现象学的局限性

德雷福斯在他的关于海德格尔的书中,不适宜地把我的观点与海德格尔的观点进行了对比。然而,他不断地误述我的观点,而且,他的误解并非偶然。他真的难以理解我的立场。他对熟练应对的阐述很模糊,让人难以理解。但只要你进行详细的阐述,你就会明白,它一定是错的。德雷福斯的著作戏剧性地举例说明了现象学方法的弱点,至少是由他和海德格尔所实践的现象学方法的弱点。我分析意向性的事业完全不同于胡塞尔和海德格尔的事业,德雷福斯的许多误解都来自没有领会这一点。     

评R.布普纳的《现代德国哲学》

与上一世纪德国哲学家们出版庞大体例的哲学史不同,联邦德国哲学家R.布普纳对第二次世界大战以来德国主要哲学思潮的介绍简明而又扼要。他主要着力于现象学、解释学、语言学和科学理论,并且也着力于辩证法和实践哲学。在概述了胡塞尔现象学纲领和强调海德格尔对实存进行解释学研究(以及适当地突出了60年代“对海德格尔的盲目崇拜”)之后,作者根据生活世     

国内海德格尔研究概述

海德格尔是当代西方最重要的哲学家之一,在现代西方哲学家中是一个相当奇特的人物。他力图超越欧洲哲学传统,对整个西方哲学思想发起了一次挑战。我国哲学界历来重视对海德格尔的研究。近年来,这项研究正由简单的人物述评介绍逐步过渡到贯通前后学理、并在此基础上以中国学者特有的角度进行全面分析批判的方向上来。本文将围绕国内研究者关注的几个问题,对国内海德格尔研究的情况作一概述。海德格尔的现象学现象学运动现象学是20世纪西方哲学中一种重要的学说,由德国哲学家胡塞尔创立。由这种学说而引发的、在欧洲大陆极具影响的现象学运动与分析哲学共同构成当代西方哲学的两大主导思潮。海德格尔是胡塞尔的嫡传弟子,在现象学运动中具有极其重要的地位。     

海德格尔、列维纳斯及其他——思想札记

欧洲哲学概念性的"现象学-本体论"传统遭到了反对"创世"的海德格尔的改造。海德格尔强调"时空"是"存在"自身的"创造",是"存在"自身的"形式"。但是"存在"是"有限"的和"变动"的,因而海德格尔的"存在论"不可能像中国哲学传统那样"放弃""创世"而"回归""天-地",而有返回"理念论"的可能。列维纳斯用犹太哲学的新路化解了海德格尔的理论困境,他在"存在论之外"提出一个与众不同的"伦理学"作为哲学的基本问题,将"有限"引向"无限",突出"无限"的"开放性",坚持了欧洲哲学的"超验-超越"的精神。     

哲学专题讨论

<正>编者按:关于胡塞尔、海德格尔现象学的专题研究,国内学界已有一定积累,但相比之下,对这两位哲学家学术思想脉络进行比较与澄清的工作还有待进一步开展。2014年由商务印书馆出版的《时间与存在——胡塞尔与海德格尔现象学的基本问题》是这一研究方向上的新近成果。本期"哲学专题讨论"栏目刊出的是由在海外求学的青年学子撰写的两篇书评以及该书作者——中山大学哲学     

向分析哲学家介绍现象学

英语国家和斯堪的纳维亚主要是分析哲学的天下,而现象学和存在主义则风行于欧洲大陆。 现象学家和存在主义者没有形成明显分离的阵营,我们可以发现不少哲学家在现象学和存在主义之间采取各种中间立场。无论是海德格尔还是萨特(只提两个最著名的存在主义者)都是从现象学出发的。但是在这些哲学家和英美的分析哲学家之间,却似乎有某种鸿沟。 现象学和存在主义很少努力去引起分析哲学家的兴趣。反过来说,对于现象学家和存在主义者来说,分析哲学几乎是一个封闭的世界。     

还原与悬搁:海德格尔与极限处境

现象学自建立伊始就与笛卡尔有着继承关系。本文试图从海德格尔对笛卡尔的现象学阐释中剥离出海德格尔对蕴含在笛卡尔哲学中的"积极可能性"的挪用。通过揭示海德格尔对笛卡尔哲学的现象学改造,本文意在建构写作《存在与时间》的海德格尔与笛卡尔哲学直接"对峙"的史前史。     

牟宗三与海德格尔

牟宗三以道德意识的有无为视点,对海德格尔进行了严厉的批评,指其不通透,误置了形上学。反批评者则从现象学的角度,认定牟宗三对海德格尔的批评有着原则性的误识,反而是他自己误置了存有论。双方观点针锋相对,给人们提供了一个深入理解牟宗三、海德格尔哲学的契机。事实上,牟宗三对反批评者的担心和理据"了如指掌",其海德格尔批评或许"来得太早",但却具备着毋庸置疑的正当性。     

海德格尔哲学的“伦理真空”——汉斯·约纳斯的批判性阐释

在汉斯·约纳斯看来,导师海德格尔的"纳粹公案"暴露了他个人的道德软弱,更彰显了其哲学思想中的"伦理真空"。他揭示了海德格尔存在主义当中蕴含的本体虚无主义、反律法主义因素,并进而批判了德国哲学观念论传统遗忘身体与自然的缺陷。在此基础上,约纳斯通过生命现象学的建构实现了一次"身体-自然转向",最终走向责任伦理学,从而丰富和发展了海德格尔的存在论。     

论卡瓦耶斯对胡塞尔现象学的批判

卡瓦耶斯是法国科学哲学的代表人物,也是法国最早对胡塞尔现象学进行反思和批判的哲学家之一。他基于理性知识具有实在性和必然性的立场,考察了胡塞尔的现象学,承认胡塞尔对逻辑主义和意识哲学的"深刻综合",但也进一步对他进行了批判。卡瓦耶斯从四个方面系统反对胡塞尔的意识构造理论,即形式本体论对命题逻辑的优先性、可还原性原则、绝对意识本体论、对历史性的否定,并由此认为胡塞尔无法解释逻辑和科学理论的必然性和历史性。普拉代勒和德里达分别从否定和肯定两方面来思考卡瓦耶斯批判的意义,结合二人对卡瓦耶斯的阐释,可更清晰地定位卡瓦耶斯乃至法国科学哲学的自身诉求,更深刻地理解其思想的真正价值。     

The nature of The Nature of Prejudice

This paper attempts to establish the historical context for the development and publication of Gordon Allport's text, The Nature of Prejudice, and by so doing illustrate the importance of historicizing psychological social psychology. The Nature of Prejudice was, in part, the cumulative result of a decade of Gordon Allport's classroom teaching in a new interdisciplinary unit at Harvard, the Department of Social Relations. This paper chronicles key elements of Allport's course -"Prejudice and Intergroup Conflict"-from 1944 to the mid-1950s.     

试论社会历史规律和自然规律

从古希腊神话故事中的命运女神,到基督教神学关于上帝决定历史,再到维科、康德和黑格尔等关于“天神旨意”、“自然的意图”和“理性的狡黠”,尽管都没有科学地揭示出人类社会历史的内在规律,但都以不同形式承认了社会历史规律的存在。可以说,在19世纪下半叶之前,关于人类社会历史是有规律的思想一直是占主导地位的历史观。但是,在马克思之前,人们普遍认为社会历史规律是绝对必然性,人在这种必然性面前是无能为力、束手无策的。如黑格尔的历史哲学,就具有浓厚的宿命论色彩。     

The Activities of The Scandinavian Societies

Freud's concept of the death instinct has given rise to many different interpretations which have often been contradictory. It is in fact already possible to discern two diametrically opposite meanings of this concept in Freud's work from 1920—Beyond the Pleasure Principle—in which he first introduced the concept of the death instinct. In this paper, it is argued that both these meanings are relevant in describing psychical life, although only one of these meanings actually qualifies for the concept “death instinct”. Beyond the Pleasure Principle was written in order to try to understand some everyday, as well as clinical phenomena which could not be explained by the so-called pleasure principle. Freud postulated something beyond the pleasure principle, which initially seemed to have to do with binding energy. I will preserve this idea and attempt to develop it within the context of a phenomenological analysis of time. The temporalization of the subject involves a very basic affirmation of existence, in that the subject experiences something constant, something that can be said to possess the quality of a gestalt. I propose that that which is beyond the pleasure principle—this binding of energy—should be understood as the opposite of the idea of a primordial death instinct striving towards death. In this case, that which is beyond the pleasure principle reflects an original affirmation of existence, which could be said to correspond to Freud's first meaning of the death instinct. The second meaning—for which the name “death instinct” seems to be applicable—concerns the discharge of energy, which from a temporal point of view shows itself as a tendency to dissolution. The concept of the death instinct in its various meanings is discussed in connection with phenomenological reflections on time, which is a different approach from Freud's attempt to ground the death instinct in biology.     

The Logic of The Goldhagen Debate

Since Daniel J. Goldhagen's Hitler's Willing Executioners: Ordinary Germans and the Holocaustattempts to show that the Holocaust is explicable and can be understood largely in terms of a single cause, “eliminationist anti-Semitism”, it is not surprising that the book has generated an international debate. What is surprising is the magnitude and emotional intensity of the debate. This article argues that the deepest flaws in it Hitler's Willing Executioners,as well as the chasm of disagreement between Goldhagen's detractors and defenders, have as much to do with reasoning and concepts as with matters of fact. It concludes that Goldhagen's central argument is stronger than many of his critics claim, but that the inadequacy of his cognitive interpretation of anti-Semitism and his unexamined psychological assumptions weaken his attempt to explain the Holocaust. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

骨折治疗方法与原则的最优化历程

多年来骨折治疗,新旧技术、新旧理论相互融合,相互碰撞,产生了新的理论和方法,使得临床疗效显著提高,现阶段理智的临床医生应该融汇各家之长,多方互补,对每一位骨折患者的治疗都应该按照最优化的原则进行.但是在医疗过程中总存在着如方法选择不当或者错误,过度治疗,医患信任危机,医疗伦理道德的丧失等情况,我们应该用矛盾分析的方法来思考这些问题.     

建言类型对领导者建言采纳的影响：面子与幽默的作用

以说服和面子理论为基础,通过两个研究探讨领导者建言采纳行为的影响因素及作用机制。结果发现：相对于促进型建言,抑制型建言给领导带来的面子威胁更大,且领导者感知面子威胁在建言类型与建言采纳之间起部分的中介作用。而幽默类型与水平影响领导者感知面子威胁的程度,积极幽默水平越高,领导者感知面子威胁的程度越低,其建言采纳可能性越高。这表明领导者感知面子威胁在建言类型与建议采纳间起中介作用,幽默调节了此中介效应。     

The Future of The Structure of Scientific Revolutions

I examine the value and limitations of Kuhn’s Structure of Scientific Revolutions. In the interests of developing a social epistemology of science, I argue that we should draw on Kuhn’s later work, published in The Road since Structure. There, Kuhn draws attention to the important role that specialty formation plays in resolving crises in science, a topic he did not discuss in Structure. I argue that we need to develop a better understanding of specialty research communities. Kuhn’s later work provides a research agenda for those who want to study scientific specialization. I briefly discuss some recent studies that promise to provide valuable insight into the social structure of science.     

The Wisdom of Administration in The Analects

The basic spirit of administration in The Analects includes the five following aspects: the wisdom of administration regarding humanity as the foundation; the wisdom of leadership with primary virtue; the wisdom of conducting business with righteousness; the wisdom of harmonious organization; and the wisdom of coordination with the mean. Relative to modern Western rational spirit of scientific management, Confucian management focuses on exploring the humanities and shaping human nature, and this has a unique value for contemporary management activities.     

“解释学”的没落与“描述学”的兴起——“既成”与“当下瞬间”的冲突

为了充分理解解释这个术语本身,我们得回到它的前提及其相关术语。解释的前提是理解,被理解的叫含义或意义。无论我们是否意识到,解释已经意味着进入哲学,从来的哲学家都在解释世界(马克思语)。怎么解释呢?用语言。传统上,我们往往从意识或概念领域接近解释学问