体外循环在气管内肿瘤治疗中的应用与思考

近年来体外循环技术已经不仅仅用于心脏手术,还广泛应用于非心脏手术。应用体外循环技术切除气管内肿瘤比常规气管插管全身麻醉扩大了手术适应征,但是也附加了相应的手术并发症。临床医生应有系统的观点,以循证医学模式为指导,坚持以人为本,个性化地将这项技术应用于患者。     

冠心病的外科治疗

首例成功的冠状动脉旁路移植术（CABG）手术完成于1960年,随着体外循环技术的成熟,CABG手术得以不断发展。20世纪90年代,以非体外循环下冠脉旁路移植术（0PCAB）为代表的微创冠脉搭桥手术逐渐应用于临床,并取得满意的临床效果。尽管冠脉介入技术（PCI）以其创伤小的优点在冠心病的治疗方面蓬勃发展,但是CABG在远期通畅性方面仍然占据优势地位,因此CABG仍然是冠心病治疗的效果确定的一种方法。     

冠心病的外科治疗

首例成功的冠状动脉旁路移植术(CABG)手术完成于1960年,随着体外循环技术的成熟,CABG手术得以不断发展.20世纪90年代,以非体外循环下冠脉旁路移植术(OPCAB)为代表的微创冠脉搭桥手术逐渐应用于临床.并取得满意的临床效果.尽管冠脉介入技术(PCI)以其创伤小的优点在冠心病的治疗方面蓬勃发展,但是CABG在远期通畅性方面仍然占据优势地位,因此CABG仍然是冠心病治疗的效果确定的一种方法.     

超滤在小儿体外循环心脏手术中应用的临床决策

体外循环(CPB)技术的运用,使心脏直视手术的安全开展成为可能,但是体外循环可造成患者心肺功能的损伤,这种表现对心肺尚未发育成熟的婴幼儿的影响尤为严重。超滤已经成为低体重和危重患儿体外循环心脏手术中的一项重要技术,对患儿术后心肺功能的改善起着重要的作用。不同的超滤技术有各自的优缺点,需要我们在临床工作中合理应用。     

体外循环技术临床研究和应用的进展

体外循环技术因心血管外科的发展需要而产生,又随着心血管外科的发展而不断进步,并且推动着心血管外科向更高深的领域开拓;与此同时,体外循环的仪器设备,也随着科学技术的发展,在不断地研发和更新换代,为临床上利用体外循环技术提供了更安全、更有效的保障,因此,其应用范围几乎渗透发展到临床各个领域,应用前景相当广阔。     

体外循环技术临床研究和应用的进展

体外循环技术因心血管外科的发展需要而产生,又随着心血管外科的发展而不断进步,并且推动着心血管外科向更高深的领域开拓;与此同时,体外循环的仪器设备,也随着科学技术的发展,在不断地研发和更新换代,为临床上利用体外循环技术提供了更安全、更有效的保障,因此,其应用范围几乎渗透发展到临床各个领域,应用前景相当广阔.     

怎样看待和认识休克

哲学素质在现代医学实践中具有重要意义,它不仅是医务工作者的思维武器,更是了解医学前沿和解决医学难题的钥匙。本文就以休克这一临床上常见的危急重症为例,探讨休克发生发展过程中的哲学因素,旨在阐明自觉运用马克思主义哲学的思辨观来指导休克的诊疗过程实属必要,对医生及患者都大有益处。     

医学人文教育的关怀哲学基点探究

医学人文教育固然以提倡患者的自主存在性突破了医学技术主义形态,但若对患者自主地位的过度强调则会使其陷入二律背反的困境,于此之上的关怀哲学探究则把患者视为处于具体情境中的特殊他人,如此便能建立并维持医学人文情境中的医患和谐。透过耕犁"以患者自主为核心的医学教育限度"、"以关怀为始点的医学哲学诠解"与"关怀哲学在医学人文中的教育张力"三重意涵来突显关怀哲学在医学人文教育中的本位复归,期使医学教育能够透过关怀哲学的融汇从而在医疗临床过程中达成其效力显现的人文基点。     

医学思想史札记之三:现代医学整体论的建构:免疫系统的发现

在现代医学中,整体论的概念不再是一种形而上的哲学假定,而是一种探究机体内各器官、各部分功能有机联系的理路.人类对机体免疫系统的认识历程充分展示了医学整体观是如何建构起来的.     

医学人文教育的关怀哲学基点探究

医学人文教育固然以提倡患者的自主存在性突破了医学技术主义形态,但若对患者自主地位的过度强调则会使其陷入二律背反的困境,于此之上的关怀哲学探究则把患者视为处于具体情境中的特殊他人,如此便能建立并维持医学人文情境中的医患和谐.透过耕犁“以患者自主为核心的医学教育限度”、“以关怀为始点的医学哲学诠解”与“关怀哲学在医学人文中的教育张力”三重意涵来突显关怀哲学在医学人文教育中的本位复归,期使医学教育能够透过关怀哲学的融汇从而在医疗临床过程中达成其效力显现的人文基点.     

体外循环所致炎性肺损伤机制及保护进展

肺损伤是体外循环心内直视手术的主要并发症之一。肺损伤的机制十分复杂,主要是全身炎性反应和缺血/再灌注损伤所致。肺保护的方法多种多样,其目的是降低全身炎性反应,减轻或避免缺血/再灌注损伤。本文探讨体外循环肺损伤的机制和保护进展。     

卡托普利异氟醚联合预处理对心脏瓣膜置换术患者的心肌保护作用

探讨卡托普利与畀氟醚联合预处理对心肌缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用。选择100例瓣膜置换术患者分为五组,分别给以不同的药物预处理。观察各组心肌酶、心肌蛋白、炎症因子的变化,以及心脏复跳率和血管活性药物使用。结果显示,卡托普利与异氟醚联合处理组的心肌酶、心肌蛋白、炎症因子以及心脏复跳率和血管活性药物用量与其他三组相比有显著性差异（P〈0．05）。认为卡托普利延迟相或早期相复合异氟醚预处理对心脏瓣膜置换术患者的心肌缺血再灌注损伤均具有更强保护作用,并以卡托普利延迟相组为优。     

Predictive value of neuropsychological assessment; with regards to life expectancy among cardiac bypass surgery patients

This follow-up study to Keith et al. (2002) sought to explore relations between the cognitive, neuropsychological, and psychosocial sequelae of cardiopulmonary bypass surgery (CPB) and survival. A neuropsychological test battery including the state portion of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (S-STAI), reaction time, visual attention (VFA), rotor pursuit, visual spatial memory, verbal memory and paired associations (PA) was administered. PA (P < .05), VFA and S-STAI scores were related with 5–7 year survival. After the Benjamini-Hochberg method was employed to control for multiple comparisons only S-STAI scores remained significant. Results of logistic regression indicate that pre-CPB surgery scores on the S-STAI accurately predicted 5–7 year survival and mortality in 66% and 83% of cases respectively.     

Cognitive function after open-heart surgery: Are postoperative neuropsychological deficits caused by cardiopulmonary bypass?

Despite the many technological developments in arterial perfusion and cardiac surgical procedures, open-heart surgery is still believed to pose a significant risk for cerebral injury. There are several potential causes of brain damage during open-heart surgery, including prolonged or severe arterial hypotension, as well as emboli emanating from the cardiopulmonary bypass circuit or the operative field. This article reviews the available neuropsychological studies of outcome following cardiac valve replacement and coronary artery bypass grafting. Because both procedures are life-saving operations, the research in this area has been quasi-experimental and fraught with methodological problems. Nonetheless, the findings converge to suggest that cognitive dysfunction occurs after open-heart surgery, and that the deficits are attributable, at least in part, to factors specific to the operation or to the patient being maintained on cardiopulmonary bypass. Preliminary findings suggest that embolization is the primary cause of perioperative deficits in uncomplicated operations. Studies have also consistently found preoperative deficits in this population, suggesting that neuropsychological dysfunction is caused by severe chronic cardiac disease as well as open-heart surgery.     

Heuristics in medical and non-medical decision-making

Pairs of hypothetical medical and non-medical problems were given to 44 pediatric residents at three levels of hospital training. Each problem was designed to detect a specific heuristic-based bias in making diagnoses. Discounting, disregarding base rate, and over-confidence in contextually embedded redundant information were more evident on medical than on non-medical problems. In particular, a greater number of third-year residents disregarded base-rate information than did first- and second-year residents on medical but not on non-medical problems. On medical problems, a greater number of first-year residents expressed greater confidence in redundant information that was contextually embedded than in information that was presented in a listed format. Over one-third of the residents confused prospective and retrospective probabilities; three-fourths showed evidence of augmentation; virtually all residents expressed greater confidence in a diagnosis based on redundant rather than on non-redundant listed information. These latter effects were consistent across training level and occurred on both medical and non-medical problems. The results are discussed in terms of prototype theory and the nature of medical training.     

心身关系中的哲学观点论争

人们在对未知问题作推测,或对已解决的问题作解释时会涉及两种观点的论争。一元论与二元论的哲学观点论争在今天的医学领域中已转化为在病因、发病机制中的还原论与整合论的论争。