卡车驾驶员速度估计研究

用速度知觉测试仪,对251名男性卡车驾驶员在四种实验条件下的速度估计准确性进行了测量。结果发现：安全组卡车驾驶员的速度估计准确性优于事故组卡车驾驶员,两者在低速条件下差异不显著,高速条件下差异显著;事故组卡车驾驶员的高估次数高于安全组卡车驾驶员,低速条件下两者不显著.高速条件下差异显著;事故多发组与安全组卡车驾驶员的速度估计准确性在高速及低速长距离条件下差异显著;速度及距离对速度估计准确性有显著影响,且两者之间存在显著的交互作用;年龄对速度估计准确性无显著影响。     

女大学生体重知觉偏差及探因

以女性身体图形评定量表PFRS (the female Photographic Figure Rating Scale)作为刺激材料, 研究女大学生体重自我知觉与偏差, 以及女大学生对他人的体重知觉与偏差, 引入男性视角作为体重社会标准, 研究女大学生体重社会知觉与偏差。研究中要求女大学生选择准确代表自己胖瘦的图像, 选择自己理想胖瘦的图像, 选择他人眼里最有吸引力的图像, 估计PFRS真人照片图像体重值(假定图像中人物和自己身高相同), 并报告自己的实际体重和理想体重。研究要求男大学生选择最有吸引力的图像。在此基础上提出3种模型假设：镜像模型、泛化模型和相关模型, 进一步探索女大学生体重知觉偏差的原因。研究表明：女大学生体重自我知觉高估了对应真人图像的BMI; 女大学生对其他女性BMI知觉, 倾向于高估体重正常和偏瘦女性的BMI, 低估偏胖和肥胖女性的BMI; 女大学生体重的主观社会压力高于体重的实际社会压力, 对体重社会压力存在过度解读的倾向。女大学生对他人体重知觉偏差更有可能影响其体重自我知觉偏差; 认知评价不是造成女大学生知觉偏差的重要因素, 但两者关系需要进一步实证。     

坡度的高估是系统性的还是测量造成的——感觉方式和报告方式对坡度知觉的影响

大量研究显示,人们对地表斜坡的知觉非常不准确,所知觉到的坡度比实际坡度大.然而,也有研究发现,虽然言语报告时对坡度的估计会出现高估,但通过触控面板用手掌对斜坡的倾斜程度进行模拟时,坡度的估计值与实际坡度基本一致.本研究考察了不同感觉方式下采用四种不同的报告方式来判断坡度时的差别.结果发现,除手臂模拟可使坡度高估的情况有所下降以及触控面板模拟会使坡度知觉出现低估外,本体感觉和运动等均不能为坡度知觉提供更准确的信息.因此,本研究提示,虽然坡度估计在一定情境下受报告方式的影响,但其高估现象几乎存在于各个感觉通道之中,是认知加工前期的系统性提高,而非坡度视觉线索所致.     

自我客体化对女性心理健康的影响及其机制

性客体化理论从社会文化的角度, 解释了女性的性别角色社会化和性客体化经历是怎样影响并转化为心理健康问题的。自我客体化的女性, 从第三者的角度把自己的身体看作物体, 持续监视自己的身体, 并与社会理想体型对比产生差距, 便形成了身体羞耻、焦虑、“心流”体验的减少及身体内部感知的迟钝, 最终导致进食障碍、抑郁、性功能障碍和物质滥用等心理健康问题。近年来已有大量研究验证了女性自我客体化与这些心理健康问题之间的关系及形成机制, 并取得了丰硕成果。未来研究应关注实验群体的多样化, 相关设计和实验研究相结合来探究两者之间的因果关系, 同时运用脑科学技术探究其认知神经机制。另外还要从预防和干预的角度对女性自我客体化展开研究。     

情绪智力在身体自尊与进食障碍倾向间的调节作用

采取整群抽样对1043名中学生进行问卷调查,主要探讨身体自尊、情绪智力与青少年进食障碍倾向之间的关系,检验情绪智力的调节作用。结果表明：（1）BMI、性别、年级和年龄均是青少年进食障碍倾向的预测因素。（2）青少年身体自尊负向预测其进食障碍倾向。（3）青少年情绪智力在身体自尊和进食障碍倾向之间起调节作用,具体来说,无论情绪智力高低,青少年身体自尊均显著预测其进食障碍倾向,然而,相对于高情绪智力被试,低情绪智力被试的身体自尊对其进食障碍倾向的预测力更大。     

数目和呈现方式对时距估计的影响

采用口头估计的方法,考察刺激的数目和呈现方式对时距估计的影响。以时距估计的平均值、准确性和变异性为指标,结果表明：（1）数目多少影响时距估计的平均值和准确性,数目少引起低估,数目多导致高估,数目多少与时距长度一致时,准确性高。（2）呈现方式影响时距估计的变异性,同时呈现时变异性最大;（3）数目和呈现方式的交互作用显著,固定频率和变化频率呈现时,数目影响时距估计。（4）随着时距的增加,时距估计的平均值由高估向低估,准确性由低向高发展。这表明时距和数目在心理表征上存在连接,数目和呈现方式在不同的时间范围内影响     

学习判断中的孤立效应

采用孤立范式考察知觉和语义孤立对学习判断及其准确性的影响.两个实验的结果表明:知觉孤立没有影响学习判断,而语义孤立对学习判断的影响受到关键项目所处位置的限制,在孤立范式条件下,被试做判断时仍然倾向于高估,表现出过度自信.     

身体知觉方式及其对临床的意义

身体承载着人生物、心理和社会功能的全部,亦是感知、行动的工具。概述了西方身体现象学研究取向的基本特点,深入分析了五种不同处境下,人对身体的不同知觉方式,剖析了患者和医生对身体知觉和理解的不同方式,阐述了西方身体现象学和身体知觉方式的研究可能对临床工作带来的积极影响,呼吁医护人员要高度关注患者躯体体验的表达和意义问题,引导患者可以通过改变身体知觉叙述的策略减轻病患带来的痛苦,为医患沟通架起平等对话的桥梁,改善临床医学中的非人性化和医患沟通不良的现象。     

儿童同伴接纳知觉准确性及偏差与孤独感的关系:一项交叉滞后研究

以515名小学3年级到6年级的儿童为研究对象,采用交叉滞后研究设计,探讨同伴接纳知觉准确性和偏差与孤独感之间的关系。研究中,由儿童评定自己对同班每个同学的喜欢程度,预计同班同学对自己的喜欢程度,并完成社交自我知觉和孤独感量表。结果表明:(1)同伴接纳知觉绝对准确性与孤独感相关不显著,但同伴接纳知觉相对准确性可以显著预测当前和一年后的孤独感。(2)同伴接纳知觉偏差与孤独感具有双向影响作用,积极同伴接纳知觉偏差有利于降低儿童的孤独感,并且孤独感能正向预测后期的同伴接纳知觉偏差。     

遮挡范式下运动速度和方向对碰撞时间估计绩效指标的影响

为探索运动速度和方向对碰撞时间（TTC）估计的影响,采用3运动速度×4运动方向的双因素设计开展了实验研究。结果发现,在相对慢速条件下,受试者TTC估计的准确性显著差于相对中速和相对快速条件;仅在相对慢速条件下受试者对竖直方向的TTC估计准确度显著差于水平方向、低估TTC的比例显著高于高估TTC的比例。结果表明,运动速度对TTC估计绩效指标的影响相对较强,运动方向对其影响相对较弱;两个因素的影响存在交互作用。     

An experimental study of the effect of mood on body size perception.

The study presented is an experimental investigation of the effect of mood on body size perception. Female students estimated their body size and indicated their degree of dissatisfaction with their body size before and after the induction of a negative or positive mood state. Compared with women who received the positive induced mood, the induction of low mood led to greater disturbances in body size perception in the form of a tendency to overestimate their body size more and significantly greater dissatisfaction with their body size. Furthermore, among the women who received the negative mood condition, compared with those with little or no concern with their body shape, for those with such concerns the induction of low mood led to greater disturbances in body size perception in the form of overestimating their body size significantly more and a tendency towards greater dissatisfaction with their body size. These findings suggest that depressed mood may play an important role in determining the extent of disturbance in body size perception in clinical populations.     

A computer-graphic technique for the study of body size perception and body types

We present a novel approach for measuring body size estimation in normal and eating-disordered women and men. Clinical categories of body types were used as prototypes. By comparing the subjective appearance of a person’s body with prototypes, we can understand how different attributes of his or her body shape contribute to perception of body size. After lifelike random distortions have been applied to parts of their body image, individuals adjust their body shapes until they converge on their perceived veridical appearance. Exaggeration and minimization of particular body areas measured with respect to their true shape and with different prototypes can be expressed as numerical deviations. In this way, perceived body size and body attractiveness can be appraised during the course of diagnosis and treatment of eating disorders.     

An exploration of perception of body boundary, personal space, and body size in elderly persons.

A study of 108 elderly persons using the Body Distortion Questionnaire and the personal space simulation technique test did not support hypotheses that elderly persons with a large personal space will have a larger distortion of body boundary, a larger perception of large body size, a smaller perception of small body size, a larger distortion of body size, and a larger body distortion than elderly persons with a small personal space. The analyses with one-tail t tests showed elderly persons with a small personal space have a larger perception of large body size and a larger distortion of body size than elderly persons with a large personal space. When the extremes of personal space were used the results were the same. Males have a larger personal space and greater distortion of skin perceptions than females.     

Body images of patients with anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa and female control subjects: a comparison with male ideals of female attractiveness

Body images of female patients with anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa were assessed against females without eating disorders and compared with male ideals of female attractiveness. A computer program was applied to examine body images of 62 patients with anorexia nervosa, 45 patients with bulimia nervosa, and 40 female and 39 male control subjects. Body size overestimation was most distinct in the two patient groups. Self-ideal discrepancy was highest in bulimia nervosa. Estimation of the society's ideal female body in all three female groups did not differ from men's perception of the most attractive female body. Congruence of ideals of female attractiveness in patients, female, and male control subjects and described differences between patients and female controls support the theory that body image disturbance is a problem of processing self-referential information regarding body image rather than a problem of processing body image related information per se.     

Five-factor personality correlates of perceptions of women’s body sizes

This study examined the association between observers’ personalities and body size perceptions. In total, 1119 participants from an international sample completed a five-factor personality inventory and the female Photographic Figure Rating Scale (PFRS). Results showed that Openness to Experience was correlated with the idealisation of a heavier body size among women, as well as the perception of a wider range of body sizes as attractive among both women and men. In addition, Agreeableness was associated with the perception of a wider range of body sizes as attractive among men. Personality factors explained only a small proportion of the variance in body size perceptions, although present results were consistent with a previous proposal on the role played by observers’ personalities in attractiveness judgements     

Wanting a body that's better than average: the effect of manipulated body norms on ideal body size perception

We examined the effect of body norms on ideal and current body size perception. In Study One, female participants were randomly assigned to one of three experimental conditions: (1) a thinner body norm, (2) a heavier body norm, or (3) no body norm. Body norms were manipulated by indicating a bogus "population average," and current and ideal body size perception were subsequently measured using a body silhouettes measure. Women had a thinner ideal body size in the thinner norm condition than in the heavier norm condition. Study Two replicated these results, but in a sample of young men and with regards to muscularity rather than thinness. Men had a more muscular ideal body size in the more muscular norm condition than in the less muscular norm condition. Current body size perception was also influenced by body norms, but only for women and after controlling for BMI.     

Body-image disturbances in bulimia nervosa: influences of actual body size

This study evaluated body-image distortion and ideal body-size preferences in 423 nonbulimic women and 108 bulimics. Analyses of covariance were utilized to compare the bulimic and nonbulimic groups on measures of current and ideal body size. Weight was used as a covariate to evaluate the influence of actual body size on perception of current body size and selection of ideal body size. Bulimics chose current body sizes that were significantly larger than those picked by nonbulimics regardless of actual body size. Bulimics also chose thinner ideal body sizes than did nonbulimics, regardless of actual body size. These results suggest that body-image distortion and extreme preference for thinness are a fundamental characteristic of bulimia nervosa. These results were discussed in terms of how perception of a large body size and preference for a very thin body size might interact to produce a high degree of dissatisfaction and overconcern with body size in bulimia nervosa.     

Body size estimation in early adolescence: factors associated with perceptual accuracy in a nonclinical sample

This study investigated body size estimation in Norwegian adolescents (aged 12-15; N=406) using a distorting photograph technique. The percentage of over- or underestimation was calculated for pictures of the subject, other persons and a neutral object. The Eating Disorders Inventory for Children (EDI-C) was also completed. Among adolescents at risk of eating problems, girls tended to overestimate their own body size while boys showed a pattern of underestimation, compared to a relatively accurate body perception for low-risk subjects. The groups did not differ in the perception of the neutral object. Important predictors of perceived body size included the size estimation of other children, preoccupation with weight and shape, self-esteem, and emotional instability. The results support the predictive value of body size estimation. Gender differences in judgement bias can be interpreted within present aesthetic ideals and their relation to self perception, body image, and eating problems in adolescence.     

Body Integrity Identity Disorder: From A Psychological to A Neurological Syndrome

Body Integrity Identity Disorder (BIID) is a condition in which individuals experience an intense desire for amputation of an healthy limb. Recently, McGeoch and colleagues provided the first direct evidence that this syndrome may be neurological rather than psychological in its origin. However, before including BIID in body ownership disorders, several concerns should be clarified, exploring other components of body representation and not only somatosensory perception.     

Body size perception and body satisfaction in restrained and unrestrained eaters.

In 21 restrained and 20 unrestrained eaters body size perception was measured using the video distortion technique (VDT), the image marking procedure (IMP) and the kinesthetic size estimating apparatus (KSEA). Body satisfaction was assessed by questionnaires (Body Shape Questionnaire, Dieting scale of the Eating Attitudes Test). Restrained eaters showed no systematic over- or underestimation of the body size but less perceptual accuracy (in VDT and KSEA). Furthermore, they were clearly more dissatisfied with their bodies than unrestrained eaters. Both findings were unrelated to each other. In both groups depressive mood or thoughts seemed to be associated with body dissatisfaction but not with body size misperception. Objective body measures (body mass index, body fat content) were not related to either body size perception or body satisfaction. The findings suggest that a perceptual uncertainty in regard to body size (either for visual or for somatosensory aspects) has already developed in restrained eaters, which may constitute a predisposition for more overt forms of body size misperception as found in eating disorder patients.