糖尿病"达标"教育对控制2型糖尿病的影响

为评价"达标"教育对新诊断2型糖尿病(T2DM)监测及控制水平的影响,选取新诊断T2DM患者90例,随机分为两组,实验组进行"控制目标"认知教育,对照组不进行.治疗6个月后,比较两组控制水平.结果实验组与对照组相比,血糖、血压、体重监测及主动拜访专业医生的频次显著为高,血糖、血压、胆固醇控制显著为好.提示对新诊T2DM患者进行"达标"教育可提高DM监测频次及控制水平.     

2型糖尿病患者抑郁患病率调查与分析

调查2型糖尿病（T2DM）患者抑郁患病率,探讨影响抑郁发生的因素。从青岛市城区常住居民中随机抽取40岁以上者5000人,选取其中已诊T2DM患者440例,运用Zung抑郁自评量表等进行调查、测定临床生化指标,进行分析。T2DM患者抑郁患病率为21．82％,抑郁对血糖控制不利,病程长、收入低、应用胰岛素、有并发症、不运动、血糖控制差为T2DM患者抑郁患病的危险因素。     

强化控制2型糖尿病患者血糖、血压＼血脂可降低尿白蛋白／肌酐比率

探讨2型糖尿病（T2DM）患者尿白蛋白／肌酐比率（UACR）的主要影响因素。89例T2DM患者实施血糖、血脂、血压强化控制,随诊1年并检测相关指标变化,统计学分析显示强化治疗后UACR降低,糖化血红蛋白和收缩压的变化值是影响UACR变化的主要因素。强化控制血糖、血脂、血压,尤其是严格控制糖化血红蛋白及收缩压,能减低糖尿病肾病发生的风险。     

强化控制2型糖尿病患者血糖、血压、血脂可降低尿白蛋白/肌酐比率

探讨2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者尿白蛋白/肌酐比率(UACR)的主要影响因素.89例T2DM患者实施血糖、血脂、血压强化控制,随诊1年并检测相关指标变化,统计学分析显示强化治疗后UACR降低,糖化血红蛋白和收缩压的变化值是影响UACR变化的主要因素.强化控制血糖、血脂、血压,尤其是严格控制糖化血红蛋白及收缩压,能减低糖尿病肾病发生的风险.     

2型糖尿病患者抑郁患病率调查与分析

调查2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者抑郁患病率,探讨影响抑郁发生的因素.从青岛市城区常住居民中随机抽取40岁以上者5 000人,选取其中已诊T2DM患者440例,运用Zung抑郁自评量表等进行调查、测定临床生化指标,进行分析.T2DM患者抑郁患病率为21.82%,抑郁对血糖控制不利,病程长、收入低、应用胰岛素、有并发症、不运动、血糖控制差为T2DM患者抑郁患病的危险因素.     

2型糖尿病一级亲属代谢相关指标分布规律的研究

为了研究2型糖尿病(DM)家系一级亲属的代谢相关指标变化规律,选择55个2型糖尿病家系中糖尿病患者的一级亲属为研究对象,按照糖耐量试验结果分组,比较组间血压、血糖、血脂、C肽、胰岛素等指标。结果显示,2型糖尿病家系一级亲属各组血脂水平的变化差异无显著性,而血糖、胰岛素抵抗等指标差异有显著性。由此得出结论,2型DM家系一级亲属血脂、血糖、血压、胰岛素等指标均有一定程度的异常,且各组间的血糖、血压、胰岛素抵抗等差异显著于血脂水平的变化。     

伴家族史的2型糖尿病危险因素的病例对照研究

为探讨2型糖尿病代谢特征及发病的危险因素,选取大连地区91例有家族史的T2DM患者为病例组,以44例患者的配偶（糖耐量正常）为对照组,进行流行病学问卷调查和体格检查,同时测定空腹血糖、空腹胰岛素、总胆固醇、甘油三酯、高密度脂蛋白、低密度脂蛋白等指标,采用稳态模型法计算两组的胰岛素抵抗指数和β细胞功能指数,并进行多因素非条件Logistic回归分析。结果显示：TG、腰臀比和Ln（HOMAIR）病例组高于对照组,而Ln（HOMAβ）则病例组低于对照组,均具有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。多因素非条件Logistic回归分析结果提示,影响T2DM发病的因素有心血管疾病史、Ln（HOMAIR）及Ln（HOMAβ）。由此可见T2DM患者存在血脂代谢异常;心血管疾病史和Ln（HOMAIR）为发病的危险因素,Ln（HOMAβ）为保护因素。     

2型糖尿病与骨代谢标志物相关性分析

探讨骨代谢标志物与2型糖尿病的相关性。收集2型糖尿病患者50例为糖尿病（T2DM ）组,非糖尿病患者17例为对照组,检测所有研究对象的血清骨代谢标志物、空腹血糖（FBG）、糖化血红蛋白（HbA1c）。与对照组相比,T2DM 组血清25-羟维生素D3（25-OH VitD3）、骨钙素（BGP）、总Ⅰ型胶原氨基端延长肽（TPINP）水平明显下降,β胶原特殊序列（β-CTx）水平升高;血清25-OH VitD3与 HbA1c呈负相关,BGP与 FBG呈负相关,TPINP与 FBG和 HbA1c呈负相关,β-CTx与FBG、HbA1c呈正相关。提示2型糖尿病与骨代谢标志物存在一定的相关性。     

NAFLD合并2型糖尿病血尿酸水平与胰岛素抵抗的相关性研究

探讨非酒精脂肪肝(NAFLD)合并2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者血尿酸(SUA)水平与胰岛素抵抗的相关性.分析NAFLD合并T2DM患者78例(合并组),单纯NAFLD组59例,单纯T2DM组80例,健康体检者80例(对照组).比较四组临床参数的差异、SUA水平与胰岛素抵抗的相关性.结果合并组较其余三组胰岛素抵抗指数和SUA水平更高(P＜0.01);相关性研究表明SUA水平与BMI、WHR、FBG、FINS、HOMA-IR呈正相关,与胰岛素敏感指数呈负相关,BMI、WHR、TC、SUA及有无脂肪肝是胰岛素抵抗的重要危险因素.SUA水平与NAFLD合并2型DM发生密切相关.     

阿卡波糖、二甲双胍联合胰岛素类似物治疗肥胖糖尿病短期疗效

观察阿卡波糖、二甲双胍联合胰岛素类似物治疗肥胖2型糖尿病的短期疗效。将60例符合标准患者随机分为观察组和对照组各30例,均给予重组甘精胰岛素联合赖脯胰岛素强化治疗控制血糖,观察组同时给予阿卡波糖及二甲双胍口服,出院时进行疗效评价。观察组血糖达标时间、胰岛素用量少于对照组,餐时胰岛素停用比例大于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P＜0．05）;两组患者出院时体重较入院时均有所下降,观察组较对照组体重变化更明显（P＜0．01）。阿卡波糖、二甲双胍联合胰岛素类似物治疗方案,可作为初诊肥胖2型糖尿病治疗的理想方法之一。     

Head and Trunk Control While Walking in Older Adults with Diabetes: Effects of Balance Confidence

Investigations of gait in older adults with diabetes mellitus (DM) have been primarily focused on lower limb biomechanical parameters. Yet, the upper body accounts for two thirds of the body's mass, and head and trunk control are critical for balance. The authors examined head and trunk control during self-selected comfortable, fast, and dual-task walking and the relationship between balance confidence and potential head-trunk stiffening strategies in older adults with DM without diagnosed diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN). Twelve older adults with DM without diagnosed DPN (DM group) and 12 without DM (no-DM group) were recruited. Walking speed, peak-to-peak head and trunk roll displacement, head and trunk roll velocity, and head-trunk correlation were measured while walking at a self-selected comfortable or fastest possible speed with or without a secondary cognitive task. The Activities-specific Balance Confidence scale measured balance confidence. Subtle group differences in axial segmental control (lower trunk roll velocity; higher head-trunk correlation) were apparent in older adults with DM even in the absence of DPN. Balance confidence was 19% lower in the DM group than in the no-DM group, and partially explained (34%) the group difference in head-trunk stiffening. These results emphasize the need for proactive monitoring of postural control and balance confidence before the onset of DPN.     

Partners’ representations of diabetes as mediators between patients’ representations and adherence to self-care behaviors,in type 2 diabetes

The purpose of this study was to analyze partners’ representations of diabetes as mediators between patients’ illness representations and adherence to all self-care behaviors, in recently diagnosed type 2 diabetes (T2DM) patients. The sample included 340 patients and their respective partners. The instruments used were: Revised Summary of Diabetes Self-Care Activities (RSDSCA); Medication Adherence Report Scale (MARS); and the Brief Illness Perception Questionnaire (Brief-IPQ). A mediational effect of partners’ representation of diabetes consequences was found between the same patients’ representations and exercise, foot care, and self-monitoring of blood glucose. Partners’ representations of personal and treatment control, were mediators between the same partners’ representations and self-monitoring of blood glucose. No partners’ representations mediated patients’ representation and adherence to medication or diet . This study emphasized partners’ representations on patient’s adherence to exercise, foot care and monitoring of blood glucose, in recent diagnosed T2DM patients. Interventions to promote adherence in T2DM should promote convergence between patients and partners’ diabetes representations. This study provides some evidence for the need to treat T2DM within the dyad to improve adherence, starting after the diagnosis.     

Stress and Chronic Illness: the Case of Diabetes

Globally, Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is one of the most prevalent chronic illnesses. Managing T2DM is a major challenge now affecting the lives of around 200 million people. Even when medication, diet, and physical activity regimens are maintained, blood sugar levels might not be effectively controlled because stress triggers the release of sugar into the blood. This makes the management of stress an important adjunct to the treatment of T2DM. Stress includes both life stress, the major issues that people face in their lives, such as job loss, divorce, or death of a loved one, and daily hassles, smaller everyday problems, such as deadlines for work, traffic hold-ups, or family disagreements. The stress levels created by these events are exacerbated by the stress created by the demands of managing diabetes. In this paper, we first examine the evidence for the relationship between stress and poor blood sugar control in people with T2DM. Then, we consider research that has examined the impact of various stress management strategies on blood sugar level. Finally, we discuss some promising psychological techniques for managing stress that could be helpful for people with diabetes or pre-diabetes. We note the double benefit of physical activity, which directly assists in the metabolism of sugar from the blood and indirectly reduces acute stress and chronic stress reactivity, thus providing a buffer against the effects of stress for people with T2DM.     

糖尿病的免疫抑制治疗

淡化糖尿病的分型为我们提供了一个全新的思维空间。即传统的1型和至少部分2型糖尿病可能都是一种自身免疫性疾病,而目前流行的炎症学说可能是对认可免疫损伤是糖尿病发病理论的一个过渡,我们应该重新审视糖尿病的早期治疗和研究其慢性并发症的发病机理。我们则采用小别量、长时间的治疗理念,早期接受这种免疫治疗的患者出现低血糖的症状,遂减少胰岛素的剂量;再次出现低血糖,我们就继续减少胰岛素的剂量。结果,有部分患者完全摆脱了胰岛素。我们对糖尿病的再认识是建立在对多脏器活检的基础之上。我们的活检结果表明,糖尿病肾病存在着免疫损伤。糖尿病眼底病变是使患者致盲的主要病因,糖尿病患者的眼底病变是一种自身免疫损伤的结果。我们尝试用小剂量的免疫抑制剂环孢菌素A（25mgbid）治疗糖尿病眼底出血,取得了不错的疗效,也证实糖尿病眼底病变是一种血管炎,与自身免疫病变有关。其他的器官还包括垂体、大脑的血管、糖尿病足、冠心病、皮肤的病变和肌肉活检的免疫组化也均有证据表明,免疫损伤是导致多种慢性并发症的罪魁祸首,是一种多器官免疫损伤的结果无论是1型糖尿病,还是2型糖尿病,肌细胞表面或多或少均有免疫复合物沉积。这些免疫复合物的存在势必会影响胰岛素与肌肉细胞表面的胰岛素受体结合,即胰岛素抵抗的存在。为此,我们在临床上广泛采用了免疫抑制治疗的理念治疗糖尿病。应用小剂量胰岛素和小剂量环孢素A治疗早期发现的糖尿病取得了不错的疗效。唯一担心的副作用发生在肝脏,即部分糖尿病患者会出现总胆红素升高,而也有一部分患者总胆红素不升高。     

多因素强化干预对2型糖尿病患者低脂联素血症的影响

探讨多因素强化干预对2型糖尿病患者低脂联素血症的影响。89例2型糖尿病患者实施血糖、血脂、血压强化控制,随诊1年并检测相关指标变化,统计学分析显示多因素强化干预可改善低脂联素血症,糖化血红蛋白和甘油三酯的变化值是影响血清脂联素水平变化的主要因素。因此,多因素强化干预可以有效改善低脂联素血症,可能减低糖尿病并发症发生的风险。