表象表征的容量:组块4

该研究采用从1位数到9位数的数为刺激材料对58名年龄21.00±1.23岁的大学生进行心理旋转研究,从而探讨表象表征的容量,实验的刺激有四种类型:数字—数字对应、汉字—汉字对应、数字—汉字对应、汉字—数字对应,每种刺激类型呈现18次,共72试次随机呈现。心理旋转的角度有两个:45°、315°,实验中的数均包含正像和镜像两种形式。结果表明:(1)表象表征的容量是4个组块,以4为分界线,认知资源分配不同;(2)表象表征在容量小于4个组块时占优势,以4为分界线,表象表征与命题表征的作用不同,命题表征表现出较强的稳定性;(3)表象表征是自下而上的加工,受刺激物理特性的影响大。     

视觉表象扫描的概念控制

将表象扫描和概念提示范式相结合, 在三个实验中通过考察概念控制下表象扫描加工中的参照系冲突效应以及概念参照系的优先性, 进而揭示表象扫描加工中的自上而下控制机制。结果发现：(1) 正立或旋转方位汉字提示下表象扫描加工中出现了参照轴效应, 箭头提示下不存在这种效应, 表明不同提示引发了不同空间关系计算过程; (2) 在表象扫描概念控制过程中, 概念参照系、环境(重力)参照系及提示汉字内在参照系同时被激活, 它们可能处于不同冲突状态, 解决这些冲突具有不同认知代价; (3) 在解决不同参照系冲突过程中, 反映自上而下加工的概念参照系总能通过抑制其它参照系而取得优先地位, 表明人的认知系统能够对表象加工进行自上而下的主动控制, 这种主动控制反映了一种执行功能。     

视觉表象操作加工的眼动实验研究

本研究通过视觉表象旋转和扫描的眼动实验探讨表象的心理表征方式。实验一结果表明,眼动指标具有与反应时相类似的旋转角度效应。实验二结果显示,表象扫描的反应时和眼动指标都具有与知觉扫描加工一样的距离效应。由此可以认为,表象眼动与知觉眼动模式具有相似性;表象具有相对独立的心理表征方式并有其特殊的加工过程;表象的心理表征可以是形象表征,而非一定是抽象的命题或符号表征     

复合汉字刺激心理旋转加工中的整体优先效应

以复合汉字为材料,通过两个实验探讨在心理旋转加工中是否存在整体/局部优先效应。实验一检验视知觉中的整体优先效应,实验二考察心理旋转加工中是否存在整体优先效应。结果表明:延长刺激呈现时间直至被试做出反应,在正镜像判断的纯视觉任务中不存在视觉整体优先效应;在心理旋转任务中,大汉字(整体)旋转条件反应时与小汉字(局部)旋转反应时差异不显著。这些结果说明复合汉字刺激心理旋转加工中不存在整体优先效应。     

被试自身人手初始状态对心理旋转加工的影响：眼动研

利用眼动追踪技术,探讨在左右手判断任务条件下人手心理旋转加工是否受到被试自身人手初始状态的影响。两个实验的反应时数据和眼动数据均发现：（1）心理旋转加工受被试自身人手初始状态的影响,表现出一致性效应;（2）显著的内旋效应;（3）被试心理旋转加工时注视点取样存在着不均衡性。这些结果表明：在左右手判断任务中,心理旋转加工的对象是被试自身人手的表象,是自我参照的心理旋转,并且内旋效应是由被试对自身人手表象进行旋转时受到人手生理机制约束所致,而不是被试旋转刺激图片的表象由“生理机制约束知识”影响所致     

被试自身人手初始状态对心理旋转加工的影响:眼动研究

利用眼动追踪技术,探讨在左右手判断任务条件下人手心理旋转加工是否受到被试自身人手初始状态的影响.两个实验的反应时数据和眼动数据均发现:(1)心理旋转加工受被试自身人手初始状态的影响,表现出一致性效应;(2)显著的内旋效应;(3)被试心理旋转加工时注视点取样存在着不均衡性.这些结果表明:在左右手判断任务中,心理旋转加工的对象是被试自身人手的表象,是自我参照的心理旋转,并且内旋效应是由被试对自身人手表象进行旋转时受到人手生理机制约束所致,而不是被试旋转刺激图片的表象由"生理机制约束知识"影响所致.     

表象旋转加工子系统特性的初步研究

通过两个实验分别检测２０名飞行员和１０名老年被试及其相应控制组的表象旋转加工水平,旨在探讨表象旋转这一典型视觉空间认知加工中各子系统所表现出的可塑性和稳定性问题。研究结果表明,在参与表象旋转的三个主要加工子系统中,负责表象转换的子系统既可随系统训练而表现出功能增强的练习效应,也可随年老过程而发生功能衰减的年龄效应。相对而言,形状识别和确认两上子系统则受练习和年老因素影响较小。本研究提示,由于受大脑     

视觉表象产生的大脑半球专门化效应

采用Kosslyn单侧视野速示技术, 以英文字母图片为学习材料, 通过三个实验考察了视觉表象产生的大脑半球专门化效应。实验一提出在两种类型的视觉表象产生任务中, 有两种截然不同的加工起作用, 但却不能直接证实这两种不同加工机制的存在。实验二和实验三则进一步证实了两种表象产生任务具有不同的认知加工机制, 并表现出不同的大脑半球专门化效应。上述研究表明: 大脑两半球均参与产生视觉心理表象, 但分工不同, 并表现出不同的单侧化效应: 大脑左半球通过运用类别空间关系产生表象更有效, 大脑右半球运用数量空间关系产生表象更有效。结果进一步拓展了Kosslyn关于视觉空间关系加工的大脑半球专门化观点。     

表象加工的容量和加工策略研究

本实验研究通过把汉字拆为其有机的组成成分,最少2个最多5个,在各成分顺序排列或随机排列两种条件下呈现给被试,要他们组合出原来汉字的方法对表象操作的容量和策略进行了初步的探讨。实验结果表明表象操作的容量是相当有限的,执行最优加工的容量为2—3个,上限约为4—5个。加工容量随操作复杂程度的高低可略有变化。结果还表明在本实验条件下系统对表象各成分的操作采取的是并行的同时加工,这种并行加工能大大提高表象加工的效率。     

西方心理表象技术研究的昨天、今天与明天

心理表象技术是指以呈现和操控心理表象为方式,达成心身健康目的的心理技术。研究梳理西方心理表象技术研究的历史,整理出十种比较体系化、有应用价值的心理表象技术;概要介绍了该技术在医疗护理、临床心理、教育、体育、社会工作方面所取得的成效,及其有效的技术操作机制。最后,在新近的相关实验结论基础上,笔者提出"心理表象环境论"作为其有效机制的理论解释框架。     

Relation between sport and spatial imagery: comparison of three groups of participants

The literature suggests that sport may be considered a spatial activity and that engaging in spatial activities increases the capacity of an individual to implement mental imagery. Moreover, mental rotation calls upon motor processes that are heavily involved in sporting activities. For these reasons, the authors hypothesized that athletes ought to perform mental rotation tasks better than nonathletes. Also, athletes trained to react quickly to constantly changing environments should be faster at processing the information in a mental rotation task than athletes operating in more settled environments. The results of this study show that athletes performed the mental rotation task significantly faster than nonathletes. These results support the suggestion that there is a link between sport and the ability to perform mental image transformations; however, this ability may not be specific to the conditions in which the athlete performs.     

复合字母刺激心理旋转加工中的整体优先效应

采用复合字母材料结合正镜像判断任务,首次揭示了心理旋转加工中的整体优先效应。实验一延长复合字母材料的呈现时间,检验心理旋转实验常用的正/镜像判断任务中的视知觉整体优先效应;实验二将实验一的复合字母材料旋转一定角度,考察心理旋转加工中的整体优先效应。结果发现：（1）延长复合字母呈现时间后的字母正镜像判断任务中,被试判断大字母和判断小字母的时间没有显著差异,并且大小字母是否一致对大字母判断和小字母判断的影响无显著差异;（2）在排除了视知觉的整体优先效应存在的情况下,发现心理旋转加工中存在明显的整体优先效应,大字母（整体）旋转条件下的反应时显著短于小字母（局部）旋转条件下的反应时;（3）旋转角度一致性对大字母旋转和小字母旋转条件下的反应时均无显著影响,表明心理旋转的整体优先效应模式可能有别于视知觉加工的整体优先效应模式     

旋转汉字识别的眼动特性

该文以客观眼动测量方法考察了单个旋转汉字的识别和由旋转汉字组成的短文的阅读过程。对心理旋转操作在汉字辨认过程中的作用及其操作对象进行了探讨。     

Exploring block construction and mental imagery: Evidence of atypical orientation discrimination in Williams syndrome

The visuospatial perceptual abilities of individuals with Williams syndrome (WS) were investigated in two experiments. Experiment 1 measured the ability of participants to discriminate between oblique and between nonoblique orientations. Individuals with WS showed a smaller effect of obliqueness in response time, when compared to controls matched for nonverbal mental age. Experiment 2 investigated the possibility that this deviant pattern of orientation discrimination accounts for the poor ability to perform mental rotation in WS (Farran, Jarrold, & Gathercole, 2001). A size transformation task was employed, which shares the image transformation requirements of mental rotation, but not the orientation discrimination demands. Individuals with WS performed at the same level as controls. The results suggest a deviance at the perceptual level in WS, in processing orientation, which fractionates from the ability to mentally transform images.     

Hemisphere differences for components of mental rotation

The hemispheric functional lateralization of components of mental rotation performance was investigated. Twenty right-handed males were presented with rotated alphanumerics and unfamiliar characters in the left or right visual field. Subjects decided if the laterally presented stimulus was identical to or a mirror image of a center standard stimulus. Reaction time and errors were measured. Previous mental rotation findings were replicated and the visual field variable produced significant effects for both dependent measures. An overall right visual field advantage was observed in the latency data, suggesting a left hemisphere superiority for at least one component process of the task. A significant interaction in the error data showed that alphanumerics produced less errors in the right visual field than in the left visual field, consistent with a left hemisphere superiority for processing verbal symbolic material. No such hemispheric difference in accuracy was found for unfamiliar characters.     

Can mental rotation begin before perception finishes?

We conducted six experiments to determine if mental rotation can begin before perception finishes, as allowed by continuous flow models but not discrete stage models of information processing. The results of Experiments 1–3 showed that the effect of shape discriminability on RT was underadditive with the effect of stimulus orientation, suggesting that mental rotation began before shape discrimination had finished and that the two processes overlapped in time. The results of Experiments 4–6 indicated that mental rotation can overlap with color discriminations as well. In both sets of experiments, however, the amount of underadditivity tended to be much less than predicted by models allowing interference-free overlap. This suggests that mental rotation can overlap with perceptual analysis, contrary to fully discrete models, but that little rotation is carried out during this overlap due to interference between simultaneous discrimination and rotation processes.     

掩蔽刺激的空间参考框架对视觉表象旋转的影响

本实验通过将具有参考框架信息的前置刺激改为掩蔽刺激,进一步探讨参考框架的变化和表象旋转的过程。结果表明：１、因掩蔽刺激而引起的主观参考框架的产生是瞬间完成的,而不是由原先直立的参考框架经过连续旋转后形成的。２、显示了倾斜字母的加工不完全是整体表象的线性旋转过程,而可能是整字一成分的混合加工过程。     

自我和物体为参照系的心理旋转分离：内旋效应

采用虚拟的旋转不同角度左、右手模型,构建“左右手判断(Left and right hand judgment: LR)”任务和“相同－不同判断(same and different judgment: SD)”任务,考察这两种实验任务是否都存在内旋效应和角度效应,以此推论被试采用何种旋转策略。结果发现：（1） 两种实验任务结果均表现出显著的角度效应。（2）在LR任务条件下,存在显著的内旋效应,而在SD任务中不存在内旋效应。从而表明当人手图片作为心理旋转材料时,它具有双重角色。被试心理旋转加工时究竟选用何种参照系的旋转策略,与实验材料和实验任务两者都密不可分     

Dissociating viewpoint costs in mental rotation and object recognition

In a mental rotation task, participants must determine whether two stimuli match when one undergoes a rotation in 3-D space relative to the other. The key evidence for mental rotation is the finding of a linear increase in response times as objects are rotated farther apart. This signature increase in response times is also found in recognition of rotated objects, which has led many theorists to postulate mental rotation as a key transformational procedure in object recognition. We compared mental rotation and object recognition in tasks that used the same stimuli and presentation conditions and found that, whereas mental rotation costs increased relatively linearly with rotation, object recognition costs increased only over small rotations. Taken in conjunction with a recent brain imaging study, this dissociation in behavioral performance suggests that object recognition is based on matching of image features rather than on 3-D mental transformations.