咨询期望与人格特质的相关性及对临床心理干预的启示

本研究探析了人格因素与咨询期望的相关性及对临床工作的启示.通过方便抽样选取样本348人,用心理咨询预期简表、卡特尔16项人格因子问卷进行调查.咨询期望在性别之间无差异,心理咨询中的个人承诺与聪慧性、稳定性等人格因子呈正相关;与怀疑性、忧虑性等呈负相关.对咨询师专业性的期待与乐群性、稳定性等人格因子呈正相关;与怀疑性、忧虑性等呈负相关.人格中的有恒性、聪慧性等对个人承诺有正向影响,而忧虑性、怀疑性对其有负向影响.有恒性、乐群性对专业性期待有正向影响,而忧虑性则产生负向影响.在临床心理咨询中要想达到理想效果,需要依据来访者的人格特点,评估并适时调整咨询期望.     

高职新生人格特征的研究

通过采用卡特尔16PF人格测试量表对高职新生的人格特征进行测量,结果表明,高职新生在乐群性、稳定性、兴奋性、敢为性、敏感性和幻想性因子上得高分的人数比例较大,在聪慧性、怀疑性和独立性因子上得低分的人数比例较大;高职新生个性特征的性别差异显著;高职各系新生个性特征也存在显著差异。     

学业成绩与智力和人格特征的相关研究

本研究表明:1.学业成绩与智力和人格特征相关;2.显示性、慎密性、独立性、敢为性、幻想性、克制性是影响学习的重要人格特征;3.在成绩优良学生中,智力较高与智力较低学生在乐群性、慎密性、幻想性和怀疑性等人格特征上的差异显著,表现出不同的学习风格。     

中学生的学习适应性与其人格特征、心理健康的相关研究

用学习适应性测验（AAT）、卡特尔16PF量表及症状自评量表（SCL-90）对高二学生进行了测查。结果表明,学习适应性与人格的独立性因子相关显著（P＜0．05）,与稳定性、有恒性。怀疑性、自律性、紧张性因子相关非常显著（P＜0．001）,说明学习适应性强的学生具有高稳定性、高有恒性、高独立性、高自律性、低紧张性、低怀疑性和低忧虑性的人格特征。学习适应性与症状自评量表中的躯体化、人际敏感、抑郁、焦虑、敌意、偏执、精神病性、总症指数、痛苦水平及阳性数目相关非常显著（P＜0．01、P＜0．001）,与强迫相关显著（P＜0．05）,说明学习适应性强的学生无论就总体水平,还是具体指标上,其心理健康水平均较好。     

大学生网络成瘾者人格特征和心理健康水平的研究

研究影响大学生网络成瘾的人格特征和心理健康因素,选取网络成瘾的24名大学生进行16PF、SCL-90的问卷调查,并和对照组比较.结果发现在人格特征上,成瘾组在乐群性、稳定性、怀疑性和独立性有别于对照组;在心理健康水平上,成瘾组在抑郁和敌对等项目得分要高于对照组.成瘾组心理健康水平低于对照组,具有不良的人格特征.     

团体心理咨询改善教师情绪的实验研究

通过实验研究证明团体心理咨询在解决教师情绪问题和改善教师情绪状况方面具有重要作用.被试:河北省武安市26名小学教师.方法:采用实验组、控制组前后测设计.对实验组进行八次团体心理咨询,在干预后要求团体成员对干预活动及情绪状态的变化进行主观评价,并采用16PF问卷进行前后测,以C(稳定性)、I(敏感性)、O(忧虑性)、Q4(紧张性)四个人格维度作为情绪指标.结果:1.测验结果:实验组和对照组后测得分在敏感性、紧张性两个人格维度上差异显著,在忧虑性人格维度上临界显著.在稳定性、敏感性、忧虑性、紧张性四个人格因素上,实验组前后测结果差异显著.2.主观评价结果: 教师对团体游戏最感兴趣,对自我探索活动感受最深,从认知活动中获益最大.结论:1. 团体心理咨询对教师情绪干预有效;2.团体咨询中的认知学习是教师情绪改变的关键.     

大学生的情绪向性、表达性与心理健康关系的研究

采用量表法以170名大学生为被试研究了情绪向性(分正、负向情感变量)、情绪表达性和心理健康的关系.差异检验表明:男性的负向情感多于女性,情感表达不如女性,在正向情感、快乐感上无显著性别差异;大一学生的快乐感多于大四学生,在正、负向情感、情绪表达性上无显著年级差异.(2)相关分析表明:快乐感、正向情感与多数心理症状因子呈显著负相关,负向情感与所有心理症状因子呈显著正相关;情绪表达性与人际敏感、敌对、抑郁、焦虑等因子呈显著负相关.(3)回归分析进一步表明:负向情感对强迫、人际关系、抑郁、焦虑、敌对、偏执等因子均构成显著回归效应,情绪表达对人际敏感、敌对、抑郁、焦虑等因子构成回归效应.     

南京市男性吸毒青年人格特征

目的：了解南京市男性吸毒青年人格特征,为有针对性地做好戒毒矫治工作,防止复吸提供一定的科学依据。方法：对南京市强制戒毒所内50名男性吸毒青年进行16PF人格测试,并与全国常模比较。结果：男性吸毒青年的人格特征与全国男性常模相比,在乐群性、兴奋性、敢为性等各因子上得分显著高于常模,而在聪慧性、实验性、独立性和自律性四个因子上得分显著低于常模;同时他们在适应与焦虑性、内向与外向性这个两个次级个性因素上与常模相比有非常显著的差异。结论：男性吸毒青年具有独特的人格特征。     

学习成绩优良与学习成绩落后大学生的人格特征研究

研究目的：探讨学习成绩优良和学习成绩落后大学生的人格特征及其与学习成绩之间的关系。研究方法：采用卡特尔16PF人格测验对1641名大学二年级学生进行测试，并据其各门课程学习成绩的综合结果将所有被试划分为优良、落后、普通三个组，然后进行人格特征比较及学习成绩与人格特征因素之间的相互分析。研究结果：学习成绩优良组在自律性、有恒性上显著高于学习成绩落后组；在恃强性、世故性、次级因素内向与外向型上显著低于学习成绩落后组；在稳定性、次级因素内向与外向型、心理健康因素和感情用事与安详机警型上显著低于普通组；在忧虑性上高于普通组；学习成绩落后组在稳定性上低于普通组，在忧虑性上高于普通组；学习成绩与恃强性、有恒性、自律性等人格因素之间存在显著相关关系。结论：学习成绩优良的大学生有较强的自我约束、自我管理能力，较能把精力集中在学业上，但性格偏内向，对周围的人或事过于敏感，抗挫折能力弱，心理健康水平欠佳；学习成绩落后的大学生自我管理能力较差，缺乏自信心，难以集中精力于学业，且思维能力欠强，心理健康水平不够佳。     

医护人员工作倦怠与A型人格、控制点的关系研究

通过对320名医护人员的调查,探讨工作倦怠与A型人格,控制点之间的关系。结果表明：(1)情绪疲惫、去人性化与A型人格、控制点存在显著正相关,个人成就感与控制点存在显著负相关。(2)A型人格、控制点对情绪疲惫,去人性化具有正向预测作用,控制点对个人成就感具有负向预测作用。(3)与B型人格相比．A型人格者的去人性化程度更高;与内控者相比,外控者工作倦怠程度更高。     

书法练习对儿童个性发展的影响

采用纵向研究设计,对124名三年级儿童进行了为期两年的追踪,旨在探讨书法训练对儿童个性发展的影响。通过实验组与对照组的比较发现：（1）在乐群性、聪慧性、稳定性等十三个个性特质上,时间的主效应极其显著;（2）在兴奋性、恃强性、敢为性特质上,书法练习的主效应显著;（3）在兴奋性、聪慧性、恃强性、轻松性和自律性特质上,时间与书法练习的交互作用显著。研究表明,书法练习对儿童个性的成长具有积极的影响作用。     

小学教师期望对学生人格的影响:学生知觉的中介作用

以1260名小学生为被试,采用问卷法探讨小学教师期望对人格的影响,以及学生知觉在教师期望对人格影响中的中介效应。结果表明:(1)教师期望各维度与人格的智能特征、认真自控、外倾性和亲社会性均有显著正相关,品行和纪律期望维度与人格的情绪稳定性相关不显著。(2)学业期望对人格的智能特征、外倾性和情绪稳定性预测作用最大,品行期望对认真自控预测作用最大,纪律期望对亲社会性预测作用最大。(3)小学生知觉在教师期望对人格智能特征、认真自控、外倾性、亲社会性影响中起部分中介作用,在教师期望对人格情绪稳定性影响中不存在中介效应。     

The affective quality of human-natural environment relationships

Using a psychometric methodology the present study explored the associations between natural environments and experiential feeling states. The effects of the frequency of participants? (N = 90) experience of the natural environment and of the location of their childhood upbringing were also investigated. Ten natural environments mapped on to an orthogonal two-component experiential structure labeled Eudemonia (ostensibly positive feelings) and Apprehension (ostensibly negative feelings). Generally, the more natural environments tended to be associated with higher eudemonia and higher apprehension, the less natural environments with both lower eudemonia and lower apprehension. In line with expectations, participants from rural childhood locations, compared with urban participants, reported less Apprehension and participants with greater experience of the natural environment, compared with participants with less experience, reported greater Eudemonia and less Apprehension. Results are discussed in relation to environmental experiences and affective psychological wellbeing.     

Reducing Psychological Distress in a Genetic Counseling Consultation for Breast Cancer

High levels of cancer specific distress have been found before and after genetic counseling for breast cancer. This study investigated the process of reducing distress during 111 genetic counseling consultations for familial breast cancer. Consultations were audiotaped, transcribed, and a detailed coding system developed to measure cues of emotional distress from the patient, and consultant (clinical geneticist or genetic counselor) behaviors before and after the cues. At least 1 emotional cue was given in 64 consultations, with a median of 1 cue per consultation. More emotional cues of distress occurred when the consultant responded empathetically to the first cue of distress. Satisfaction outcomes were largely positive regardless of the consultant's attentiveness to distress. Postconsultation depression scores were significantly reduced if more empathic responses were given, but anxiety remained the same. These results are discussed and recommendations are made for improving patient care.     

中国大学生面众恐惧的心理测量学再探

针对《心理科学》2011年第3期发表的《大学生面众交流恐惧的心理测量学初探》研究中存在的不足,通过理论与实践的深入反思,重新设计、研制了调查中国大学生面众恐惧的调研工具。在我国东、南、西、北、中各大地区随机抽取了17个省（市）共24所高校,用含有79个题项的预测量表进行预测,获得1057个有效预测样本,再将其划分为两组样本,分别进行探索性因素分析和验证性因素分析,研究结果表明：《中国大学生面众交流恐惧调查量表》（修订版）修订为新的四个维度和32个题项后,更能覆盖大学生面众恐惧现象的各个主要方面,量表具有更高的信效度,更好地达到了心理测量学的要求;四个维度分别是上台恐惧、面试恐惧、办事恐惧、团组与校外交流恐惧,可作为中国大学生面众交流恐惧的调研工具。     

Perceived Parental Warmth, and Children’s Psychological Adjustment, and Personality Dispositions: A Meta-analysis

The purpose of this meta-analysis is to address three questions drawn from one of the basic postulates of parental acceptance–rejection theory: (1) To what extent are children’s perceptions of parental warmth related to their psychological adjustment? (2) To what extent are children’s perceptions of parental warmth related to their personality dispositions? (3) Do relations found in these questions vary by the gender of parents? The meta-analysis was based on 30 studies from 16 countries in five continents involving 12,087 children (52 % boys and 48 % girls). All studies included in the meta-analysis, used child versions of the Parental Acceptance–Rejection Questionnaire for Mothers and for Fathers (Child PARQ: Mothers and Fathers), as well as the child version of the Personality Assessment Questionnaire (Child PAQ). Results showed that perceived parental warmth correlated significantly with psychological adjustment and personality dispositions—including hostility and aggression, independence, positive self-esteem, positive self-adequacy, emotional responsiveness, emotional stability, and positive worldview of children across ethnicities, cultures, gender, and geographical boundaries.     

Peter Block's Flawless Consulting and the Homunculus Theory: Within Each Person Is a Perfect Consultant

Authenticity on the part of the consultant is significant to the process of consulting, according to Peter Block (1981). As the consultant acknowledges feelings and thoughts when they surface, client commitment and trust develop. By defining five phases to consulting and by detailing the work that must be completed in each phase, Block (1981) has provided a step-by-step procedure for consulting without errors.     

Male and Female Athletes' and Nonathletes' Expectations about Sport Psychology Consulting

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to explore expectations of athletes and nonathletes about sport psychology consulting. Tinsley's (1982) Expectations About Coun-seling-Brief form was revised using sport psychology terms. The revised instrument, Expectations About Sport Psychology Consulting (EASPC) questionnaire, was administered to 111 athletes (64 male and 47 female) and 166 nonathletes (72 male and 94 female) attending an NCAA Division I university. Confirmatory factor analysis showed that the data fit the hypothesized 3-factor model (i.e., personal commitment, facilitative conditions, and consultant expertise). A 2 (College Sport Participation) 2 (Gender) MANOVA and follow-up discriminant function analyses revealed that females had higher expectancies of personal commitment than did males whereas males believed that consultants were more directive and more capable of solving problems quickly than did females. No significant differences were obtained between athletes and their peers. The results indicate that the EASPC instrument might be a valuable tool for determining expectations about sport psychology consulting.     

Evaluating Genetic Counseling: Client Expectations,Psychological Adjustment and Satisfaction with Service

Periodic evaluations of genetic counseling services are useful for determining the effectiveness of counseling in meetings its psycho-educational aims, as well as identifying where improvements to the service may be made. This study aimed to evaluate the genetic counseling services provided by Genetic Services of Western Australia (GSWA) to determine the impact of counseling on client expectations, satisfaction with the service, and psychological adjustment, defined as wellbeing and perceived personal control (PPC). A total of 122 clients participated in a self-administered survey conducted pre- and post-counseling. Client expectations of the service as a means of providing information were met, and opportunities for counselors to meet client’s expectations of psychological support were identified. Furthermore, counseling was found to maintain and enhance psychological wellbeing of clients. The role of counseling in facilitating the development of PPC was a key contributor to a high sense of satisfaction in clients.     

Effect of Client Expectations on the Counseling Relationship

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect upon an initial interview of positive and negative client expectations for counseling. 30 subjects or clients were randomly assigned to 3 groups (1 positive expectation group, 1 negative expectation group, and a control group). Following a 30-minute counseling session, the counselors and clients were asked to evaluate the relationship that had been established. Despite pre-counseling differences in client expectations, no significant differences were found in the relationships established.