我国认知行为疗法研究热点知识图谱

为比较准确地了解近十年来我国认知行为疗法(CBT)的研究热点和重点,采用关键词共词分析法,运用Bicomb2.0、SPSS19.0、Ucinet6.0等数理分析软件从中国学术期刊网络出版总库抽取出2007年~2016年的231篇文献绘制了CBT研究热点知识图谱。研究结果表明,我国近十年来CBT研究热点主要围绕在四大领域:认知行为疗法与积极心理学关系研究;心理弹性研究;高校大学生心理健康教育研究;儿童、青少年网络成瘾,强迫症,焦虑症,抑郁症等的干预性研究。     

创伤后应激障碍对震后青少年反社会行为的影响：复原力的调节作用

为探讨创伤后应激障碍(PTSD)对震后青少年反社会行为的影响,并检验复原力在其中的调节作用,采用创伤暴露程度问卷、DSM-5的PTSD症状核查表、复原力量表和儿童行为问题核查表,对九寨沟地震10个月后的621名中学生进行调查。结果发现,PTSD症状总分及侵入性症状、负性认知和情绪改变症状、警觉性增高症状可以显著正向预测震后青少年的反社会行为;复原力在PTSD总分及其侵入性症状、警觉性增高症状对震后青少年反社会行为的影响中发挥显著的负向调节作用。     

学龄儿童青少年脑智发育与学校适应的追踪队列研究

本文阐述了研究儿童青少年脑智发育的重要性以及研究过程中面临的局限性,介绍了本研究团队在儿童青少年脑智发育队列研究中的主要工作及特点:(1)结合临床和非临床精神健康筛查工具定量样本的精神健康特征;(2)构建以1岁为单位的6~12岁儿童脑结构模板;(3)从认知和非认知两个侧面系统考察学校适应;(4)从微观和宏观等多个角度定...     

儿童认知发展研究的前沿与动向

近一二十年,得益于认知发展理论的进步和研究方法的新发展,儿童认知发展研究取得了长足的进步。这体现在婴儿研究方兴未艾,一些新课题的出现使一些传统的研究领域重新恢复了活力。同时．发展认知神经科学和认知行为遗传学这两个边沿交叉学科研究蓬勃发展,应用认知发展心理学研究迅速发展,对认知发展心理学研究均产生了巨大的影响。     

家庭因素与青少年犯罪的关系研究述评

随着犯罪理论（如社会控制理论、依恋理论、社会学习理论和问题行为理论）的不断发展,家庭因素与青少年犯罪关系的研究重点已由最初的家庭结构变量（如家庭完整性、家庭经济状况）逐渐扩展并聚焦在家庭功能变量（如家庭气氛、亲子依恋和亲子沟通等）和家庭成员行为变量（如教养方式、父母监控等）。近年来该研究领域开始深入探讨青少年认知过程在教养方式与青少年犯罪之间所起的中介作用,以及儿童青少年的人格、社区环境、神经生物学等变量与家庭因素的交互作用。最后本文总结了该领域研究的最新趋势和以往研究的不足     

小学生创伤后应激障碍对睡眠问题的影响:积极认知的调节作用

本研究采用创伤暴露程度问卷、儿童创伤后应激障碍症状量表、应对方式问卷和儿童行为问题核查表对汶川地震30个月后844名小学生进行调查,探讨汶川地震后小学生的创伤后应激障碍(PTSD)、积极认知与睡眠问题之间的关系。结果表明,PTSD对睡眠问题具有正向预测作用,积极认知对睡眠问题的预测作用不显著。调节效应的检验结果发现,积极认知调节着PTSD及其回避性症状对睡眠问题的影响,具体表现为PTSD及其回避性症状对睡眠问题的预测作用随着积极认知水平的增加而降低,但是积极认知分别在PTSD的闯入性症状和警觉性增高症状与睡眠问题的关系之间不起调节作用。     

儿童青少年创伤后应激障碍患者的家庭问题研究

创伤后应激障碍(PTSD)是个体在经历重大创伤后出现的一种非常严重的心理障碍,儿童青少年由于身心发展尚未成熟,是患病的高危群体。家庭已被证实是PTSD发病、维持以及好转恢复过程中一个重要的影响因素。本文聚焦于家庭视角,从家庭关系、家庭功能、家庭治疗三个方面对儿童青少年PTSD患者家庭问题的研究进行了总结,未来研究者应加强对儿童青少年PTSD家庭治疗效果的阶段性长期纵向研究,并注重中西文化的差异性,在研究方法上加强定性研究和追踪研究。     

5—7岁幼儿的同伴关系、社会行为与其母亲教养方式

家庭是儿童社会化的最早执行者和基本执行者,它对儿童社会性发展有着极为重要的影响。在影响儿童社会性发展的家庭诸因素中,父母教养方式是其中最主要的因素之一。这也是近三十年来父母教养方式一直受到儿童心理学重点研究的一个主要原因。有些研究发现,儿童的消极行为与母亲教养行为的消极倾向具有密切的内在关系。而在影响儿童同伴关系的诸因素中．一般认为儿童青少年的行为特征和社会认知是影响同伴关系的主要因素。     

认知行为疗法治疗儿童青少年强迫症的应用研究

强迫症已经被认为是儿童青少年常见的心理障碍之一。强迫症的认知行为模型在成人研究中得到了大量的实证支持,但这个模型在儿童青少年群体中研究相对较少。认知行为疗法被广泛认为是治疗儿童青少年强迫症的有效心理治疗方案,但对于认知行为治疗儿童青少年强迫症的实证研究还有待进一步深入。     

认知行为疗法治疗儿童青少年强迫症的应用研究

强迫症已经被认为是儿童青少年常见的心理障碍之一.强迫症的认知行为模型在成人研究中得到了大量的实证支持,但这个模型在儿童青少年群体中研究相时较少.认知行为疗法被广泛认为是治疗儿童青少年强迫症的有效心理治疗方案,但对于认知行为治疗儿童青少年强迫症的实证研究还有待进一步深入.     

Meta-analysis of the Long-Term Treatment Effects of Psychological Interventions in Youth with PTSD Symptoms

To date, the long-term effectiveness of psychological treatments in reducing post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms in children and adolescents has not been investigated extensively. This meta-analysis quantifies the long-term effects of psychological interventions in children and adolescents with PTSD symptoms and examines the period-dependent follow-up (FU) effects based on 47 studies. The mean FU effect sizes (ESs) for PTSD symptoms ranged from medium (between treatment ESs for controlled studies) to large (within treatment ESs for uncontrolled studies; pooled analysis including all studies). These effects were comparable to the post-treatment ESs, which suggests that the treatment effects remained stable. ESs did not differ depending on the length of the FU period (</>6 months). In randomized controlled trials (RCTs), as well as trials conducted with treatment as usual or active control groups, the long-term treatment effects for the reduction of PTSD symptoms were small. These results demonstrate the long-term effectiveness of psychological interventions in the treatment of PTSD in youth. However, more studies should include a FU assessment. Further research should focus on RCTs with long-term assessments, report comorbid symptoms and investigate the influence of potential moderators. Research is also warranted to determine how to improve the long-term effects of treatments for PTSD in youth.     

Psychological Treatments for Symptoms of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Children,Adolescents, and Young Adults: A Meta-Analysis

Meta-analyses of the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in childhood and adolescence are restricted to specific trauma, selected interventions, and methodologically rigorous studies. This large meta-analysis quantifies the effects of psychological treatments for PTSD symptoms in children and adolescents. An extensive literature search yielded a total of 13,040 articles; 135 studies with 150 treatment conditions (N = 9562 participants) met the inclusion criteria (psychological interventions with children and/or adolescents with PTSD symptoms that report quantitative measures of symptom change). The mean effect sizes (ESs) for PTSD symptoms ranged from large to small, depending on the control condition. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) yielded the highest ESs. Age and caretaker involvement were identified as moderators. CBT, especially when conducted in individual treatment with the inclusion of parents, is a highly effective treatment for trauma symptoms. Psychological treatments need to be modified to address younger patients’ specific needs.     

基于长尾效应的儿童创伤后应激障碍转归机制及干预策略

儿童PTSD具有“长尾效应”, 疾病负担重、发展结局存在较大异质性, 但是少有研究对我国儿童PTSD的转归进行系统性研究, 其转归类型、路径尚不明晰, 更缺少促进儿童PTSD复原的干预研究。因此, 本研究拟对儿童及青少年进行追踪调查和准实验研究, 探讨儿童PTSD的发展轨迹及转归类型和机制, 验证基于学校的综合干预服务对促进儿童PTSD恢复的效果, 为儿童PTSD干预及个性化诊疗提供证据。     

Towards a cognitive-behavioral model of PTSD in children and adolescents

Posttraumatic stress disorder in children and adolescents has been studied only for the past 15–20 years and is the subject of a burgeoning corpus of research. Much research has focused on examining whether children and adolescents have the same responses to trauma as those experienced by adults. Many of the research tools used to investigate children's responses are taken from measures designed for use with adults, and these measures have proven to be useful. However, it has not been established that children's responses to traumatic events are related to the same underlying processes as are adults' responses. The possible application of 2 recent cognitive models of PTSD in adults to understanding PTSD in children and adolescents is discussed in this paper, within the context of what is already known about children's reaction to trauma and existing theoretical accounts of childhood PTSD. Particular attention is paid toward the nature of children's memories of traumatic events and how these memories relate to the reexperiencing symptoms of PTSD, and cognitive processes that may play a role in the maintenance of PTSD. It is proposed that the adoption of a more specific cognitive–behavioral framework in the study of this disorder may be beneficial and lead to better treatment outcomes.     

睡眠问题在创伤后应激障碍各症状间的独特作用：基于交叉滞后网络分析模型

借助交叉滞后网络的分析方法, 探讨睡眠问题在创伤后应激障碍(PTSD)的症状系统中与其他症状的格兰杰因果关系。以经历舟曲泥石流的1460名儿童青少年为研究对象, 在灾后3, 15和27个月对其PTSD症状进行测量。交叉滞后网络分析结果显示：3到15个月时的睡眠问题的发出预期影响最高; 而15到27个月时与他人疏离和线索引发生理反应的发出预期影响最高。结果表明了睡眠问题对PTSD症状影响的时间特异性, 并为儿童青少年的PTSD干预方案和诊断模式提供了启示。     

The Biological Findings in Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: A Review1

In this paper the authors review the literature on biological and treatment studies of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and present current unifying hypotheses regarding the pathophysiology. The psychophysiological studies stress overarousal, while endocrine studies suggest a decreased Cortisol production in denial and low symptom states with increases in highly symptomatic states. Suggestive evidence is provided that PTSD is associated with permanent changes in brain mechanisms involving the locus coeruleus, amygdala, and the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis. Drug treatments are promising but not fully satisfactory as yet. Directions for further research are provided.     

Post-Traumatic Distress in Israeli Adolescents Exposed to Ongoing Terrorism

Summary

This article examines the impact of exposure of ongoing terrorism on post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms, functional impairment, somatization, and depression among Israeli adolescents in the context of the Al Aqsa Intifada. An in-school screening of 1,010 adolescents was conducted in Jerusalem and nearby settlements that were subjected to intensive terrorist attacks. The screening procedure proved effective in identifying posttraumatic distress and triaging students for school-based treatments. The relationship between level of exposure and gender and the psychological sequelae, the differences between adolescents in Jerusalem and the settlements, and the role of spirituality and community are discussed.     

Moral Injury: A Mechanism for War-Related Psychological Trauma in Military Family Members

Recent research has provided compelling evidence of mental health problems in military spouses and children, including post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), related to the war-zone deployments, combat exposures, and post-deployment mental health symptoms experienced by military service members in the family. One obstacle to further research and federal programs targeting the psychological health of military family members has been the lack of a clear, compelling, and testable model to explain how war-zone events can result in psychological trauma in military spouses and children. In this article, we propose a possible mechanism for deployment-related psychological trauma in military spouses and children based on the concept of moral injury, a model that has been developed to better understand how service members and veterans may develop PTSD and other serious mental and behavioral problems in the wake of war-zone events that inflict damage to moral belief systems rather by threatening personal life and safety. After describing means of adapting the moral injury model to family systems, we discuss the clinical implications of moral injury, and describe a model for its psychological treatment.     

Psychological Distress and Symptoms of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Jewish Adolescents Following a Brief Exposure to Concentration Camps

We investigated the psychological impact of an organized visit to Polish concentration camps on Jewish-American adolescents. Eighty-seven adolescents who participated in a B'nai B'rith memorial visit to concentration camps in Poland completed measures of general psychological adjustment and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) at four time-points: pretest, posttest, 6-month follow-up and 12-month follow-up. Measures included the SCL-90-R, the Mississippi Scale for PTSD, and the Impact of Events Scale (IES) for PTSD. On the SCL-90-R, changes in somatization, interpersonal sensitivity, obsessive-compulsive tendencies, depression, anxiety, and phobic anxiety were observed over time, with peak symptom scores at posttest and 6-month follow-up. Scores on the Mississippi Scale for PTSD and the IES Intrusion subscale also increased at 6-months. Predictors of PTSD symptoms on the Mississippi Scale included previous psychiatric treatment and SCL-90-R symptoms of paranoia, depression, and psychosis. Elevated psychotic symptoms on the SCL-90-R predicted PTSD symptoms on the IES. Jewish adolescents with preexisting symptoms of generalized distress or psychoticism appeared at increased risk for PTSD symptoms following exposure to Holocaust stimuli. This study contributes a prospective, multi-measure assessment of trauma reactions in adolescents.     

震后青少年创伤后应激障碍与社会支持、人格的关系

采用问卷调查法对地震地区933名中学生进行调查,考察青少年创伤后应激障碍的状况,并探讨社会支持在人格与创伤后应激障碍之间的调节作用。结果表明：（1）震后六个月,约67.6%的青少年患有PTSD或部分PTSD。（2）大五人格特质中的神经质对事件影响量表总分以及唤醒、侵扰、逃避均有预测作用;宜人性对事件影响量表总分、侵扰、唤醒有预测作用。验证了社会支持在大五人格与逃避、人格与唤醒、人格与事件影响量表总分间调节效应显著的结论。