理论思维、工程思维、评价思维的界定与联系——谈对缺血性脑血管病临床实践若干问题的思考

理论思维是力求逻辑自恰、规避自相矛盾;工程思维是对逻辑地发现的属性进行非逻辑的复合;评价思维是虚体思维和筹划因素相分离所导致的思维方式。理论思维的成果必须通过工程思维付诸实践,评价思维是对实践的结果进行评价,评价的结果是对工程思维或/和理论思维的成果进行反思。对缺血性脑血管病实践中的理论思维、工程思维和评价思维的界定与相互联系进行探讨。     

思维方式:僭越与划界--人文社会学科中理论思维与工程思维之批判

本文的目的在于探寻人类乌托邦悲剧的思维根源,并认为人文社会学科中,理论思维误用于工程设计、工程思维误用于理论生产是问题的症结所在.这种误用便是本文所谓思维方式的僭越.解决问题的唯一办法就是思维方式的划界.理论思维的任务在于建构理论,工程思维的任务在于设计工程.理论表现为前提与结论之间的必然联系,所以理论思维的特点就是一以贯之地逻辑推导.工程是各种实体及其属性的复合物,这些实体和属性之间不必然存在逻辑联系,所以工程思维就是一种非逻辑的复合性思维.用理论思维设计工程,工程不可实施;用工程思维建构理论,理论没有效力.人文社会领域的各种乌托邦就是理论思维和工程思维相互僭越、恶性循环的结果.在理论思维和工程思维之间严格划界,让二者各得其所、分工协作,对于人文社会研究来说既重要又迫切.如是,就要求那些旨在创建人文社会学说的学者,在研究开始之前必须弄清楚这样一个问题自己究竟是要探寻客观真理,还是要绘制生活蓝图?     

从"炸药"到"伟哥"创新历程的启示--科学创新思维中的逻辑与直觉

国家的经济发展需要科学创新的成果,而创新的成果源自创新的思维.法国数学家彭加勒在谈到创新性的思维时说过:"逻辑用于论证,直觉用于发明",并提出了创造性的科学思维活动的"三段式"理论.从"炸药"到"伟哥"科学创新的百年历程中,去验证和探究彭加勒的科学哲学思维,以及这个理论中包含的逻辑与直觉的关系.     

无意识研究新进展:无意识思维理论述评

无意识思维理论(UTT)是近期对无意识思维研究的最新成果。该文主要从无意识思维原理、容量原理、自下而上对自上而下加工原理、权重原理、规则原理、聚合对发散原理等6个方面对UTT进行了详细阐述。在此基础上,简评了UTT的理论特点及存在问题,并进一步从信息编码、目标和无意识思维加工机制等三个方面提出了今后的研究方向。     

整合:医学创新思维的重要形式

医学整合,不仅是一种创新行为,也是一种创新思维形式.医学创新思维整合形式的特征是相关思维材料合理迁移、相关思维方式的耦合.医学创新思维是理性思维,迷信灵感和直觉而忽略逻辑是危险的.需要逻辑思维和非逻辑思维的整合;医学创新思雏是复杂性思维,强调批判而否定传承是片面的.需要批判性思维和经验性思维的整合.医学整合,不仅可以从本体论层面予以理解,还可以从方法论层面予以运用.医学创新思维整合形式的研究需要整合理念的方法论引导.     

无意识思维:理论、质疑与回应

Dijksterhuis等人发现在解决复杂问题时,无意识思维的加工结果优于有意识思维,并据此提出了无意识思维理论。本文介绍了支持无意识思维理论的基本实验证据,质疑无意识思维的相关研究及对质疑的回应研究。未来研究应重点关注改进无意识思维研究范式和寻找更多影响无意识思维效应的中介变量,无意识思维加工结果如何上升到有意识层面,无意识思维的加工方式以及其在真实和高风险任务情境中的应用。     

临床思维的逻辑性

临床思维是临床能力的核心和基础,是成为一名合格医生的前提条件。临床思维是按照逻辑规律反映疾病的思维方式。在临床思维活动过程中最重要的就是医学假说的提出、验证、推理和遵守逻辑思维的过程。逻辑思维能力对于医学工作者是至关重要的,作为医学工作者应该不断加强逻辑修养,不断提升我们临床思维水准。     

对几种临床定势思维的思考

思维定势有权威定势、从众定势、经验定势、唯书本定势、情感定势.思维定势制约我们创新思想的发展,要更好实践临床工作,必须客观评价各种思维定势,主动进行创新思维训练.本文分别对各种思维定势在临床工作中的体现、优劣进行表述,并举例说明.     

《思维论》体系结构评述

《思维论》是田运长期以来研究思维理论的结晶,也是我国当代思维科学研究的重要成果。本分析了《思维论》体系结构上的特点,对书中提出的思维三规律、思维信息论、智慧开发论等方面的观点进行了评述,肯定了《思维论》对发展思维科学的理论意义及在教育实践中的应用价值。     

左脑、右脑的三种思维形式

本文认为“右脑善于进行形象思维,左脑善于进行抽象思维”的固定看法,会导致人产生一种误解,似乎人的右脑只能进行形象思维,左脑只能进行抽象思维。作者研究结果是人的右脑除能进行形象思维外,还能进行抽象思维和灵感思维,左脑则除能进行抽象思维外,还能进行形象思维和灵感思维,而且,左、右脑的思维形式主要由拥有左、右脑的人,即思维主体的职责任务、工作性质、实践经历、其脑内存贮的调近代思维的规则以及思维实践时左、右利手决定。     

Extremes of self-esteem and narcissism and the experience and expression of anger and aggression

This study examined the level of self-esteem and narcissism as personality variables involved in the disposition to experience and express anger. Three hundred thirty-eight subjects were sampled across two higher education centres and one student teaching programme in the United Kingdom. It was reasoned that individuals with both high self-esteem and narcissism would report especially high tendencies to experience and express anger and aggression and that those with high self-esteem and low narcissism would report the lowest. These predictions were influenced by theories that emphasise the role of threats to high self-esteem in the production of aggression and violence. Results indicate that groups defined by their extreme scores on self-esteem and narcissism scales produced levels of anger expression in the predicted direction. The importance of considering extreme levels of self-esteem and narcissism (in conjunction with other factors) in an analysis of anger is discussed with reference to currently influential theories in the field. Aggr. Behav. 24:421–438, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Social and Personal Determinants of Adolescent Use and Abuse of Alcohol and Marijuana

This article summarizes research on social and personal determinants of adolescent use and abuse of alcohol and marijuana to aid practitioners when designing interventions.     

Cognitive and Personality Characteristics of Masculinity and Femininity Predict Wayfinding Competence and Strategies of Men and Women

Bem (1974) reconceptualized masculinity and femininity as independent and orthogonal constructs that both men and women possess to varying degrees. This perspective was used as a starting point to investigate whether the contributions of gender-typed characteristics can help to account for commonly observed gender differences in wayfinding (the ability to identify one’s current location and successfully navigate to an unseen location in the environment) favoring men. We further divided gender-typed characteristics into cognitive and personality characteristics to assess their separate influence on wayfinding and explored whether gender-typed characteristics predicted self-reported use of masculine wayfinding strategies (i.e., orientation strategies) and self-reported wayfinding competence. Participants were 452 college women and men in a southern U.S. public university. They completed the Gender-Stereotypic Characteristics questionnaire (Diekman and Eagly 2000), a social comparison questionnaire (created by the authors), a wayfinding strategy questionnaire (Lawton 1994), and a wayfinding competence questionnaire (Hegarty et al. 2002). For both men and women, higher masculine cognitive characteristics significantly correlated with greater use of orientation wayfinding strategies typical of men. For men, both higher masculine and feminine cognitive characteristics predicted better overall wayfinding competence whereas for women, only higher masculine cognitive characteristics predicted better overall wayfinding competence. For both men and women, higher feminine personality characteristics predicted poorer wayfinding competence. These results demonstrated the importance of considering cognitive and personality characteristics of masculinity and femininity in explaining individual differences in wayfinding.     

Face aftereffects suggest interdependent processing of expression and sex and of expression and race

Bruce and Young (1986) proposed that functionally different aspects of faces (e.g., sex, identity, and expression) are processed independently. Although interdependent processing of identity and expression and of identity and sex have been demonstrated previously, evidence for interdependent processing of sex and expression is equivocal. Using a visual adaptation paradigm, we show that expression aftereffects can be simultaneously induced in different directions along anger–fear continua for male and female faces (Experiment 1) and for East Asian and Black African faces (Experiment 2). These findings for sex- and race-contingent expression aftereffects suggest that processing of expression is interdependent with processing of sex and race and are therefore problematic for models of face perception that have emphasized independent processing of functionally different aspects of faces. By contrast, our findings are consistent with models of face processing that propose that invariant physical aspects of faces and changeable social cues can be processed interdependently.     

Self-ratings of positive and negative affect and retrieval of positive and negative affect memories

Abstract

Based on analysis of self-ratings of mood, positive affect (PA) and negative affect (NA) have been proposed as basic, orthogonal mood dimensions (Watson & Tellegen, 1985). The present study asked subjects (N = 61) to not only provide self-ratings of PA and NA terms but also to retrieve personal memories associated with those terms. Self-rated PA was associated with latency to retrieve PA- but not NA-related memories; self-rated NA was associated with latency to retrieve NA- but not PA-related memories. Self-ratings of PA and NA were not significantly correlated, nor were retrieval latencies for PA and NA memories. Individual item correlations also revealed a strong direct relationship between self-ratings and retrieval latency. The dissociations involving a non-self report measure strengthen the distinction between PA and NA, and the individual item correlations are interpreted as showing that self-ratings of affect are based upon the ease of retrieval of personal memories.