外派人员与组织的期望匹配模式对绩效的影响

外派个人与组织的期望具有四种可能的匹配关系。本研究构建了四种关系的概念模型并进行了效度验证。研究数据采自多种行业跨国公司的两组样本,结构方程建模的分析结果表明,构思关系具有良好的诺姆网络效度,个体-组织期望的不同组合模式对外派的绩效有显著影响。该研究结果对于外派经理及其所在的组织都具有重要意义。     

二元工作压力与员工创新关系的元分析

基于141篇文献的149项独立研究, 研究样本总人数达46261人的数据, 对挑战性-阻碍性二元压力及其亚组与员工创新的关系进行了元分析, 并检验了文化差异(权力距离、长-短期导向、个人-集体主义)、数据来源以及数据收集时间点的调节作用。结果表明: (1)挑战性压力及其亚组工作复杂性、任务冲突对员工创新存在显著正向影响, 阻碍性压力对员工创新存在显著负向影响。(2)文化差异性(个人-集体主义)对挑战性压力与员工创新的关系有调节作用, 文化差异性(权力距离高低、长-短期导向、个人-集体主义)对阻碍性压力与员工创新的关系有调节作用。(3)数据来源对二元工作压力与员工创新的关系有调节作用, 当员工创新数据来自自我评价时, 挑战性压力、阻碍性压力与员工创新关系的强度更强。(4)数据收集时间点仅对挑战性压力与员工创新的关系有调节作用, 横截面研究设计下, 挑战性压力与员工创新的关系更强。     

时间压力对个体工作结果的作用效果：基于元分析的证据

虽然时间压力在工作场所中非常普遍且很重要,但尚未有研究提供关于时间压力如何影响员工绩效和行为结果的全面解释。本研究通过文献检索、筛选和编码,对78项研究的82个独立样本(总样本N=25056)进行了元分析。研究结果显示,时间压力与个体工作绩效、亲社会行为和主动行为呈现出显著的正相关关系,但与创新绩效的正相关关系并不显著。进一步地,本研究检验了文化差异、团队相依性和评价来源的调节效应。首先,在高权力距离、集体主义和长期导向背景下,时间压力与个体亲社会行为呈现出显著的正相关关系,而在低权力距离、个人主义和短期导向背景下,时间压力与个体主动行为呈现出显著的正相关关系;其次,相对于低团队相依性而言,在高团队相依性情境中,时间压力与个体工作绩效、创新绩效以及亲社会行为之间呈现出更为积极的相关关系;最后,相对于他评的数据而言,时间压力与自评的工作绩效和员工行为之间呈现出更为积极的相关关系。本元分析为时间压力对个体工作结果的影响效果提供了综合而可靠的结论,也为未来研究提供了一定的理论借鉴和实践参考。     

挑战性-阻碍性压力源、角色超载和情绪枯竭的关系:心理弹性的调节作用

结合工作要求-资源模型和资源保护理论,构建并检验了挑战性和阻碍性压力源与情绪枯竭之间关系的调节中介模型。结果表明,角色超载在挑战性压力源、阻碍性压力源和情绪枯竭之间起部分中介作用。心理弹性较低时,挑战性压力源会对情绪枯竭产生直接正向影响,角色超载在它们中间不起中介作用;阻碍性压力源既对情绪枯竭产生直接正向影响,也对情绪枯竭产生间接正向影响。心理弹性较高时,挑战性压力源对情绪枯竭的直接影响不再显著,而是通过角色超载对情绪枯竭产生正向影响;阻碍性压力源同样通过角色超载对情绪枯竭产生影响。心理弹性高和心理弹性低的个体相比,阻碍性压力源对情绪枯竭影响的差异性并不显著。     

“近朱者赤”：同事主动行为如何激发员工动机和绩效

以往有关主动性的研究通常聚焦员工本身, 忽略了团队或组织中同事会对员工行为产生影响这一重要管理实践和理论视角。为此, 本研究以社会学习理论为基础, 探讨了同事主动行为对员工自主动机和工作绩效的影响, 以及员工主动性人格的调节作用。通过多时点、上下级匹配问卷(研究1)及情景实验(研究2)两项研究, 本文发现, 同事主动行为可以激发员工的自主动机, 进而提升工作绩效; 并且, 员工主动性人格强化了同事主动行为对员工自主动机的正向作用。本研究不仅从理论上将现有关于主动行为的研究视角迁移到同事, 也为如何更好地激励员工提供了实践指导。     

挑战性-阻碍性压力源对工作投入和工作倦怠的影响:应对策略的中介作用

基于工作要求-资源理论和挑战性-阻碍性压力二维模型,采用问卷调查法,以225名企业员工为研究对象,探讨了挑战性-阻碍性压力源与工作投入和工作倦怠的关系,情绪导向应对策略和问题导向应对策略在这一关系中的多重中介作用。结果发现:挑战性压力源对工作投入和工作倦怠均有正向的预测作用,阻碍性压力源对工作倦怠有正向的预测作用,对工作投入有负向的预测作用;问题导向应对策略在挑战性压力源与工作投入和工作倦怠之间起到部分中介作用,情绪导向应对策略在阻碍性压力源与工作倦怠之间起到部分中介作用。     

死亡提醒对员工绩效的双刃效应：压力交互理论的视角

职场内外部死亡提醒对员工绩效具有双刃效应已得到诸多研究的支持,但该现象背后的统一理论解释缺乏深入探讨。基于压力交互理论构建的模型指出,死亡提醒通过压力源认知评估与状态死亡意识的链式中介影响员工绩效。具体而言,员工对死亡提醒这一压力源的威胁性评估与挑战性评估分别影响其状态死亡焦虑与状态死亡反思,进而对任务绩效、组织公民行为和反生产行为产生双刃效应。最后,基于模型梳理了个体资源与情境资源等相关边界条件,并提出未来可探析死亡提醒双刃效应的过程机制、边界条件以及组织干预策略。     

拖延对工作绩效的影响——压力偏好与任务类型的调节作用

本研究探索了压力偏好和任务类型在拖延行为对绩效产生作用过程中的调节作用。用问卷调查的方法对155人进行调查。结果发现：相比偏好压力者,厌恶压力者的工作绩效更容易受到拖延行为的影响;对于复杂任务,拖延对偏好压力者的绩效影响显著低于对厌恶压力者;而对于简单任务,两种类型人的绩效的差别并不明显。结论是,偏好压力者能够减弱拖延行为对其工作绩效的影响,尤其对于复杂任务,这种影响更加明显。     

工作情境中的人格研究：回顾与展望

人格研究对任何层次的组织行为都产生了深远的影响,大量元分析都显示了人格特质对工作动机、工作绩效、员工幸福感、压力与应对、团队效能、冲突与谈判、权利与政治、领导以及反组织行为等组织行为指标具有良好的预测力。但是人格研究在组织中的应用因为人格测验的效度和被试在测验中“作假”而饱受争议和批评。人格理论的拓展及其跨文化的适用性,人格特质的负面作用以及结合组织情境的动态研究都是今后研究值得关注和探索的方向。     

挑战性—阻断性压力(源)与员工心理和行为的关系:自我效能感的调节作用

本研究旨在探讨挑战性-阻断性两类不同性质的压力源与员工心理和行为的关系,重点探讨一般自我效能感的调节作用。研究采用问卷调查方式,以309名飞行签派员为研究对象,数据分析采用层级回归的分析方法。研究结果发现：⑴阻断性压力与工作满意度呈负相关,与离职倾向呈正相关,而挑战性压力与离职倾向呈负相关,与工作满意度的正相关没有达到显著水平;⑵挑战性-阻断性压力与身心紧张都呈正相关;⑶一般自我效能感调节阻断性压力与身心紧张、工作满意度之间的关系,但对离职倾向的调节作用不显著,即在面临阻断性压力时,自我效能感高的员工,其身心健康水平、工作满意度明显高于自我效能感低的员工,而离职倾向没有明显差异;⑷一般自我效能感调节挑战性压力与工作满意度、离职倾向之间的关系,但对身心紧张的调节作用不显著,即对于自我效能感高的员工,挑战性压力会提升其工作满意度,降低其离职倾向,而对自我效能感低的员工则恰恰相反。     

Lean on me: The importance of one's own and partner's intercultural personality for expatriate's and expatriate spouse's successful adjustment abroad

This research explores the role of three intercultural personality traits—emotional stability, social initiative, and open-mindedness—as coping resources for expatriate couples’ adjustment. First, we examined the direct relationships of expatriates’ and expatriate spouses’ personality trait levels with psychological and sociocultural adjustment. Psychological adjustment refers to internal psychological outcomes such as mental health and personal satisfaction, whereas sociocultural adjustment refers to more externally oriented psychological outcomes that link the individual to the new environment. Second, we examined the association of expatriates’ personality trait levels with professional adjustment, which was defined in terms of job performance and organizational commitment. Cross-sectional analyses among 196 expatriates and expatriate spouses (i.e., 98 expatriate couples) revealed that the three dimensions are each associated with specific facets of adjustment. A longitudinal analysis among a subsample (45 couples) partially confirmed these findings. Furthermore, we obtained evidence for a resource compensation effect, that is, the compensatory process whereby one partner's lack of sufficiently high levels of a certain personality trait is compensated for by the other partner's high(er) levels of this traits. Through this resource compensation effect, the negative consequences of a lack of sufficient levels of a personality trait on adjustment can be diminished. Apparently, in the absence of sufficiently high trait levels, individuals can benefit from personality resources in their partners.     

The role of goal orientation during expatriation: a cross-sectional and longitudinal investigation

Using cross-sectional and longitudinal data from expatriates in China, the authors investigated the roles of general, work, and interaction adjustment, as well as work stress, as mediators between the antecedents (learning, proving, and avoiding goal orientations, and perceived organizational support) and expatriate outcome (job performance and premature return intention) relationships. Results indicated that goal orientations toward overseas assignments had differential relationships with expatriate job performance and premature return intention. In addition, it was found that these relationships were partially mediated by expatriate adjustment facets. Implications for expatriate adjustment research and practice are discussed.     

Examining the Relationship between Work Attitudes and Propensity to Leave among Expatriate Salespeople

The study employs literatures addressing turnover of employees in general, turnover of salespeople, and variables specific to expatriate managers to examine turnover of expatriate salespeople. Individual, job, and organizational variables are used as predictors of propensity to leave. The research suggests that several variables influence propensity to leave of expatriates: met expectations, participation, job satisfaction, and organizational commitment. The research also suggests that organizations need to establish clear expectations concerning the demands of the overseas sales job and allow salespeople to understand the parameters of employment.     

EXPATRIATES' PSYCHOLOGICAL WITHDRAWAL FROM INTERNATIONAL ASSIGNMENTS: WORK, NONWORK, AND FAMILY INFLUENCES

Integrating the expatriate adjustment and employee turnover literatures, we develop a model of expatriates' decisions to quit their assignments. This model explicitly considers the role of adjustment, the project-based nature of international assignments, and the importance of several nonwork and family context factors in this withdrawal process. We test this model with a sample of 452 expatriates and a matched subsample (providing multiple sources of data) of 224 expatriates and spouses, living in 45 countries. Consistent with domestic turnover research, multiple regression analyses indicated that the work-related factors of job satisfaction and organizational commitment were significant predictors of expatriate withdrawal cognitions. We also found support for the direct, indirect, and moderating influence of nonwork satisfaction and several family context variables (i.e., family responsibility, spouse adjustment, spouse overall satisfaction, and living conditions) on decisions of expatriates to quit their assignments. Implications for both organizational withdrawal and international HRM researchers and practitioners are discussed.     

When learning is not enough: A process model of expatriate adjustment as cultural cognitive dissonance reduction

Although considerable organizational research exists on the topic of expatriate adjustment and early departure, little has focused on the actual psychological processes causing change in adjustment outcomes. Specifically, researchers have not focused on cognitive dissonance that arises from adopting or condoning culturally expected behaviors that are inconsistent with the expatriate’s own values or attitudes. We propose that dissonance experiences and the methods used for dissonance reduction influence expatriates’ adjustment outcomes and, in turn, their tendency for early departure. We further specify key situational and individual difference constructs that regulate these causal relationships. Along with a greater understanding of cross-cultural adjustment, the current model suggests new directions for expatriate research and management.     

Reactive Adjustment or Proactive Embedding? Multistudy,Multiwave Evidence for Dual Pathways to Expatriate Retention

The dominant perspective on expatriation characterizes the process as a continuing adaptation to existing job demands on an international assignment. Another, less studied perspective, emphasizes that expatriates can initiate tactics to acquire task, interpersonal, and affective resources for shaping their assignment experiences. Adopting a positive organizational scholarship lens and drawing on the job demands–resources model, we simultaneously examine both of these reactive demand‐based and proactive resource‐based pathways to expatriate retention. We propose that cross‐cultural uncertainty demands and expatriate‐initiated resource acquisition tactics both influence adjustment and embeddedness. Thus embeddedness works alongside adjustment to drive expatriates’ plans to remain in the international position, which in turn leads to actual retention. Using evidence from 2 separate panel studies (one with 2 waves and the other with 4 waves of data), we demonstrate the importance of the resource‐based pathway for expatriate assignments.     

The effects of newcomer proactive behaviours on socialization outcomes: A meta-analysis

Organizational researchers and practitioners have shown increasing interest in how newcomer proactivity contributes to socialization. This meta-analysis synthesizes the existing empirical research that examines the relationships between frequently performed newcomer proactive behaviours (sensemaking, relationship building, positive framing and job change negotiation) and proximal and distal socialization outcomes. Proximal outcomes include role clarity, task mastery and social integration; distal outcomes include job performance, job satisfaction, organizational commitment and turnover intention. Based on 45 independent samples (N = 11,508), proactive behaviours were found to be generally beneficial for newcomer socialization. Relative weight analyses identified positive framing as the strongest predictor of five of the seven reviewed outcomes while relationship building accounted for the greatest part of the variance in social integration. Job change negotiation was the weakest predictor of socialization outcomes. The study also explored the impact of boundary conditions, including culture, study design and sample type, on the magnitude of these effects. The paper concludes by discussing the theoretical and practical implications of these findings, along with the study's limitations and suggestions for future research.     

Good mercenaries: Performing organizational citizenship behavior in a foreign land

IntroductionResearch on expatriates has typically left underexplored the critical antecedents of expatriates’ organizational citizenship behavior (OCB).ObjectivesThis study aims to fill this research gap by studying the effects of constructs specific and nonspecific to the expatriate context of expatriates’ OCB performance.MethodsUsing online surveys, data were collected from 200 expatriates and 280 of their coworkers working in 62 host countries. The hypotheses were tested with structural equation modeling analysis.ResultsFirst, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, job satisfaction, work adjustment and interaction adjustment all had unique contributions in predicting expatriates’ OCB. Second, there was initial support for the indirect effect of the host country coworkers’ OCB performance targeted at expatriates on expatriates’ OCB-I performance. Finally, the results did not provide support for the indirect effect of personality factors on expatriates’ OCB performance.ConclusionCompared to job satisfaction, expatriates’ personality traits (i.e., Agreeableness and Conscientiousness) may have a stronger effect on expatriates’ OCB performance.