6～12岁儿童脑电α波频率分布特点与信息加工速度的关系

本研究以 2 2 8名 6～ 12岁儿童为研究对象 ,采用脑电波超慢涨落分析技术 (简称ET) ,重点探讨了与认知功能有关的α波 ( 8～ 13Hz)的分布特点。研究结果表明 :①α波在全脑 12个脑区的比率 ,因频率成分不同而表现出不同的分布特点 ;②α波在左右对称脑区的分布比率也因频率不同而表现出不同的左右脑优势。除左前颞叶的平均频率显著大于右前颞叶外 ,其他左右脑对称区域的平均频率的差异均不显著。α波平均频率的从高到低依次为枕叶、中央区、顶叶、左前颞叶、后颞叶、额叶、右前颞叶 ;③信息加工速度与α波的关系并不明显 ,快组和慢组被试的 6种频率 ( 8～13Hz)α波的比率均无显著性差异     

6—12岁儿童脑波超慢功率涨落分布及发展特点

对172名6-12岁的正常儿童进行脑波超慢功率涨落特点的研究。结果表明：(1)各组优势涨落平均功率空间分布表现出额低枕高的前后梯度;(2)随着年龄的增加,不同的脑区其发展趋势是不同的,且逆转现象逐渐减少;(3)左右脑表现出左小右大的不对称性;(4)男女生脑波优势涨落功率的空间分布、逆转趋势、方位等有差异。上述结果说明,脑波超慢功率涨落与儿童的成熟过程及功能状态有密切关系。     

13-18岁青少年表象能力的发展和脑电α波的关系

本研究以188名1318岁青少年为研究对象,采用脑电波超慢涨落分析技术(简称ET),对其12导联脑电波(EEG)进行了记录和分析,并对其表象能力进行了考察。重点探讨了表象能力的发展与脑α波特点之间的关系。结果表明:(1)13～18岁青少年随年龄增长,对表象任务正确反应需要的时间逐渐下降,其反应时变化的转折时期为16岁;(2)男女生之间差异不显著;(3)在句图匹配和心理旋转作业中好组10Hzα波的比率均高于差组,其它频率差异不显著,说明表象能力好组与占主频的α波相联系。     

6-12岁儿童脑电α波的发展特点

本研究以228名6～12岁儿童为研究对象,采用脑电波超慢涨落分析技术(简称ET),对其12导联脑电波(EEG)进行了记录和分析,重点探讨了α波(8～13Hz)的发展特点.结果表明:①随着年龄的增长,不同频率的α波成分表现出不同的年龄特点.②α波不同成分的比率没有明显的性别差异.③儿童α波的优势成分随年龄变化而改变.④不同年龄被试α波的平均频率存在显著差异,随着年龄的增长,6～12岁儿童α波的平均频率呈明显的上升趋势,但男女之间没有显著的性别差异.     

额区脑波年老化特点及其与某些认知能力的相关性

对１２０名中老年被试（４６－８０岁）,完成双额脑波年老化特点０及其与某些认知能力相关性的研究。认知能力测验共１２项作业,包括４项作业速度和１０项作业成绩共１４项指标。结果表明：（１）双额脑波α峰频率随年老低移,α功率随年老有增加趋势;（２）年老过程３项作业速度与双额α峰频率相关性显著,但仅“图象自由回忆”成绩与双额α峰频率及右额α功率相关性显著。     

社会创造性的脑机制:状态与特质的EEGα波活动特点

采用社会问题情境,通过记录38名高、低特质社会创造性被试在社会问题解决过程中的脑电活动,考查不同特质社会创造性的被试在表现不同状态社会创造性时的脑电激活模式。结果表明:无论高频还是低频α波同步化都存在状态创造性的主效应。同时,高、低频段的α波同步化还存在特质创造性与状态创造性之间显著的交互作用,在表现高状态社会创造性时,高特质的被试比低特质的被试出现更高的α波同步化水平。此外,对于高频α波同步化,状态创造性、特质创造性以及大脑半球的三重交互作用达到显著性水平,低特质社会创造性的被试在表现高状态社会创造性时,右脑半球比左脑半球出现更强烈的α波同步化,在其他情况下均无显著差异。未来的研究可以采用时间进程分析、纵向研究设计、脑功能成像技术探查社会创造性的脑机制。     

与年龄及认知功能相关的成人脑波功率涨落图特点

对１２０名２０－７９岁正常受试者完成了与年龄及认知功能相关的脑涨落图特点的研究。结果表明：（１）脑波优势涨落功率空间构型额低枕高梯度的随龄减小过程,在认知测验差组较好组明显;（２）脑波优势涨落功率受年龄与认知因素的交互影响集中于左前右后脑轴上;（３）脑波优势涨落功率前后梯度和左右不对称性变化表明,脑波活动的前后和左右调控可能在不同层次上发挥作用,并且,前后脑和左右脑的协调活动与认知功能有密切关系。上述结果说明,脑波功率涨落与认知功能及其老化过程有密切关系。     

6—12岁儿童脑波超慢涨落功率与计算速度的关系

对176名6-12岁认知功能正常小学生进行脑波超慢涨落平均功率分布与计算速度关系的研究。结果表明：(1)计算速度快组和计算速度慢组中各年龄组的脑区平均功率符合额低枕高的前后梯度。计算速度慢组的逆转百分率高于计算速度快组。(2)在各年龄组中,计算速度快组和慢组功率前后逆转百分率的差异主要反映在右脑,右脑功率前后梯度逆转在不同计算组之间差异较大。(3)在计算速度快组和慢组中,左脑平均功率都小于右脑平均功率。计算速度快组和慢组脑波功率左右逆转百分率的差异主要反映在后脑,后脑功率左右逆转在逆转总数上计算速度快组多于计算速度慢组。     

内源性注意和外源性注意对中小学生SNARC效应的影响

采用内源性注意和外源性注意实验范式,以判断数字奇偶为任务,材料为1～9的阿拉伯数字,考察内源性和外源性线索不同注意条件下中小学生的数字加工SNARC效应。结果发现:(1)内源性线索和外源性线索条件下,中小学生在数字加工任务中所表现出来的SNARC效应随着年龄增长逐渐增大;(2)内源性线索和外源性线索注意条件下,各年级学生均表现出显著的SNARC效应;(3)内源性线索非注意条件下,中学生能够表现出显著的SNARC效应,但小学生的SNARC效应不明显;外源性线索非注意条件下,高中生能够表现出显著的SNARC效应,但小学生和初中生的SNARC效应不明显,说明外源性注意对中小学生数字加工SNARC效应的影响比内源性注意大,且对SNARC效应的影响主要表现在较大的数字8和9上。     

调式和速度组成的不同音乐形态诱发情绪活动的脑电研究——兼顾音乐训练经验和性别因素的表现特征

该研究选取具有音乐训练经验和没有音乐训练经验的成年被试(研究生)共两组,每组男女数量各一半,使用脑电图(EEG)探讨了由速度和调式组成的不同音乐形态诱发情绪活动的脑电特征,结果表明:(1)在不同音乐形态上,小调音乐和慢速音乐诱发各脑区的δ、θ、β和γ四种波段的功率平均值均高于大调音乐和中速及快速音乐,只有α波的功率平均值低于大调音乐和中速及快速音乐;(2)所有音乐形态诱发音乐专业被试各脑区的功率平均值均高于非音乐专业被试,表明音乐训练经验导致了特殊神经网络参与加工;(3)所有音乐形态诱发男性被试各脑区的功率平均值均高于女性被试,表明两性在特异性信息加工方面具有神经解剖差异以及不同加工策略。     

Differences in numeric,verbal, and spatial reasoning between engineering and literature students through a neurocognitive lens

This study used electroencephalography to investigate the brain activations of college students of various disciplines when they responded to questions in numeric, verbal, and spatial reasoning tasks. In total, 15 engineering students and 15 literature students were recruited in this experiment and were asked to respond to 12 intelligence test questions. The results were as follows: (i) the participants’ brain activations increased in the frontoparietal network during the numeric reasoning task, and the spectral power in the right anterior temporal cortex was generally higher in the literature students than in the engineering students. (ii) Activations of the language network were observed during the verbal reasoning task, and the spectral power in the right-biased posterior frontal cortex was generally higher in the literature students than in the engineering students; by contrast, the spectral power in the left lateral frontal cortex was generally higher in the engineering students than in the literature students. (iii) The participants’ brain activations increased in the spatial processing network during the spatial reasoning task, and the spectral power in the right posterior temporal cortex was generally higher in the literature students than in the engineering students.     

Enhanced right hemisphere activation in the mathematically precocious: A preliminary EEG investigation

A preliminary electroencephalographic (EEG) investigation was conducted to determine if the pattern of hemispheric activation in mathematically precocious youth differs from that of average math ability subjects. Alpha activity at four brain sites (frontal, temporal, parietal, and occipital lobes) over the left and right cerebral hemispheres (LH/RH) was monitored while 12- to 14-year-old, right-handed males: (a) looked at a blank slide (baseline condition), (b) judged which of two chimeric faces was "happier," and (c) determined if a word was a noun or a verb. At baseline, the LH of the precocious group was found to be more active at all four brain sites relative to that of the average ability group. During chimeric face processing, the gifted subjects exhibited a significant reduction in alpha power over the RH, primarily at the temporal lobe, while no such alpha suppression was observed in the average ability subjects. For noun/verb determinations, no significant alpha power reductions were obtained for either group. These electrophysiological data generally corroborate the behavioral findings of O'Boyle and Benbow (1990a) and support their contention that enhanced RH involvement during cognitive processing may be a correlate of mathematical precocity. Moreover, the pattern of activation observed across tasks suggests that the ability to effectively coordinate LH and RH processing resources at an early age may be linked to intellectual giftedness.     

中小学生学业责任心的调查研究

目的：自编量表考察中小学生学业责任心状况。被试：徐州、盐城、镇江三个地区的小学、初中、高中的学生1678名,分析时删除未填写性别的72名被试,对1606名被试数据进行统计分析。结论：1．小学、初中和高中三个年级之间的学生的学业责任心水平存在显著差异：小学生的学业责任心水平显著高于高中生,初中生的学业责任心水平显著高于高中生;2．女生的学业责任心水平显著高于男生;3．初中阶段,镇江地区学生比盐城地区学生的学业责任心水平高;4．高中阶段,徐州地区学生比镇江地区学生学业责任心水平高,盐城地区学生比镇江地区学生学业责任心水平高;5．镇江地区,初中学生的学业责任心水平显著高于高中学生,小学生的学业责任心水平显著高于高中学生。     

冥想使人变得平和——人们对正、负性情绪图片的情绪反应可因冥想训练而降低

虽然前人已有不少研究发现冥想具有减少个体焦虑、缓解抑郁水平等功能,并且也已经揭示了冥想促进情绪调节能力的认知神经科学机理,但对于冥想会怎样调制人们对于外部施加的正、负性情绪刺激(图片)的情绪反应尚不清楚,冥想究竟会使人们对外部施加的情绪刺激的敏感性增强还是减弱?如果冥想能够调节和缓解人们的情绪反应的话,那么,这种调节作用是“双向的”(即对正性或负性情绪刺激能产生具有不同效价方向的调节作用)还是“单向的”(即对正性或负性情绪刺激产生具有相同效价方向的调节作用)?为了检验和回答上述问题,本研究以无冥想(或相关)经验的大学生为被试,通过随机实验组、控制组前后测的实验设计,考察了冥想训练能否影响被试对于正、负性情绪图片的情绪唤起.62名大学生被试被随机分配到实验组和控制组(每组31人),实验组参与连续5天、每天20 min的冥想练习,控制组在此期间的控制任务为通常的闭眼休息.结果显示:冥想组在练习过程中的脑α波指数显著升高;与控制组相比,冥想组被试对消极图片的效价评定值显著改善,这表明冥想降低了被试对负性情绪图片的情绪反应,研究还发现了冥想降低被试对正性情绪图片的积极评价倾向,从而证明对外部施加的正、负性情绪刺激而言,冥想训练的调制作用是使人们的情绪反应趋于平和.     

短时存贮与复述动态分离的ERP证据

工作记忆参与信息的短时贮存和操作加工。为了分离参与词语短时存贮与复述的脑区及其时间过程,测量并比较了14名正常青年被试进行汉字2-back、0-back和复述任务时的事件相关电位(ERPs)。结果发现,2-back任务减复述任务在头皮后部出现差异波N430,可能反映了信息的短时存贮及其时间进程。2-back任务减0-back任务在头皮前部得到的持续负成分SNC可能是复述加工的动态指标。SNC和N430持续时间的重叠提示,大脑额叶和后部区域分别参与信息的复述和短时存贮,两者的动态分离加工可能是工作记忆中暂时保持的神经基础。     

Body image and self-esteem in adolescent ballet dancers.

Body-image disturbances and low self-esteem have been implicated in the pathogenesis of eating disorders. This study investigated self-perception of body and personality among adolescent ballet dancers in a cross-sectional survey. Two questionnaires assessing "my body right now" and "my personality right now," using semantic differentials were completed by 90 ballet school students and 156 controls. Adolescent female dancers (ages 13 to 17 years) scored higher than age-matched controls and 11- to 12-yr. old peers on Undesirability and Sensitivity for personality and Unattractiveness for body. For both subscales of personality, differences were also found between male and female dancers; female ballet students scored higher. Within the control group a difference could be found only for Sensitivity on which girls scored higher than boys. Male dancers did not differ from controls except for a lower score on the Body mass measure. Adolescent female dancers showed a distinct answering profile for 7 of 16 semantic differentials in each questionnaire implicating less favorable body image and self-esteem. Interventions focused particularly on enhancing self-esteem may be useful in the prevention of psychopathology in adolescent ballet dancers.     

长期戒断海洛因成瘾者冲动性相关脑区的结构及功能特征

冲动性是药物成瘾者的典型特征, 它既包含了抑制控制成瘾者药物使用的力量, 也包含驱动成瘾者使用药物的成分, 两者不平衡导致冲动性用药行为。海洛因成瘾者本身具有冲动性人格特质, 长时间的海洛因使用又会造成成瘾者冲动性相关的大脑结构与功能的异常。目前难以确定戒断后, 冲动性及相关的大脑结构与功能是否还呈异常状态。本研究采用基于体素的形态学分析、低频振幅、局部一致性和功能连接方法, 以35例海洛因成瘾戒断者和无任何成瘾史的健康个体26人为研究对象, 探索在长期戒断后, 海洛因成瘾者与其冲动性相关的驱动、控制系统脑网络的结构和功能情况。结果显示, 相比对照组, 戒断组灰质总体积及右内侧额上回的灰质体积显著减小, 右侧颞中回和左内侧旁扣带回的灰质体积随用药总量的增加而降低; 右侧眶部额下回与尾状核功能连接显著增强, 右侧颞中回和左侧中央前回功能连接显著降低; 右眶额中回的ReHo值、右眶额下回和左海马体的ALFF值比对照组显著更低, 而右中央后回的ReHo值显著更高。这些脑区的状况与冲动性的神经基础相吻合, 说明海洛因成瘾戒断者在戒断44个月, 奖赏、凸显、习惯性行为等网络系统仍然呈现异常状态, 且与成瘾药物使用总量有关。这些异常可能是成瘾冲动性的驱动力的神经基础, 可以作为解释成瘾者戒断后容易复吸的因素之一。     

Electroencephalographic asymmetries in adolescents with major depression: influence of comorbidity with anxiety disorders

This study examined whether adolescents with major depressive disorder (MDD) display the abnormal electroencephalographic (EEG) alpha asymmetries found in depressed adults. Resting EEG was recorded in 25 right-handed female outpatients (19 with MDD, 11 of whom also had a current anxiety disorder; 6 with anxiety disorders only) and 10 non-ill controls. In contrast to the non-ill controls, adolescents having MDD but no anxiety disorder showed alpha asymmetry indicative of less activation over right than over left posterior sites. Within the MDD patient group, comorbid anxiety disorders reduced the posterior alpha asymmetry, supporting the potential importance of evaluating anxiety in studies of regional brain activation in adolescent MDD. These preliminary findings are similar to those from adult studies that suggest that MDD is associated with right parietotemporal hypoactivation.     

Students Who Like and Dislike School

The major goal of this study was to investigate relationships among levels of 341 secondary school students’ school satisfaction and various intrapersonal, interpersonal, and academic measures. The measures included the School subscale from the Multidimensional Students’ Life Satisfaction Scale (Huebner, 1994), Students’ Life Satisfaction Scale (Huebner, 1991), Children’s Hope Scale (Snyder et al. 1997), Behavioral Assessment System for Children (Reynolds & Kamphaus, 1992), self-perceived grade point average (GPA) and participation in extracurricular activities (SEAs). Students were placed into three groups based on their school satisfaction reports, including very low (lowest 20%), average (middle 30%), and very high (highest 20%) levels of school satisfaction. Students with very low school satisfaction differed from students with very high school satisfaction on all adjustment measures; students with very low school satisfaction also differed from students with average levels of school satisfaction on all measures, except the self-esteem measure. Relative to students reporting average levels of school satisfaction, students reporting very high satisfaction demonstrated significantly higher scores on measures of global life satisfaction, hope, internal locus of control, and GPA. Finally, only three students in the very high satisfaction group and nine students in the average satisfaction group reported clinical levels of psychological symptoms. In the very low satisfaction group, clinical levels of symptoms were reported by 30%, 22%, and 16% of the students on the Clinical Maladjustment, Personal Adjustment, and Emotional Symptoms Index, respectively. Implications for future research and educational practices are discussed.