小学儿童入学准备的类型及其与学校适应关系的研究

对北京市389名儿童入学准备的类型进行研究,探讨不同入学准备类型儿童的特点,并通过追踪数据考察儿童入学准备类型对其一学期后学校适应的影响。结果表明:(1)入学准备可以分为入学准备良好、身体健康和动作技能准备不足、身体健康和动作技能突出/其他领域准备不足和入学准备综合不足四种类型;(2)女生入学准备良好型的比例显著高于男生,而身体健康和动作技能准备不足型、入学准备综合不足型的比例显著低于男生;(3)城区儿童入学准备良好型的比例显著高于郊区,而入学准备综合不足型的比例显著低于郊区;(4)入学准备良好型儿童的学校适应好于身体健康和动作技能准备不足型和入学准备综合不足型,入学准备综合不足型的学校适应最差。     

教师和家长关于儿童入学准备观念的调查研究

本研究对218名家长和370名教师进行了问卷调查。从身体和运动发展、情绪和社会性发展、学习方式、言语发展、认知发展和一般知识基础、家庭6个维度,考察了家长和教师对儿童入学准备的看法,并比较了家长、幼儿教师和小学教师对儿童入学准备观念的差异。结果发现:(1)整体上看,家长、幼儿教师和小学教师最重视身体健康、注意力、教养方式、自信心、学习兴趣、会听课等方面的问题;(2)幼儿教师和小学教师有关儿童入学准备的观念比较接近,而小学教师相对重视服从权威、父母教育程度、文明礼貌、自我中心和表达能力等方面的问题;幼儿教师相对重视抗挫折能力、亲子关系、学习态度、自我控制、身体健康等方面的问题;(3)家长与教师的观念在整体上存在显著差异。     

教师关于儿童入学准备的观念

入学准备是指学龄前儿童为了能够从即将开始的正规学校教育中受益所需要具备的各种关键特征或基础条件.入学准备研究对于存在潜在发展风险之儿童的早期识别和及时干预具有重要价值.为了了解中国儿童入学准备应包含哪些方面,对76名幼儿园大班教师和65名小学一年级教师进行了半结构式访谈,结果发现:(1)中国儿童的入学准备可以归纳为26个项目;(2)“社会性与情绪发展”和“学习方式”领域的入学准备和适应问题被教师提及的次数较多,“认知发展与一般知识”、“言语发展”领域被提及较少,“身体健康和运动发展”领域被提及最少;(3)幼儿园教师和小学一年级教师对于入学准备所涉内容的看法比较接近;(4)小学一年级教师认为自理能力、学习技能和同伴交往等方面是当前幼儿园教育的薄弱环节.最后,结合访谈结果及NEGP模型对中国儿童入学准备研究的未来方向提出了建议.     

5岁半幼儿掌控动机、气质及入学准备能力的关系探析

通过对51名5.5岁幼儿掌控动机的问卷评估、入学准备能力的情境测验以及气质的教师评定,考察了幼儿多领域掌控动机与入学准备各领域能力之间的关系及气质在两者关系中的调节作用。结果发现,对于专注倾向(高专注性-低活动性和情绪性)幼儿,物体掌控动机正向预测了精细动作技能和学习方式,大动作掌控动机正向预测了感觉运动技能;对于反应倾向(高反应性-低抑制性)幼儿,同伴社会掌控动机正向预测了精细动作技能;而对于抑制倾向(低反应性-高抑制性)幼儿,同伴社会掌控动机则负向预测了精细动作技能、感觉运动技能和学习方式。     

童年期母亲教养方式与11岁儿童学校适应的关系

通过问卷调查法追踪考察了童年早期到中期母亲教养方式的稳定性和变化,以及童年早中期母亲教养方式对11岁儿童学业成绩和学校适应的预测作用。结果发现儿童从2岁到7岁,母亲教养方式在保护担忧、控制两个维度上出现了显著变化,在其余维度上没有发现显著变化。儿童2岁和7岁时,性别能显著预测其11岁时的学校适应问题。儿童2岁时,母亲鼓励和控制的教养方式能显著预测11岁时儿童的学业成绩及害羞焦虑、挫折耐受性、同伴交往等行为和社交问题。儿童7岁时,母亲保护和控制的教养方式能显著预测儿童11岁时的学业成绩、学习问题及害羞焦虑、挫折耐受性、果敢社交等行为和社交问题。     

幼儿掌控动机与能力关系的纵向研究：任务类型与气质的调节作用

通过对幼儿3岁半掌控动机的任务评估、5岁半入学准备能力的测验及气质的教师评定，考察了幼儿掌控动机与能力的纵向关系，及任务类型与气质在两者关系中的调节作用。结果发现：(1)探索反馈任务中，气质因素活动性-专注性具有显著调节作用。对于活动型幼儿，探索时间负向预测了认知知识，掌控感负向预测了精细动作技能和学习方式，而对于专注型幼儿，预测关系不显著；(2)挑战性任务中成功的幼儿，气质因素反应性-抑制性具有显著调节作用。对于抑制型幼儿，掌控感正向预测了精细动作技能，而对于反应型幼儿，预测关系不显著；(3)挑战性任务中失败的幼儿，气质因素活动性-专注性具有显著调节作用。对于专注型幼儿，坚持性正向预测了学习方式，而对于活动型幼儿，预测关系不显著。     

父母教养方式与学龄期儿童注意缺陷/多动冲动症状：同伴拒绝的中介作用

以801名7～11岁学龄儿童为被试,探讨同伴拒绝在父母教养方式(儿童自我报告、父母自评和父母互评三种报告方式)与学龄期儿童ADHD症状之间的中介作用。父母自评和互评的教养方式结果显示,权威型教养方式负向影响ADHD症状,专制型教养方式正向影响ADHD症状;儿童报告教养方式结果显示仅母亲的专制教养方式正向影响ADHD症状;三种报告方式结果均显示同伴拒绝仅在父亲专制型教养方式影响ADHD症状中起中介作用。     

儿童入学准备的评估与促进

入学准备状态是指学龄前儿童为了能够从即将开始的正规学校教育中受益所需要具备的各种关键特征或基础条件。本文从四个方面介绍了国内外关于儿童入学准备状态研究的新进展：入学准备的概念发展; 入学准备的评估方式; 影响儿童入学准备的因素; 儿童入学准备的干预与促进。未来的研究方向主要包括：测评工具需要更好地反映入学准备概念的新发展; 采用纵向追踪研究方法动态考察影响入学准备的因素; 提高干预研究设计的质量并加强干预成本与干预效果关系的分析; 在基于五领域模型的宏观研究基础上还需要加强针对其中具体成分的深入研究。     

小学生学习障碍与学习动机、学习能力的相关研究

本研究采用中小学生团体智力筛选测验和LD行为量表从332名小学三、五年级儿童中筛选出50名小学LD儿童,检出率为15.06%,并对其进行学习动机诊断测验(MAAT)和提高学习能力因素诊断测验(FAT),以探讨小学儿童学习障碍的可能成因。结果表明:(1)60%的小学LD儿童表现为理解能力不足;(2)在MAAT与FAT各因素中,对小学LD儿童基本学习能力影响最重要的因素是在校学习方法、心理健康、身体健康、自己责任性、FAT总分,其次是考试焦虑-回避失败动机、在家学习方法、成功动机及其技能场面。可以认为影响小学LD儿童的主要因素是学习方法、学习动机和身心健康。     

6～8岁儿童同伴互动及与父亲教养方式的关系

本研究对象为55名7岁左右的小学儿童。数据收集方式为自然情景下对儿童行为的录像观察．父亲教养方式采用Q分类卡片(CRPR．Block,1981)中译本进行测试。研究结果显示,女孩在集体游戏和同伴对话这些行为中所占的比例较高．而攻击行为则要明显少于男孩;女孩在同伴交往主动性上要优于男生;儿童同伴游戏的丰富性水平与父亲所报告的鼓励成就和鼓励独立的教养方式呈显著正相关;儿童同伴交往的主动性水平与父亲所报告的拒绝教养方式呈显著负相关。     

Seeing and hearing and space and space and time

A previous experiment had shown spatial location to be judged in terms of the framework provided by the modality in which stimuli were presented. In the present study, digits were either auditorally or visually presented, and in either form the three digits appeared successivly to the left, in the center, and to the right of the S. The digit which occurred temporally in the middle of the sequence was never central from the spatial viewpoint. The S was asked to indicate which digit was the middle one. Ss were blind, deaf, or normal. The deaf and two control groups saw visual displays, and the blind and their controls heard auditory displays. The former groups predominantly chose the spatially middle digit and the latter groups the temporally middle. It was concluded that modality of presentation was the trigger which switched in the coding dimension of time or space.     

Bob and Carol and Tess and Ali

Conflicting religious experiences in different traditions do not necessarily defeat the rationality of conflicting beliefs sustained by those experiences in those traditions. The circularity that protects religious beliefs from such mutual defeat is not vicious. Moreover, the lack of ‘epistemological humility’ exhibited by such believers poses no threat to world peace. In fact, a campaign for compulsory humility would itself constitute a much greater threat.     

Law and Gospel,and Youth and Family Ministry

Abstract : If “faith comes through hearing” the word of God comprised in law and gospel, how do the imperatives that characterize ‘Youth and Family Ministry’ make such hearing possible? Here, literature delineating ‘Youth and Family Ministry’ is analyzed in light of its biblical foundations. The primary lens implemented in this analysis is the law/gospel hermeneutic advocated by Martin Luther and other reformers.     

Extremes of self-esteem and narcissism and the experience and expression of anger and aggression

This study examined the level of self-esteem and narcissism as personality variables involved in the disposition to experience and express anger. Three hundred thirty-eight subjects were sampled across two higher education centres and one student teaching programme in the United Kingdom. It was reasoned that individuals with both high self-esteem and narcissism would report especially high tendencies to experience and express anger and aggression and that those with high self-esteem and low narcissism would report the lowest. These predictions were influenced by theories that emphasise the role of threats to high self-esteem in the production of aggression and violence. Results indicate that groups defined by their extreme scores on self-esteem and narcissism scales produced levels of anger expression in the predicted direction. The importance of considering extreme levels of self-esteem and narcissism (in conjunction with other factors) in an analysis of anger is discussed with reference to currently influential theories in the field. Aggr. Behav. 24:421–438, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Perversion and infancy and adolescence

Abstract

Studying the works of Freud and Lacan, the authors carried out research on perversion in childhood. Their work covered the perverse polymorphism of infantile sexuality and the perception of the anatomic difference between the sexes that leads the child to create sexual theories and fantasies. The phallic mother and the fetish are viewed as imaginary solutions directly related to the Oedipus and castration complexes. In perversion, a particular position is taken in relation to the Oedipus complex: a serious flaw occurs in the symbolization of the law, and the mechanisms of denial and disavowal take form. Sexuality requires a second “logical time,” separated from infancy by the latency period, in order to confirm (in action) that a fixed position of jouissance (enjoyment) has actually been established. This can only happen in a period after adolescent enhancement. The distinction between perverse traces and a perverse structure is made, taking into account the fact that, in the case of child analysis, the analyst should free the child from the family fantasy and help him/her to build his/her own fantasy.

Campos Santoro V. et al. Perversion und Kindheit und Adoleszenz.

Im Studium der Arbeiten von Freud und Lacan haben die Autoren Forschung über Perversion in der Kindheit gemacht. Die Studien behandeln den perversen Polymorphismus der infantilen Sexualität und die Wahrnehmung des anatomischen Unterschiedes zwischen den Geschlechtern, welche das Kind dazu führt, Sexual-Theorien und Phatasien zu schaffen.

Die phallische Mutter und der Fetisch werden als imaginäre Lösungen angesehen, die sich direkt auf den Ödipus- und Kastrations-Komplex beziehen. Bei der Perversion wird eine besondere Position in Bezug auf den Ödipus angenommen; ein ernsthafter Mangel tritt bei der Symbolisierung des Rechts auf; die Mechanismen der Verneinung und der Verleugnung bilden sich. Sexualität erfordert eine zweite “logische Zeit”, von der Kindheit durch die Latenz Periode getrennt, um (in der Handlung) zu bestätigen, daß eine fixierte Position der jouissance (Vergnügung) sich tatsächlich etabliert hat. Das kann sich nur in einer Periode nach der adoleszenten Verstärkung ereignen.

Es wird die Unterscheidung zwischen perversen Spuren und einer perversen Struktur gemacht, in Rechnung stellend, daß im Fall der Kinder-Analyse der Analytiker das Kind von der Familien-Phantasie befreien sollte und ihm/ihr helfen sollte, seine/ihre Phantasie auszubilden.

Campos Santoro V. Perversión e infancia y adolescencia.

Estudiando los trabajos de Freud y Lacan, los autores han investigado la perversión en la niñez. Los estudios cubren la sexualidad infantil perversa polimorfa y la percepción de la diferencia anatómica entre los sexos, que llevan al niño a crear teorías sexuales y fantasías.

La madre fálica y el fetiche son vistos como soluciones imaginarias relacionadas directamente con el complejo de Edipo y de castración. La perversión, toma una posición particular en relación al Edipo; un fallo importante tiene lugar en la simbolización de la ley; los mecanismos de negación y repudio toman forma. La sexualidad requiere un segundo “tiempo lógico” separado de la infancia por el periodo de latencia, para confirmar (en acto) que una posición fija de jouissance (goce) se ha establecido. Esto solo puede ocurrir en un periodo posterior a la intensificación adolescente.

La distinción entre las huellas perversas y la estructura perversa se ha hecho, teniendo en cuenta que, en el caso del análisis de niños, el analista debe librar al niño de la fantasía familiar y ayudar a el/ella a construir su propia fantasía.     

Dance and psychotherapy--possibilities and limits

From a starting point of therapeutic and prophylactic components identifiable in the dance, the authors regard the dance as deserving of greater attention than was hitherto the case in programs of physiotherapy, psychotherapy, and sociotherapy. From the existing essays at a therapy basing on body and motion, they infer basic common points, and to promote discussion, they state their attitudes in respect of the potential and rank of the dance in the concept of complex multimodal psychotherapy.     

Spirituality and Religiosity and Its Role in Health and Diseases

Religiosity is a factor involved in the management of health and diseases/patient longevity. This review article uses comprehensive, evidence-based studies to evaluate the nature of religiosity that can be used in clinical studies, thus avoiding contradictory reports which arise from misinterpretation of religiosity. We conclude that religiosity is multidimensional in nature and ultimately associated with inherent protection against diseases and overall better quality of life. However, a number of untouched aspects of religiosity need to be investigated further before we can introduce religiosity in its fully functional form to the realm of health care.     

Yin and Yang,and the Hot and the Cold

Yin and Yang are important concepts in ancient Chinese philosophy.Western scholars have become more familiar with these two concepts recently,but for a long time almost no one considered comparing them with their own tradition such as the ancient Greek philosophy,and especially with the ideas of the Hot and the Cold in Presocratic philosophy.In this paper,I make an attempt to do exactly that,and especially make a detailed comparison between the thoughts of two ancient thinkers:Laozi and Anaximander.I discuss the thought of Yin and Yang in Laozi-who was the earliest philosopher making use of the concepts Yin and Yang-to express his cosmological thought in ancient Chinese philosophy.Comparatively,I discuss the ideas of the Hot and the Cold in Anaximander,the earlier among Presocratic philosophers referring to the Hot and the Cold as fundamental concepts used to establish his cosmological system.Through this comparison,I indicate that the similarity between ancient Chinese and Western traditions is far more significant than what people are used to imagining.