社会支持与身心健康关系研究述评

该研究从社会支持的概念入手．探讨了社会支持的结构与测量．社会支持对身心健康影响的作用模型,影响社会支持的因素,并对研究中存在的问题及研究方向进行了探讨。     

上海市初中生生活事件、社会支持与应对方式对创伤后应激障碍的影响研究

本研究对上海市1408名初中生进行了调查,探讨应激性生活事件、社会支持和应对方式在创伤后应激障碍(PTSD)形成中的作用机制。结果分析表明：初中生PTSD的发生率为8％,生活事件、社会支持和应对方式确实对PTSD的发生有显著影响,具体来说,家庭因素、社交人际因素、工作学习因素、主观支持、对支持的利用度、自责、求助和幻想对PTSD有显著的影响,而个人健康因素、客观支持、解决问题、退避及合理化则没有显著的影响。各变量之间的交互作用均不显著。     

未来时间洞察力与大学生职业决策自我效能感的关系:领悟社会支持与自尊的链式中介

为考察未来时间洞察力对大学生职业决策自我效能感的影响及其作用机制,本研究采用未来时间洞察力量表、领悟社会支持量表、自尊量表和职业决策自我效能感量表,对756名高校学生进行调查。结果表明:(1)未来时间洞察力、领悟社会支持、自尊、职业决策自我效能感两两之间存在显著正相关;(2)社会支持和自尊在未来时间洞察力与职业决策自我效能感之间起显著的中介作用。具体为三条中介路径:一是社会支持的单独中介作用; 二是自尊的单独中介作用; 三是社会支持和自尊的链式中介作用。研究揭示了未来时间洞察力与大学生职业决策自我效能感的关系及其作用机制,拓展了大学生职业决策自我效能感的影响因素,对大学生的职业指导具有一定的现实意义。     

城市老年人社会支持利用度研究

老年人社会支持利用度反映其应对负性生活事件的自我保护意识的一方面．诸多因素制约着老年人运用社会所提供的客观支持的自觉程度。本文采用《社会支持利用度问卷》对上海市社区老人进行了调查研究,结果表明：（1）文化程度、年龄、健康状况是影响城市老年人社会支持利用度的重要因素．文化程度较高、相对低年龄以及健康状况较好的老人其自觉运用社会支持的程度较高。（2）主动寻求社会支持反映一种积极应对方式。     

大学生领悟社会支持的影响因素研究

该研究以371名大学生为被试,考察了个体的幸福感、控制感和压力对领悟社会支持的影响。结构方程模型分析的结果显示：个体属性和情境因素都直接或间接影响着大学生对社会支持的理解和评价;个体属性的影响相对比较重要;在情境因素中,累积压力比当前压力的影响更为重要。本研究结果表明,领悟社会支持是在个人属性的作用下,个体在不断应对日常生活压力的过程中形成和发展的。     

城市老年人社会支持网络与生活满意度的研究

本研究采用自编的社会支持网络调查表对上海市96位老人进行了调查，试图了解城市老年人社会支持的基本情况及其对生活满意度的影响。结果表明：（1）城市老年人社会支持网络得分为85．87±8．56（x±s）；（2）社会支持网络得分与生活满意度之间存在极其显著的正相关；（3）在各因素水平中，社会机构的支持对老年人生活满意度的影响最大，子女支持的影响次之，配偶支持的影响最小；情感支持的影响作用大于认知支持和行为支持。     

社会支持与心血管反应的实验室研究概述

从20世纪70年代起国内外学者开始兴起了对社会支持的研究,而对社会支持与心血管健康的关系研究一直都是社会支持研究领域中的重要课题。本文回顾了社会支持在心血管反应的实验室研究中操作性的定义;实验室研究中社会支持与心血管健康的关系、社会支持对心血管反应作用的影响因素、社会支持的作用机制、社会支持的测量方法及社会支持与心血管反应实验室研究的局限性。     

青少年抑郁:基于社会支持的视角

青少年罹患抑郁的社会因素受到研究者们的密切关注,尤其是社会支持因素。本文首先总结了社会支持与青少年抑郁关系的内在机制,包括主效应机制和缓冲效应机制;其次论述了影响社会支持与青少年抑郁关系的多种因素,主要涉及来自于社会支持提供者、社会支持接受者和测量方法等方面的因素。社会支持提供者因素包括性别、数量和社会地位;社会支持接受者因素包括性别、年龄、个体内在特征、人格特征以及遗传;此外方法主要涉及社会支持与抑郁症的测量。最后提出了未来的研究方向,如测量方法的改进、元分析纵向研究的开展、线上支持的研究,为青少年抑郁的社会干预提供更多的研究视角。     

青少年抑郁:基于社会支持的视角

青少年罹患抑郁的社会因素受到研究者们的密切关注,尤其是社会支持因素。本文首先总结了社会支持与青少年抑郁关系的内在机制,包括主效应机制和缓冲效应机制;其次论述了影响社会支持与青少年抑郁关系的多种因素,主要涉及来自于社会支持提供者、社会支持接受者和测量方法等方面的因素。社会支持提供者因素包括性别、数量和社会地位;社会支持接受者因素包括性别、年龄、个体内在特征、人格特征以及遗传;此外方法主要涉及社会支持与抑郁症的测量。最后提出了未来的研究方向,如测量方法的改进、元分析纵向研究的开展、线上支持的研究,为青少年抑郁的社会干预提供更多的研究视角。     

社会支持与心血管反应的实验室研究概述

从20世纪70年代起国内外学者开始兴起了对社会支持的研究,而对社会支持与心血管健康的关系研究一直都是社会支持研究领域中的重要课题.本文回顾了社会支持在心血管反应的实验室研究中操作性的定义;实验室研究中社会支持与心血管健康的关系、社会支持对心血管反应作用的影响因素、社会支持的作用机制、社会支持的测量方法及社会支持与心血管反应实验室研究的局限性.     

A social cognitive explanation of situational and individual effects on moral sensitivity

Models of moral decision making describe the process as beginning with the recognition of moral content in the decision environment. This recognition ability, or moral sensitivity, represents a key input to moral decision making. Adopting a social cognitive perspective, this paper studies the degree to which moral sensitivity is explained in terms of moral schema activation. In a single experiment, two situational factors (moral content priming and issue moral intensity) and two individual characteristics (moral identity and need for cognition) are tested for their effects on moral sensitivity. Results support the social cognitive explanation of moral sensitivity. The moral schema's propensity for activation, development, and accessibility significantly influence the ability to recognize moral issues in the decision environment.     

Generating consensus priority interval vectors for group decision‐making in the AHP

Many practical and important decision‐making problems are complicated by at least two factors: (1) the qualitative/subjective nature of some criteria often results in uncertainty in the individual ratings; and (2) group decision‐making is involved and some means of aggregating individual ratings is required. Traditionally, both individual and group priorities have been represented as point estimates, but this approach presents severe limitations for accommodating imprecision in the decision‐making process. This paper examines the group decision‐making problem in the context where priorities are represented as numeric intervals. A set of techniques that could be used at some of the phases of an analytic hierarchy process (AHP)‐based group decision‐making process, which has the objective of generating a ‘consensus’ priority that represents the group's opinion with regards to the relative importance of a set of N objects (e.g. criteria, alternatives), is presented. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Computer‐based systems and organizational decision making: An architecture to support organizational innovation

Decision Support Systems (DSS) have been developed to support the computational, judgmental, and negotiation decisions typically encountered by organizational decision makers. Software for generating ideas has also become available. However, these systems typically operate on the individual or small group level, not on the broader organizational level. Also, their focus is usually on the decision‐making process while neglecting the product. This article first develops a framework relating decision types to current DSS. It then proposes an architecture for integrating these component systems to support innovation at an organizational level and to support assessment of the creative product as well as the process.     

决策中个体差异研究现状述评

决策中个体差异的研究有助于进一步检验和深化传统决策理论。文章回顾了近十年决策个体差异研究的主要变量（人格、认知能力、认知风格和年龄）和研究结果,并简要总结了该类研究的背景、研究范式和理论意义。这些研究一致发现个体差异变量对决策过程、决策表现等具有影响作用,说明个体差异与决策加工中复杂的人-情境间联系有关。文章提出,未来研究应该综合考虑决策情境、情绪和决策主体的理论模型,以期对个体差异在决策中的作用做出更好解释     

Group Ethical Decision Making Process in Chinese Business: Analysis From Social Decision Scheme and Cultural Perspectives

Literature concerning group ethical decision making in a business setting has traditionally focused on directly comparing group versus individual decisions and then investigating differences. Analysis of the interactive process of group ethical decision making appears sparse. This study addresses the gap by investigating group decision making from a social decision scheme (SDS) perspective in a Chinese cultural setting. A cohort of Chinese accountancy students evaluated ethical business scenarios individually and then in a group context. Group responses could be explained in terms of both the SDS and the Chinese cultural perspective (zhongyong). Specifically, groups did not select the most ethical choice but rather the most moderate of all choices advocated by the majority (zhongyong). These results show the application of SDS theory in a culturally specific (Chinese) environment and note the impact of culturally specific factors (zhongyong) on business decision making. The implications are significant for business. If ethical decisions are entrusted to groups, the impact of culturally specific factors must be fully appreciated in evaluating the final decision.     

Career Decision Ambiguity Tolerance Scale: Construction and initial validations

The Career Decision Ambiguity Tolerance Scale (CDAT) measures individual evaluations of and responses to ambiguity encountered in career decision making. It was developed and initially validated through two studies of college students. An exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis consistently showed a three-factor structure for career decision ambiguity tolerance, consisting of preference, tolerance, and aversion. In addition to support for construct validity and subscale reliabilities, the findings also support the scale's incremental validity in predicting career indecision, career decision-making self-efficacy, and career adaptability over and beyond general ambiguity tolerance. The theoretical meaning and practical application of the CDAT were discussed along with its limitations and suggestions for future research.     

Feminism and Psychological Autonomy: A Study in Decision Making

Women seeking to realize the feminist goal of autonomy, defined as self-interested decision making, encounter conflict and anxiety. This study reports a group experience that used life-space drawings and force-field analyses to reduce anxiety and foster autonomous decision making. The 15 women participants in the yearlong study reported at least one action in the area originally designated for decision making. Among the components in the process, participants cited identification with, and support and information from, other group members. The results suggest that for the women in this study, group participation enhanced individual autonomy. Autonomy for me is believing in my own ability to do what I want to do, … then taking productive, creative steps toward fulfilling my own goals. … Autonomy for me is a personal thing, an internal thing, feeling that I have power.*     

A Social Constructivism Model of Ethical Decision Making in Counseling

Social constructivism is defined as an intellectual movement in the mental health field that directs a social consensual interpretation of reality. A social constructivism approach redefines the ethical decision‐making process as an interactive rather than an individual or intrapsychic process. The process involves negotiating, consensualizing, and, when necessary, arbitrating. Counselors are guided by social and cultural factors in defining what is acceptable ethical practice.     

Decision-making theories: linking the disparate research areas of individual and collective cognition

In order to maximize their fitness, animals have to deal with different environmental and social factors that affect their everyday life. Although the way an animal behaves might enhance its fitness or survival in regard to one factor, it could compromise them regarding another. In the domain of decision sciences, research concerning decision making focuses on performances at the individual level but also at the collective one. However, between individual and collective decision making, different terms are used resulting in little or no connection between both research areas. In this paper, we reviewed how different branches of decision sciences study the same concept, mainly called speed-accuracy trade-off, and how the different results are on the same track in terms of showing the optimality of decisions. Whatever the level, individual or collective, each decision might be defined with three parameters: time or delay to decide, risk and accuracy. We strongly believe that more progress would be possible in this domain of research if these different branches were better linked, with an exchange of their results and theories. A growing amount of literature describes economics in humans and eco-ethology in birds making compromises between starvation, predation and reproduction. Numerous studies have been carried out on social cognition in primates but also birds and carnivores, and other publications describe market or reciprocal exchanges of commodities. We therefore hope that this paper will lead these different areas to a common decision science.     

Phased Narrowing: A New Process Tracing Method for Decision Making

A new process tracing technique is presented which combines elements of traditional process tracing methods and methods designed to study the pre-screening of choice options and the formation of consideration sets. To demonstrate its usefulness, we provide data from a consumer decision making task in which subjects were asked to narrow the number of options over three successive decision stages from 18 to 6 to 3, and finally to 1. By examining the attribute values of the options selected at each stage, unique insights were gained into how both decision strategies and the impact of each attribute changed during the decision process and how these changes were related to measurable individual difference factors. The method, which we refer to as phased narrowing, is compared to and offered as a supplement to traditional process tracing approaches.