青少年学生自我意识发展的研究

本文研究了初一到高二年级学生自我意识发展的状况。考察了不同年级不同性别的学生一般自尊情感、特殊指向的自我意识和独立意识的发展特点。研究结果表明:1.不论是一般的自尊情感、特殊指向的自我意识,还是独立意识,都随年级的升高而逐渐深化和稳定。初一、初二的发展较平缓,初二到高一是自我意识迅速发展的时期,高一、高二是趋于稳定的时期。2.学生的自我意识的指向逐渐由生理转向内在心理品质和社会交往,并在自我评价的基础上产生了更为高级的情感体验和对自我的接纳。3.一般的自尊情感与特殊指向的自我意识的发展存在差异,学生特殊指向的自我意识易受情境的影响。     

三种情境下4～8岁儿童自尊发展的实验研究

依据对儿童自尊结构的研究,发现儿童自尊是由重要感、自我胜任感和外表感三个因素构成。本研究采用表情实验方法,通过个别施测,考察了150名4~8岁儿童在重要感、自我胜任感、外表感三种不同结构情境下自尊发展特点。结果表明:(1)4~8岁儿童自尊总体发展存在非常显著的年龄差异;4岁儿童自尊发展水平最高,5岁儿童水平最低。(2)儿童自尊发展存在显著性别差异,女生发展水平显著高于男生。     

3~8岁儿童自尊发展特点的研究

采用自编的《3~8岁儿童自尊教师评定量表》,探讨了3~8岁儿童自尊发展的年龄和性别差异。结果表明：(1)3~8岁儿童的自尊存在显著的年龄差异,4岁和7岁可能是儿童自尊发展的转折年龄;(2)3~8岁儿童自尊发展存在非常明显的性别差异,女生自尊发展水平显著高于男生。     

北京市流动儿童自尊的发展特点及其与学业行为、师生关系的相关研究

以北京市1018名流动儿童和319名城市儿童为被试,用问卷法,考察北京市流动儿童自尊的发展特点,并探讨学业行为、师生关系对流动儿童自尊的影响.结果表明:(1)流动儿童的自尊发展水平存在显著的年级差异;(2)流动儿童的自尊发展水平显著低于城市儿童,两者在高分组(＞41)和低分组(＜28)所占比例分别为39.8%、60.2%和92.7%、7.3%,差异显著;(3)流动儿童的自尊发展水平存在显著的校际差异,混合公立学校流动儿童的自尊发展水平显著高于打工子弟学校的流动儿童;(4)流动儿童的自尊与学业行为、师生关系的各维度均有显著相关,学业行为中的学习效能感、学习自信心和师生关系中的低冲突性、支持性、关系满意度可以显著预测流动儿童的自尊发展水平.     

中小学生对自己在班级中人缘关系的认知特点

在个体社会化过程中,随着年龄的增长,生活范围的逐渐扩大,人际交往日益频繁,与同辈群体交往也越来越多。小学高年级以后,同龄人的影响更加明显,开始逐渐取父母、教师而代之。同辈群体往往可以满足儿童个人的社会需要,它常常是儿童的主要参照系,是儿童社会化的一个重要因素,它直接影响着儿童的自我意识和个性发展。同辈群体对儿童的评价和态度,是儿童自我评价的“一面镜子”,反映了儿童在同辈群体中的人缘关系状况,为儿童的自我评价、自我意识的形成提供基础。同辈群体对儿童的态度、评价的客观状况对儿童自我评价、自我意识和个性发展的影响是通过儿童自己的某种主观过程为中介而发挥作用的。学校班集体是儿童社会生活中一个重要的同辈群体。本研究通过将班级成员对个体的态度与个体关于班级成员对自己态度的主观认知相对照,探讨个体对自己在班级中人缘关系的主观反映规律;在此实证研究的基础上,为教育工作者在如何促进学生个性健康发展方面提出一些科学建议。     

小学儿童自尊发展的特点及其与同伴接纳的关系

本研究以455g小学3～6年级儿童为研究对象，采用问卷调查法区分了传统上的高、低自尊，并在此基础上把高自尊区分为防御性高自尊和真正性高自尊，探讨了两类高自尊儿童的同伴接纳状况。结果表明：防御性高自尊儿童多于真正性高自尊儿童，防御性高自尊儿童中女生显著多于男生；防御性高自尊和真正性高自尊儿童的同伴接纳程度均显著高于低自尊儿童，并且真正性高自尊儿童的同伴接纳程度显著高于防御性高自尊儿童。     

儿童自我控制能力教育对策研究

1引言自我控制发展的研究主要见于儿童自我意识发展及儿童道德行为发展两个研究领域。国内外许多研究对儿童自我控制的发展及其在个性发展、自我意识形成中的作用进行过深入探讨;在儿童道德行为发展的研究中,自我控制则被作为一个重要的发展指标来看待。但针对儿童控制能力训练的研究并不多见。本研究试图在自我控制模型基础上为中小学生的自我控制能力教育提供对策。2儿童自我控制的社会认知一行为模型2．1自我控制及其主要表现一般认为,自我调节似乎更多地涉及行为表现,而自我控制则是自我调节的内在基础,但它们常被作为等位概念使用…     

父母教养方式对少年儿童自尊发展影响的研究

本论文采用量表法对664名小学四、五、六年级和初中一、二年级的学生进行研究,探讨了父母教养方式对少年儿童自尊发展的影响。结果发现:父母的教养方式对少年儿童自尊的发展具有显着的影响。父母对少年儿童采取“温暖与理解”的教养方式会促进少年儿童自尊的发展,提高儿童的自尊水平。相反,父母对少年儿童采取“惩罚与严厉”“过分干涉”“拒绝与否认”“过度保护”等教养方式,都会不同程度地阻碍少年儿童自尊的发展,降低儿童的自尊水平。     

我国中、小学生自我意识发展调查研究

自我意识是人的个性的重要特征,它对儿童个性发展起着调节制约作用,它是儿童进行自我教育的基础。了解儿童自我意识的发展,从而培养他们学习的自觉性和独立性以及共产主义道德品质,是我们目前学校个性教育的一项重要任务。西方关于自我意识的研究已有很长的历史,但直到近年才有所进展。     

同伴友谊质量与留守儿童社会适应性的关系：有调节的中介模型

以生态系统理论为主要理论基础,对1440名农村留守儿童进行调查研究,建立农村留守儿童社会适应性的影响因素结构模型。研究发现,师生关系、友谊质量和自我意识直接影响社会适应性;亲子沟通、社会支持分别通过影响师生关系、友谊质量和自我意识而间接地影响社会适应性。应格外重视留守儿童的友谊质量及自我意识,同时加强亲子沟通,完善社会支持系统,形成学校、家庭、社会教育合力,切实提高农村留守儿童社会适应性。     

Objective self-awareness,self-esteem and causal attributions for success and failure

A study using 174 males was conducted to examine the effects of objective self-awareness on causal attributions for success and failure. It was predicted that individual's level of self-esteem would mediate the effects of focus of attention on causal attributions. The results showed that attention to the self increased the dispositional attributions made by low self-esteem subjects in failure conditions, and of high self-esteem subjects in success conditions. The implications of the findings for the theory of objective self-awareness and causal attribution processes are discussed.     

品牌社区的形成与发展:社会认同和计划行为理论的视角

品牌社区是指一种特定的,不受地域限制的,基于某一品牌崇拜者之间结构化的社会关系而建立的社区。大量研究围绕社会认同理论、计划行为理论等相关理论,试图揭示品牌社区的形成、发展及作用机制。现有研究发现消费者对品牌的态度及其所感受到的主观行为规范等因素会影响个体的社区参与水平,而参与品牌社区有助于社区成员产生品牌认同,进而有效地维持并提高其品牌忠诚度。未来研究应该更多地关注自尊、自我意识以及社会认同威胁等变量。此外,国内研究者还应当考虑到东西方文化差异,促进相关理论及概念的本土化。     

A terror management analysis of self-awareness and anxiety: The hierarchy of terror

Abstract

In this article, we apply terror management theory to the operation of self-awareness processes. According to the theory, self-esteem consists of accepting a cultural conception of reality and believing that one is living up to the standards of value inherent in that conception. The function of self-esteem is to buffer the anxiety that results from the awareness of human vulnerability and mortality that results from our capacity for self-awareness. We argue that self-awareness leads to comparisons with standards, and to behavior aimed at reducing any discrepancies that are detected, because of the potential for existential terror that self-awareness creates. Existential terror is seen as the emotional manifestation of the instinct for self-preservation. Management of this terror is conceptualized as the superordinate goal in a hierarchy of standards through which behavior is regulated. A hierarchical terror management model is proposed. This structure provides a unique analysis of the self-system and its relationship to other attitudes, values, and beliefs. The theory posits several dynamic principles that specify how self-awareness and disruptions determine the movement of conscious attention through various levels of the hierarchy. The implications of this analysis for unresolved theoretical questions about self-awareness processes, unconscius sources of motivation, and clinical problems are discussed.     

自我觉知的适应、不适应性及其在心理疗法中的作用

自我觉知是当注意力指向个体自身时对自己所产生的内部主观状态,根据其指向及程度可以有多种分类方法。自我觉知在心理过程中既有适应性,如促进自我了解、对他人的理解、提高自尊等;但过度的自我觉知会对心理产生不良影响,诸多研究对其与抑郁和焦虑的关系进行了论证。很多心理疗法中都涉及到自我觉知对心理状况的影响,包括格式塔疗法、来访者中心疗法、森田疗法等等。如何保持适度的自我觉知以促进心理健康是需要进一步研究的。     

Need for affiliation,self-esteem,and social distance of black Americans

One hundred three undergraduate men at Howard University were administered a projective measure of the need for affiliation, a self-esteem scale, and a modified version of the Bogardus Social Distance Scale that compared the subject's social distance from his own ethnic group with his social distance from the average of 20 other American ethnic groups. High need for affiliation and high self-esteem were related to small social distance between own and other ethnic groups. Low need for affiliation and low self-esteem interacted to produce the largest social distance. Implications for occupational mobility are discussed.     

自尊概念辨析

自尊是个人对自我价值和自我能力的情感体验,属于自我系统中的情感成分,具有一定的评价意义。它与其相近概念,如自尊需要、自我效能、自我价值、自我概念等都有着本质的区别和联系。该文就自尊的概念及其与相关概念的区别与联系进行了尝试性探讨,以期抛砖引玉,更好地认识自尊这一人格变量。     

Physical Attractiveness Contrast Effect and the Moderating Influence of Self-Consciousness

Separate studies provided evidence of amoderating effect of public selfconsciousness (trait)and public self-awareness (state) on the physicalattractiveness contrast effect involving socialcomparison between the self and others. Generally, whenexposed to photographs of attractive women withidealized physiques, women's self-perceptions of theirown physical attractiveness, social physique anxiety, and social self-esteem were each negativelyaffected. However, these negative contrast effects weremost apparent among women with high publicself-consciousness (trait assessment, Study 1) or highpublic self-awareness (state inducement, Study 2).Implications of these findings are considered.     

Self-awareness,Perspective-taking,and Egocentrism

The present experiment examined the effect of self-awareness on adult perspective-taking and egocentrism. After having indicated their own opinion on an ecology-related topic, university students estimated a fellow student’s opinion on the same matter. Participants did so either in front of a mirror or not, and either after having received a cue for the fellow student’s most probable opinion—his perspective—or not, resulting in a 2 (self-awareness: Low vs. high) × 2 (cue: Yes vs. no) between persons design. As expected, self-aware participants were more likely to correctly estimate the fellow student’s most probable opinion, reflecting perspective-taking, if a cue for his/her perspective was provided. Moreover, self-awareness also reduced participants’ false consensus beliefs (i.e., egocentrism)—when they had a cue for the fellow student’s perspective. The results conceptually replicate and extend previous findings on self-awareness, perspective-taking, and egocentrism.     

On the relationship between self-focused attention and psychological disorder: a critical reappraisal.

A recent review of the literature on the role of self-focused attention in psychological dysfunction (Ingram, 1990) is critically examined. This article (a) reexamines the evidence relevant to Ingram's proposal that self-awareness is a nonspecific factor involved in virtually all forms of psychopathology and argues that this conclusion is not warranted by the existing evidence; (b) takes issue with his premise that the fact that self-awareness is associated with a variety of psychological dysfunctions poses a conceptual dilemma; (c) corrects several important inaccuracies and mischaracterizations in his presentation of Carver and Scheier's (1981) cybernetic control theory and Pyszczynski and Greenberg's (1987) self-regulatory perseveration theory; and (d) critiques the "self-absorption" model that he proposed as an alternative to extant theories and concludes that this conceptualization does not add to the understanding of either self-awareness processes or psychopathology.     

自尊对自我确认倾向的影响：来自认知判断的证据

通过改编后的“整体自尊问卷”和“交谈自尊问卷”筛选出整体自尊和交谈自尊高低不同的四组被试,采用认知判断指标测量被试的自我确认倾向,通过模拟现实人际互动情境,在评价人对被试的交谈表现提供不同评价(肯定或否定)及表达不同交友态度(接受或排斥)的条件下,考察了整体自尊与特殊自尊对人际互动过程中自我确认倾向的影响。研究结果表明,与一致性需求的满足有关的特殊自尊调节着自我确认倾向,而与社交需求的满足有关的整体自尊对自我确认倾向的影响在整体上不具普遍性。