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1.
采用“间接学习—回忆”实验范式,考查方位记忆的生存优势及生存记忆的性别差异。在电脑屏幕上下左右4个方位随机呈现动物或食物图片,被试相对于中央点对捕获动物或采集食物的难易程度进行评价,然后进行方位回忆测验。实验1和实验2为2(情境:生存情境vs.比赛情境)×2(性别:男vs.女)的被试间设计,发现当狩猎动物或采集食物活动与生存相关时,图片方位回忆的正确率较大;实验3为2(情境:生存狩猎情境vs.生存采集情境)×2(性别:男vs.女)的混合设计,发现不同性别被试在两种生存情境中的图片回忆正确率存在差异。表明方位记忆具有生存优势,生存记忆存在性别差异。 相似文献
2.
Nairne JS Thompson SR Pandeirada JN 《Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition》2007,33(2):263-273
The authors investigated the idea that memory systems might have evolved to help us remember fitness-relevant information--specifically, information relevant to survival. In 4 incidental learning experiments, people were asked to rate common nouns for their survival relevance (e.g., in securing food, water, or protection from predators); in control conditions, the same words were rated for pleasantness, relevance to moving to a foreign land, or personal relevance. In surprise retention tests, participants consistently showed the best memory when words were rated for survival; the survival advantage held across recall, recognition, and for both within-subject and between-subjects designs. These findings suggest that memory systems are "tuned" to remember information that is processed for fitness, perhaps as a result of survival advantages accrued in the past. 相似文献
3.
对词语进行生存加工能提高记忆成绩,这种记忆的生存优势效应已得到不少研究的验证,且大多数研究表明生存优势是一种独特的编码方式(Nairne&Pandeirada,2011)。但是,Butler等人(2009)的研究结果表明实验中生存加工带来的记忆优势可能是一致性效应(即编码任务与编码的材料之间具有一致性)的作用。本文在2个实验中选用与生存和抢劫加工条件相关程度不同的词(高中低)为实验材料,采用生存加工、抢劫加工、愉悦度和有意学习为实验条件,研究一致性和相关性在记忆生存优势中的作用。结果发现:(1)生存条件下的记忆效果显著优于愉悦度条件和有意学习条件,这说明的确存在记忆的生存优势效应;(2)高生存相关词在生存加工条件下产生了记忆优势,而中、低生存相关词在2种加工条件下记忆成绩差异不显著,这说明加工条件的一致性只在一定程度上影响着记忆的生存优势效应;(3)词语自身的生存相关性没有表现出较强的记忆优势,当然这也可能与实验材料的词频有关。研究结果支持了Nairne和Pandeirada(2011)的观点。 相似文献
4.
We recently proposed that human memory systems are "tuned" to remember information that is processed for survival, perhaps as a result of fitness advantages accrued in the ancestral past. This proposal was supported by experiments in which participants showed superior memory when words were rated for survival relevance, at least relative to when words received other forms of deep processing. The current experiments tested the mettle of survival memory by pitting survival processing against conditions that are universally accepted as producing excellent retention, including conditions in which participants rated words for imagery, pleasantness, and self-reference; participants also generated words, studied words with the intention of learning them, or rated words for relevance to a contextually rich (but non-survival-related) scenario. Survival processing yielded the best retention, which suggests that it may be one of the best encoding procedures yet discovered in the memory field. 相似文献
5.
Previous work has shown that processing words for their survival value improves memory. If this survival processing effect reflects an evolutionary adaptation in memory, processing words for their reproductive value should also improve memory. Across three experiments, participants rated words for their relevance in reproductive scenarios. In Experiment 1, participants rated adjectives (traits) for their relevance in finding a mate, evaluating a coworker, or in terms of their pleasantness. Mate processing produced better memory than pleasantness ratings, but not coworker processing. In Experiment 2, participants rated traits for their relevance in detecting sexual or emotional infidelity. Neither processing condition produced better memory compared to pleasantness ratings, but there were several unpredicted interactions involving participant sex and jealousy responses. In Experiment 3, participants rated gifts for their appropriateness in a romantic date or a housewarming party, or in terms of their pleasantness. Date processing and housewarming processing both improved recall compared to pleasantness rating, but date processing and housewarming processing did not produce differences compared to each other. Overall, the current study demonstrates very little evidence of a reproductive processing effect, and nothing approaching the magnitude of previous work on the survival processing effect. 相似文献
6.
Recent research has suggested that our memory systems are especially tuned to process information according to its survival
relevance, and that inducing problems of “ancestral priorities” faced by our ancestors should lead to optimal recall performance
(Nairne & Pandeirada, Cognitive Psychology,
2010). The present study investigated the specificity of this idea by comparing an ancestor-consistent scenario and a modern survival
scenario that involved threats that were encountered by human ancestors (e.g., predators) or threats from fictitious creatures
(i.e., zombies). Participants read one of four survival scenarios in which the environment and the explicit threat were either
consistent or inconsistent with ancestrally based problems (i.e., grasslands–predators, grasslands–zombies, city–attackers,
city–zombies), or they rated words for pleasantness. After rating words based on their survival relevance (or pleasantness),
the participants performed a free recall task. All survival scenarios led to better recall than did pleasantness ratings,
but recall was greater when zombies were the threat, as compared to predators or attackers. Recall did not differ for the
modern (i.e., city) and ancestral (i.e., grasslands) scenarios. These recall differences persisted when valence and arousal
ratings for the scenarios were statistically controlled as well. These data challenge the specificity of ancestral priorities
in survival-processing advantages in memory. 相似文献
7.
Nairne, Thompson, and Pandeirada (2007) proposed that our memory systems serve an adaptive function and that they have evolved to help us remember fitness-relevant information. In a series of experiments, they demonstrated that processing words according to their survival relevance resulted in better retention than did rating them for pleasantness, personal relevance, or relevance to moving to a new house. The aim of the present study was to examine whether the advantage of survival processing could be replicated, using a control condition that was designed to match the survival processing task in arousal, novelty, and media exposure--the relevance to planning a bank heist. We found that survival processing nonetheless yielded better retention on both a recall (Experiment 1) and a recognition (Experiment 2) test. This mnemonic advantage of survival processing was also obtained when words were rated for their relevance to a character depicted in a video clip (Experiment 3). Our findings provide additional evidence that the mnemonic benefit of survival processing is a robust phenomenon, and they also support the utility of adopting a functional perspective in investigating memory. 相似文献
8.
ABSTRACTNairne, Thompson, and Pandeirada [2007. Adaptive memory: Survival processing enhances retention. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 33, 263–273] demonstrated that processing words according to their relevance to a survival scenario enhanced their subsequent retrieval in recall and recognition tasks compared to a variety of control scenarios. From an adaptive perspective, it is maintained that processing words in a survival context should also enhance memory for source; however, evidence in the literature is rather mixed regarding a survival context advantage for source memory. In the current study, we conducted four experiments to systematically investigate the survival advantage in source memory, when the context itself is the source, with both recall (Experiments 1A and 1B) and recognition tests (Experiments 2A and 2B). Results showed a survival advantage for item memory over the control contexts in all experiments. The survival context advantage was not extended to source memory performance in Experiment 1A. Results from all other experiments, however, indicated a survival context advantage for both item and source memory. Findings are discussed in relation to possible proximate mechanisms underlying the survival processing effect. 相似文献
9.
Smeets T Otgaar H Raymaekers L Peters MJ Merckelbach H 《Psychonomic bulletin & review》2012,19(1):113-118
Recent studies have found that processing information according to an evolutionary relevant (i.e., survival) scenario improves
its subsequent memorability, potentially as a result of fitness advantages gained in the ancestral past. So far, research
has not revealed much about any proximate mechanisms that might underlie this so-called survival processing advantage in memory.
Intriguingly, research has shown that the memorability of stressful situations is enhanced via the release of stress hormones
acting on brain regions involved in memory. Since survival situations habitually involve some degree of stress, in the present
study, we investigated whether stress serves as a proximate mechanism to promote survival processing. Participants rated words
for their relevance to either a survival or a neutral (moving) scenario after they had been exposed to a psychosocial stressor
or a no-stress control condition. Surprise retention tests immediately following the rating task revealed that survival processing
and acute stress independently boosted memory performance. These results therefore suggest that stress does not serve as a
proximate mechanism of the survival processing advantage in memory. 相似文献
10.
11.
The mnemonic benefit of rating words according to their relevance in a survival scenario is well documented (e.g., Nairne,
Thompson, & Pandeirada, 2007). The present study examined whether the survival processing effect would extend to face stimuli. We tested this hypothesis
in five experiments, using multiple survival and control scenarios, real and computer-generated face sets, within- and between-subjects
designs, and several memory tests, as well as free recall of survival-relevant and survival-neutral attribute statements written
about the person. Although the standard survival processing effect was obtained for survival-relevant and neutral attribute
statements, the survival processing effect was not obtained for face memory across all experiments. These results identify
an important boundary condition for survival processing benefits. 相似文献
12.
《Journal of Cognitive Psychology》2013,25(7):635-650
ABSTRACTImagining fictional creatures like zombies in survival situations boosts long-term memory for words encoded in these situations more than rating words for pleasantness (zombie effect). Study 1 required word-ratings in a zombie-survival scenario; participants were told they had to protect against either possible zombie attack or contamination. The zombie-survival situations yielded identical recall levels but higher recall rates than pleasantness. Study 2 matched a zombie-survival scenario on perceived fear with scenarios involving ghosts or predators. Perceived disgust in the zombie scenario was higher than in these other survival conditions. Words were remembered better when processed in survival scenarios than when rated for pleasantness, but there was no reliable difference in recall between the scenarios. In neither study did the number of death-related words produced in a word-fragment completion task fit the mortality salience account of the zombie memory effect. Overall findings suggest that this effect relates to the fear system. 相似文献
13.
Recent research has shown that human memory may have evolved to remember information that has been processed for the purpose
of survival, more so than information that has been processed for other purposes, such as home-moving. We investigated this
survival-processing advantage using both explicit and implicit memory tests. In Experiment 1, participants rated words in
one of three scenarios: survival, pleasantness, and moving, followed by a timed stem-cued recall/stem-cued completion task.
Items were completed more quickly in the survival scenario, as compared with the other two for the explicit task, but no differences
were found across conditions in the implicit task. In Experiment 2, the implicit task was changed to concreteness judgments
to encourage more conceptual processing. Again, the survival-processing advantage occurred in the explicit task (speeded item
recognition), but not in the implicit task. These results suggest that a survival-processing advantage may benefit participants’
memory performance only during explicit retrieval. 相似文献
14.
Meike Kroneisen Sven Einar Makerud 《Quarterly journal of experimental psychology (2006)》2017,70(9):1824-1836
When imagining being stranded in the grasslands of a foreign land without any basic survival material, participants have a magnificent memory for words rated according to their usefulness in this particular situation. Numerous studies could demonstrate that survival processing boosts memory performance more than other memory enhancing techniques. The method of loci is an old mnemonic strategy used to enhance serial recall. This method encompasses navigating mentally through a familiar environment and placing the to-be-remembered items in specific locations. In the later recall phase, the participant re-imagines walking through the environment, “looking” for the to-be-remembered items. In two studies, we compared the survival scenario with the method of loci and two different control conditions. In addition, we manipulated the used word-material on two different dimensions (imageability and relevance) to analyse its influences on the two methods. For words high in imageability, we found that memory performance in the survival condition is comparable to the method of loci. However, for words low in imageability the method of loci proved to be more effective than survival processing. Furthermore, we found that survival relevance has a high impact on the amount of the survival processing effect, even when imageability is low. 相似文献
15.
Daniel J. Burns Joshua Hart Samantha E. Griffith Amy D. Burns 《Memory (Hove, England)》2013,21(6):695-706
Nairne, Thompson, and Pandeirada (2007) found that retention of words rated for their relevance to survival is superior to that of words encoded under numerous other deep processing conditions. They suggested that our memory systems might have evolved to confer an advantage for survival-relevant information. Burns, Burns, and Hwang (2011) suggested a two-process explanation of the proximate mechanisms responsible for the survival advantage. Whereas most control tasks encourage only one type of processing, the survival task encourages both item-specific and relational processing. They found that when control tasks encouraged both types of processing, the survival processing advantage was eliminated. However, none of their control conditions included non-survival scenarios (e.g., moving, vacation, etc.), so it is not clear how this two-process explanation would explain the survival advantage when scenarios are used as control conditions. The present experiments replicated the finding that the survival scenario improves recall relative to a moving scenario in both a between-lists and within-list design and also provided evidence that this difference was accompanied by an item-specific processing difference, not a difference in relational processing. The implications of these results for several existing accounts of the survival processing effect are discussed. 相似文献
16.
H L Roediger M S Weldon M L Stadler G L Riegler 《Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition》1992,18(6):1251-1269
In 3 experiments, the implicit memory tests of word fragment and word stem completion showed comparable effects over several variables: Study of words produced more priming than did study of pictures, no levels-of-processing effect occurred for words, more priming was obtained from pictures when Ss imaged the pictures' names than when they rated them for pleasantness, and forgetting rates were generally similar for the tests. A different pattern of results for the first 3 variables occurred under explicit test conditions with the same word fragments or word stems as cues. We conclude that the 2 implicit tests are measuring a similar form of perceptual memory. Furthermore, we argue that both tests are truly implicit because they meet Schacter, Bowers, & Booker's (1989) retrieval intentionality criterion: Levels of processing of words have a powerful effect on explicit versions of the tests but no effect on implicit versions. 相似文献
17.
Recent studies have shown that processing words according to a survival scenario leads to superior retention relative to control
conditions. Here, we examined whether a survival recall advantage could be elicited by using pictures. Furthermore, in Experiment
1, we were interested in whether survival processing also results in improved memory for details. Undergraduates rated the
relevance of pictures in a survival, moving, or pleasantness scenario and were subsequently given a surprise free recall test.
We found that survival processing yielded superior retention. We also found that distortions occurred more often in the survival
condition than in the pleasantness condition. In Experiment 2, we directly compared the survival recall effect between pictures
and words. A comparable survival recall advantage was found for pictures and words. The present findings support the idea
that memory is enhanced by processing information in terms of fitness value, yet at the same time, the present results suggest
that this may increase the risk for memory distortions. 相似文献
18.
Burns DJ Burns SA Hwang AJ 《Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition》2011,37(1):206-218
J. S. Nairne, S. R. Thompson, and J. N. S. Pandeirada (2007) suggested that our memory systems may have evolved to help us remember fitness-relevant information and showed that retention of words rated for their relevance to survival is superior to that of words encoded under other deep processing conditions. The authors present 4 experiments that uncover the proximate mechanisms likely responsible. The authors obtained a recall advantage for survival processing compared with conditions that promoted only item-specific processing or only relational processing. This effect was eliminated when control conditions encouraged both item-specific and relational processing. Data from separate measures of item-specific and relational processing generally were consistent with the view that the memorial advantage for survival processing results from the encoding of both types of processing. Although the present study suggests the proximate mechanisms for the effect, the authors argue that survival processing may be fundamentally different from other memory phenomena for which item-specific and relational processing differences have been implicated. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved). 相似文献
19.
Palmore CC Garcia AD Bacon LP Johnson CA Kelemen WL 《Psychonomic bulletin & review》2012,19(1):119-125
A recent line of research has suggested that memory systems evolved to encode fitness-relevant information more effectively
than other types of information—a phenomenon known as the “survival processing effect” (Nairne, Thompson, & Pandeirada Journal
of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 33:263–273, 2007). However, the basis for the effect has been debated. In addition, it is unknown whether or not individuals will adjust their
judgments of learning (JOLs) to reflect the survival processing effect. In three experiments, participants rated 16 words
for their relevance to a survival scenario and another 16 words for their relevance to a bank robbery scenario. In Experiment
1A (with no JOLs), the survival processing effect emerged; in Experiment 1B (with JOLs), no survival processing effect emerged,
but JOLs were higher in the survival condition. In both cases, these findings were confounded by higher relevance ratings
in the survival condition. In Experiment 2, relevance was manipulated within each list, and the survival processing effect
was eliminated. Instead, both recall and JOL magnitude were related to level of congruity between the words and type of processing.
Together, these results provide further evidence for the role of congruity in the survival processing effect and JOLs. 相似文献
20.
Stanley B. Klein 《Memory & cognition》2013,41(1):49-59
This study examined whether encoding conditions that encourage thoughts about the environment of evolutionary adaptation (EEA) are necessary to produce optimal recall in the adaptive memory paradigm. Participants were asked to judge a list of words for their relevance to personal survival under two survival-based scenarios. In one condition, the EEA-relevant context was specified (i.e., you are trying to survive on the savannah/grasslands). In the other condition, no context was specified (i.e., you are simply trying to stay alive). The two tasks produced virtually identical recall despite participants in the former condition reporting significantly more EEA context-relevant thoughts (i.e., the savannah) than did participants in the latter condition (who reported virtually no EEA-related thoughts). The findings are discussed in terms of (1) survival as a target of natural selection and (2) the role of evolutionary theory in understanding memory in modern humans. 相似文献