冠心病的外科治疗

首例成功的冠状动脉旁路移植术(CABG)手术完成于1960年,随着体外循环技术的成熟,CABG手术得以不断发展.20世纪90年代,以非体外循环下冠脉旁路移植术(OPCAB)为代表的微创冠脉搭桥手术逐渐应用于临床.并取得满意的临床效果.尽管冠脉介入技术(PCI)以其创伤小的优点在冠心病的治疗方面蓬勃发展,但是CABG在远期通畅性方面仍然占据优势地位,因此CABG仍然是冠心病治疗的效果确定的一种方法.     

导言:冠心病的抗血小板治疗越来越重要

正众所周知,各种类型冠心病的发病、并发症的发生以及动脉硬化的进展过程都有血小板的参与,因此冠心病的抗血小板治疗已成为冠心病尤其是急性冠脉综合征治疗的基石,抗血小板治疗的重点应是急性冠脉综合征的患者[不稳定型心绞痛(UA);非ST段抬高型心肌梗死(NSTEMI);ST段抬高型心肌梗死(STEMI)]、经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)围手术期治疗、STEMI溶栓治疗的辅助治疗、冠状动脉旁路移植术(CABG)术后的治疗结合个体参照     

对无保护左主干冠状动脉狭窄血运重建的临床决策

对于无保护左主干（LMS）狭窄的冠状动脉疾病,冠状动脉旁路移植术（CABG）一直被认为是“标准治疗”,原因就是有充分的证据证明其具有远期生存率方面的益处。但是,目前却出现了越来越多的使用药物支架而不是CABG治疗左主干狭窄的趋势,尽管目前这方面的证据还不充分。在此,本文在汇总了经皮血运重建技术（PCI）干预无保护左主干、对比支架和外科手术治疗无保护左主干的随机对照研究资料的基础上,总结认为,对于适合外科手术的无保护左主干狭窄患者,CABG仍旧是血运重建的首选。     

冠状动脉旁路移植术研究中的哲理

冠状动脉旁路移植术被广泛用来治疗冠心病及其并发症,其发展历程体现了以人为本、全面、协调、可持续的科学发展观.科学发展观属于重要的哲学思想,它从世界现和方法论的角度认识、把握和指导发展,是顺应时代潮流的发展现.分析冠状动脉旁路移植术研究所体现的科学发展观,将对准确把握冠状动脉旁路移植术发展的趋向和特点,使我国冠脉外科的发展在21世纪赶超国际先进水平起到重要的作用.     

冠心病治疗方法的比较思考

冠心病是严重影响人类健康的疾病。冠心病的治疗方法主要为:药物治疗、介入治疗及冠状动脉旁路移植术等。通过比较各种治疗方法,说明药物治疗是基础,在此基础上,合理选择介入治疗和冠状动脉旁路移植术。     

冠心病治疗方法的比较思考

冠心病是严重影响人类健康的疾病.冠心病的治疗方法主要为:药物治疗、介入治疗及冠状动脉旁路移植术等.通过比较各种治疗方法,说明药物治疗是基础,在此基础上,合理选择介入治疗和冠状动脉旁路移植术.     

冠状动脉旁路移植术后患者抑郁焦虑状况及对生存质量的影响

研究选取2008年至2010年在我院接受冠状动脉旁路移植术（CABG）并完整填写术后半年、1年、2年抑郁焦虑自评量表（SDS 、SAS）及 SF-36问卷的患者,得出 CABG 术后2年内抑郁的发生率为32．4％,术后半年、1年、2年分别为29．4％、27．7％、23．6％。 CABG 术后2年内焦虑的发生率为18．2％,术后半年、1年、2年分别为14．7％、16．9％、7．9％。在术后生存质量的比较中,得出术后半年、1年、2年情感障碍组患者的生存质量要明显比非情感障碍组差。抑郁焦虑症状的高发生率,及其明显地降低了 CABG 术后患者的生存质量,提示临床医生须对冠心病及 CABG 术后患者的心理健康予以足够的重视。     

冠状动脉慢性闭塞病变的治疗决策

虽然越来越多的冠状动脉慢性闭塞病变正在采用经皮冠状动脉介入治疗,但其临床疗效是否能够与冠状动脉旁路移植术相媲美,目前尚不能妄下结论。经皮冠状动脉介入治疗和冠状动脉旁路移植术在冠状动脉慢性闭塞病变的治疗中各有其最佳适应证,相互之间是不可替代、但可以互补的。而且联合治疗、杂交技术和微创治疗是其未来发展方向。     

稳定型冠心病患者抗血小板治疗策略

抗血小板治疗对于稳定型冠心病(SCAD)患者至关重要。如何在标准推荐治疗方案的基础上既达到抗血小板治疗的效果,又可使出血风险降到最低,需对患者冠状动脉病变特征、年龄、性别、合并症等特征进行综合考虑。本文就SCAD患者抗血小板治疗方案进行概述,包括非血运重建及血运重建SCAD患者、冠状动脉旁路移植术后患者、SCAD特殊人群的抗血小板治疗,非心脏外科手术围术期抗血小板药物调整、SCAD患者出血治疗策略等。期望本文能帮助临床医生针对SCAD患者不同情况合理应用抗血小板药,在减少血栓风险同时降低出血并发症。     

急性心肌梗死合并心源性休克的治疗进展

心源性休克(CS)是急性心肌梗死死亡的最主要原因。急诊再血管化治疗PCI或者冠状动脉旁路移植术(CABG)对于降低急性心肌梗死(AMI)合并CS的病死率有积极的意义。目前还没有哪个随机对照试验明确PCI或CABG哪种更好,但目前的治疗倾向于急诊PCI。合并CS的AMI患者直接多支血管PCI治疗获益增加。对于血压偏低的患者,去甲肾上腺素应该作为缩血管药物的一线选择。靶目标平均血压维持在65mmHg~70mmHg,因为更高的血压不增加临床获益。最佳的多器官功能不全综合征治疗是CS治疗的基石。经皮机械辅助装置临床应用逐渐广泛,可以提高冠状动脉的灌注,但也加剧炎症反应、出血等风险。     

左主干或多支冠脉病变的选择:PCI或CABG?

近年来,PCI技术越来越多地实践于左主干和多支冠脉病变,但与CABG相比,其疗效一直受到质疑。本文对近年来PCI和CABG的疗效比较做一总结,发现对于左主干和冠脉多支病变,CABG仍优于PCI。但随着生产力水平的发展和社会需求越来越高的双重作用下,两项技术都必然会有新的发展,两者疗效的比较还会继续,我们将拭目以待。     

冠心病理想治疗方式的选择

冠心病的治疗包括针对高危因素病因和临床并发症的综合治疗。其中,药物治疗主要包括：抗凝／抗血小板、控制血压和调脂等。血管重建术主要包括：介入、搭桥、“杂交”手术和分子生物学治疗。药物治疗是冠心病各种治疗方法的基础,而血管重建术是现代治疗冠心病的重要手段。如何合理地选择治疗方案是临床医师面临的重要课题。     

冠状动脉分流术后再狭窄研究中的科学理念

随着冠状动脉分流术(CoronaryArteryBypassGrafting,CABG)的广泛开展,CABG术后再狭窄(Restenosis,RS)成为我们面对的一个重要问题。CABG术后RS的研究需要遵循综合、全面、均衡的科学理念。只有在综合、全面、均衡的科学理念指导下,才能加深人们对该问题的认识,增进研究的科学性,取得更佳的研究成果。     

Perception of cognitive function in older adults following coronary artery bypass surgery.

This study examined the effects of coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) on objective and subjective measures of neurocognitive functioning. Participants were 170 older patients (127 men and 43 women; mean age = 61 years) undergoing CABG. Measures of neurocognitive function, depression, anxiety, and perceived cognitive abilities were administered immediately prior to and 6 weeks following surgery. Although objective measures of impaired cognitive performance following CABG were not related to perceived cognitive difficulties, the presence of anxiety and depression was related to the perception of cognitive functioning. Patients who reported high levels of anxiety and depression 6 weeks after surgery perceived themselves as having poorer cognitive function. Interventions designed to reduce emotional distress could improve patient's perceived cognitive abilities following CABG.     

Appraisals of Fear, Helplessness, and Perceived Life-Threat During Emergent Cardiac Surgery: Relationship to Pre-surgical Depression, Trauma History, and Posttraumatic Stress

Depression and posttraumatic stress (PTS) have been linked to medical/psychological outcomes following coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery. This study assessed pre-surgical trauma history, PTS, and depression; and peri-surgical appraisals of fear, helplessness, and perceived life-threat among 110 patients. All CABGs were emergent, rather than elective, surgeries. In hierarchical multiple regressions, total severity score for pre-surgical PTS predicted fear regarding the cardiac event and the CABG, and perceived life-threat regarding the cardiac event and the CABG. Pre-surgical depression predicted perceived helplessness regarding the cardiac event and the CABG, and contributed to prediction of perceived life-threat. Trauma history contributed to prediction of fear and perceived helplessness regarding surgery (but not regarding the cardiac event necessitating surgery). When posttraumatic stress disorder diagnosis (PTSD) was entered, rather than total severity of PTS, PTSD did not predict any appraisals, and depression showed stronger prediction of fear, helplessness, and perceived life-threat than did PTSD.     

Similar-other support for men undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery.

This field experiment examined effects of a support intervention on the physical and mental health of coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery patients. Control participants (N = 90) received usual hospital care; experimental participants (N = 100) also received visits from a "similar other" while in the hospital. Similar others were Veterans Administration veterans who had CABG surgery previously and were trained in simple supportive techniques. Outcomes were assessed prior to surgery and at 1, 6, and 12 months afterwards. Unexpectedly, the intervention generally had no effects on participants' well-being. Further analysis showed that participants who talked often with fellow cardiac patients in the hospital ("de facto similar others") experienced improvements in their physical and emotional well-being over time.     

The Differential Effect of Perceived Control and Negative Affectivity as a Function of Gender after Coronary Artery By-pass Graft Surgery

The present study was designed to examine the moderating effect of gender on the impact of negative affectivity (NA) and perceived control on physical and psychological symptoms after coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG). A higher effect of NA and perceived control was found on symptoms for men than for women. This may indicate that men and women process information differentially, which affects their perception of events and situations. The present study is unique in that it considers gender differences in the effects of two opposite personality traits on symptoms.     

Cognitive deficits following coronary artery bypass grafting: prevalence, prognosis, and therapeutic strategies

There is increasing recognition that coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) may be a risk factor for subtle cognitive decline although the presence and pattern of such decline has varied across studies. Cognitive deficits may present as short-term memory loss, executive dysfunction and psychomotor slowing. Although they are usually are not severe enough to meet criteria for mild cognitive impairment or vascular dementia, they lower quality of life and add to hospitalization and out-of-hospital costs. Proposed mechanisms include surgical-related trauma, genetic susceptibility (eg, apolipoprotein E4 allele), microembolization, other vascular or ischemic changes, and temperature during surgery. Depression and anxiety levels predict subjective perception of these deficits more than objective cognitive performance. Both nonpharmacologic (eg, emboli reduction, temperature, or glucose management) and pharmacologic (eg, dexanabinol, glypromate, nootropics) strategies to prevent post-CABG cognitive deficits are under investigation. Given the large numbers of subjects who may already have CABG associated cognitive deficits, clinical trials of agents being tested for Alzheimer's disease (eg, donepezil, rivastigmine, memantine, neramexane, ginkgo) may also be informative. The results of multicenter long-term outcome studies (with matched control groups) as well as ongoing treatment trials will more conclusively address some of these issues. These data emphasize the need for clinicians to monitor cognitive function before and after coronary bypass surgery, and to educate patients.