences something constant, something that can be said to possess the quality of a gestalt. I propose that that which is beyond the pleasure principle—this binding of energy—should be understood as the opposite of the idea of a primordial death instinct striving towards death. In this case, that which is beyond the pleasure principle reflects an original affirmation of existence, which could be said to correspond to Freud's first meaning of the death instinct. The second meaning—for which the name “death instinct” seems to be applicable—concerns the discharge of energy, which from a temporal point of view shows itself as a tendency to dissolution. The concept of the death instinct in its various meanings is discussed in connection with phenomenological reflections on time, which is a different approach from Freud's attempt to ground the death instinct in biology.     

骨折治疗方法与原则的最优化历程

多年来骨折治疗,新旧技术、新旧理论相互融合,相互碰撞,产生了新的理论和方法,使得临床疗效显著提高,现阶段理智的临床医生应该融汇各家之长,多方互补,对每一位骨折患者的治疗都应该按照最优化的原则进行.但是在医疗过程中总存在着如方法选择不当或者错误,过度治疗,医患信任危机,医疗伦理道德的丧失等情况,我们应该用矛盾分析的方法来思考这些问题.     

The Logic of The Goldhagen Debate

Since Daniel J. Goldhagen's Hitler's Willing Executioners: Ordinary Germans and the Holocaustattempts to show that the Holocaust is explicable and can be understood largely in terms of a single cause, “eliminationist anti-Semitism”, it is not surprising that the book has generated an international debate. What is surprising is the magnitude and emotional intensity of the debate. This article argues that the deepest flaws in it Hitler's Willing Executioners,as well as the chasm of disagreement between Goldhagen's detractors and defenders, have as much to do with reasoning and concepts as with matters of fact. It concludes that Goldhagen's central argument is stronger than many of his critics claim, but that the inadequacy of his cognitive interpretation of anti-Semitism and his unexamined psychological assumptions weaken his attempt to explain the Holocaust. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

建言类型对领导者建言采纳的影响：面子与幽默的作用

以说服和面子理论为基础,通过两个研究探讨领导者建言采纳行为的影响因素及作用机制。结果发现：相对于促进型建言,抑制型建言给领导带来的面子威胁更大,且领导者感知面子威胁在建言类型与建言采纳之间起部分的中介作用。而幽默类型与水平影响领导者感知面子威胁的程度,积极幽默水平越高,领导者感知面子威胁的程度越低,其建言采纳可能性越高。这表明领导者感知面子威胁在建言类型与建议采纳间起中介作用,幽默调节了此中介效应。     

The Future of The Structure of Scientific Revolutions

I examine the value and limitations of Kuhn’s Structure of Scientific Revolutions. In the interests of developing a social epistemology of science, I argue that we should draw on Kuhn’s later work, published in The Road since Structure. There, Kuhn draws attention to the important role that specialty formation plays in resolving crises in science, a topic he did not discuss in Structure. I argue that we need to develop a better understanding of specialty research communities. Kuhn’s later work provides a research agenda for those who want to study scientific specialization. I briefly discuss some recent studies that promise to provide valuable insight into the social structure of science.     

The Wisdom of Administration in The Analects

The basic spirit of administration in The Analects includes the five following aspects: the wisdom of administration regarding humanity as the foundation; the wisdom of leadership with primary virtue; the wisdom of conducting business with righteousness; the wisdom of harmonious organization; and the wisdom of coordination with the mean. Relative to modern Western rational spirit of scientific management, Confucian management focuses on exploring the humanities and shaping human nature, and this has a unique value for contemporary management activities.     

“解释学”的没落与“描述学”的兴起——“既成”与“当下瞬间”的冲突

为了充分理解解释这个术语本身,我们得回到它的前提及其相关术语。解释的前提是理解,被理解的叫含义或意义。无论我们是否意识到,解释已经意味着进入哲学,从来的哲学家都在解释世界(马克思语)。怎么解释呢?用语言。传统上,我们往往从意识或概念领域接近解释学问